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  1. Article ; Online: Adulteration and substitution of drugs purchased in Australia from cryptomarkets: An analysis of Test4Pay.

    Barratt, Monica J / Ball, Matthew / Wong, Gabriel T W / Quinton, Angus

    Drug and alcohol review

    2024  Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 969–974

    Abstract: Introduction: Prohibited drugs in unregulated markets may be adulterated, resulting in increased risks for people who use drugs. This study investigated levels of drug adulteration and substitution of drugs purchased in Australia from cryptomarkets.: ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Prohibited drugs in unregulated markets may be adulterated, resulting in increased risks for people who use drugs. This study investigated levels of drug adulteration and substitution of drugs purchased in Australia from cryptomarkets.
    Methods: Data were collected from a darknet forum called Test4Pay from 1 September 2022 to 23 August 2023. Posts were included if they reported the results of drug samples submitted by post to the Vancouver-based Get Your Drugs Tested service, which uses Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with immunoassay strip tests (fentanyl and benzodiazepines).
    Results: Of 103 samples, 65% contained only the advertised substance, 14% contained the advertised substance in combination with other psychoactive and/or potentially harmful substances and for 21%, the advertised substance was absent. Substances sold as MDMA, methamphetamine or heroin were consistently found to contain only the advertised substance, while substances sold as 2C-B, alprazolam or ketamine were the most likely to be completely substituted. Only 4 samples sold as cocaine contained solely the advertised substance, with 13 containing cocaine with adulterants like lidocaine, creatine, levamisole and boric acid (n = 19). No fentanyl contamination was detected. Novel dissociatives and novel benzodiazepines were detected, as well as a nitazene compound.
    Discussion and conclusions: Drug markets under prohibition continue to contain numerous unexpected substances, some of which can elevate risk of harm. Cryptomarkets are not immune to this problem, despite review systems, which should, in theory, make vendors more accountable for the quality of their stock. These findings demonstrate a need for expansion of local drug checking services in Australia.
    MeSH term(s) Australia ; Drug Contamination ; Illicit Drugs/analysis ; Humans
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-04
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1080442-0
    ISSN 1465-3362 ; 0959-5236
    ISSN (online) 1465-3362
    ISSN 0959-5236
    DOI 10.1111/dar.13825
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5621: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  2. Article ; Online: A systematic review of interventions that impact alcohol and other drug-related harms in licensed entertainment settings and outdoor music festivals.

    Eassey, Christopher / Hughes, Caitlin E / Wadds, Phillip / de Andrade, Dominique / Barratt, Monica J

    Harm reduction journal

    2024  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 47

    Abstract: Background: Harms associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) in licensed entertainment settings (LES) and outdoor music festivals (OMF) are ongoing public health and criminal justice concerns. This systematic review provides a ... ...

    Abstract Background: Harms associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) in licensed entertainment settings (LES) and outdoor music festivals (OMF) are ongoing public health and criminal justice concerns. This systematic review provides a comprehensive, synthesized report on the evidence base of interventions that impact harm in these settings, and how they affect health, behavioral, and criminal justice outcomes.
    Methods: Nine databases were searched for experimental and observational studies published between 2010 and 2021. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, published in English, described interventions which could impact AOD-related harms in LES or OMF (and were delivered in these environments), and reported on health, criminal justice and/or behavioral outcomes. Methodological quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project's Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program for qualitative studies. A narrative synthesis was conducted to synthesize outcomes across studies. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020140004).
    Results: Of the 48,303 studies screened, 100 met the inclusion criteria. 86 focused solely on reducing alcohol-related harm, 7 on reducing illicit drug-related harm, and 7 on both. Most (n = 88) focused on LES and evaluated changes in laws and regulations (n = 28) and/or multicomponent interventions/policies (n = 41). Multicomponent interventions showed the best results for both health (62% positive) and criminal justice (84% positive) outcomes, with 71% of studies being rated as strong quality. There was also good evidence to support the careful application of trading hour restrictions and limited but promising evidence to support medical services and drug checking.
    Conclusion: The breadth, quality and volume of evidence regarding what works in reducing AOD-related harm in recreational settings have increased in the past decade, particularly regarding LES. Findings support onsite medical services (reducing ambulance transfer rates), multicomponent interventions targeting alcohol accessibility and availability (reducing assaults), and drug checking services, but suggest other interventions such as drug detection dogs may exacerbate harm. Further, higher quality research is required to address identified gaps in the evidence base, particularly on optimal interventions within OMF, around illicit drugs more broadly and in the Global South.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Dogs ; Holidays ; Music ; Public Health ; Illicit Drugs ; Ethanol
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2146691-9
    ISSN 1477-7517 ; 1477-7517
    ISSN (online) 1477-7517
    ISSN 1477-7517
    DOI 10.1186/s12954-024-00949-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: No magic pocket: Buying and selling on drug cryptomarkets in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and social restrictions.

    Barratt, Monica J / Aldridge, Judith

    The International journal on drug policy

    2020  Volume 83, Page(s) 102894

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Drug Trafficking ; Global Health ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs ; SARS-CoV-2
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-31
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2010000-0
    ISSN 1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
    ISSN (online) 1873-4758
    ISSN 0955-3959
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102894
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Sweating for Sobriety: Exploring the Relationship Between Exercise Engagement and Substance Use Disorders.

    Gústafsson, Baldur Jón / Puljević, Cheneal / Davies, Emma L / Barratt, Monica J / Ferris, Jason / Winstock, Adam / Piatkowski, Timothy

    Journal of psychoactive drugs

    2024  , Page(s) 1–11

    Abstract: Despite various interventions available for substance use disorders, relapse rates remain substantial and, therefore, alternative strategies for attenuating dependence are needed. This study examined the associations between exercise frequency, illicit ... ...

    Abstract Despite various interventions available for substance use disorders, relapse rates remain substantial and, therefore, alternative strategies for attenuating dependence are needed. This study examined the associations between exercise frequency, illicit substance use, and dependence severity among a large sample of people who use drugs. The study utilized data from the Global Drug Survey 2018 (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 392405-1
    ISSN 2159-9777 ; 0279-1072
    ISSN (online) 2159-9777
    ISSN 0279-1072
    DOI 10.1080/02791072.2024.2311143
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1121: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Drug policing down under: An investigation of panic consumption, internal concealment and the use of drug amnesty bins among a sample of Australian festivalgoers.

    Grigg, Jodie / Barratt, Monica J / Lenton, Simon

    The International journal on drug policy

    2022  Volume 106, Page(s) 103769

    Abstract: Background: The use of drug detection dogs and other punitive policing methods remain common at music festivals in Australia and elsewhere, despite concern about iatrogenic effects and recommendations for their overhaul. While drug amnesty bins are a ... ...

    Abstract Background: The use of drug detection dogs and other punitive policing methods remain common at music festivals in Australia and elsewhere, despite concern about iatrogenic effects and recommendations for their overhaul. While drug amnesty bins are a commonly implemented strategy purported to mitigate risk associated with policing, the efficacy of this intervention is debated. This paper investigates two of the most concerning iatrogenic effects of drug policing practices at Australian festivals - internal concealment and panic consumption - and explores the potential efficacy of drug amnesty bins.
    Methods: A stepped, mixed methods study (qual→QUANT→qual) comprised qualitative interviews with key informants and festivalgoers, and a quantitative online survey completed by almost 2000 Australian festivalgoers (52% male; median age 20 years old). Descriptive statistics were performed alongside bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions predicting internal concealment and panic consumption. Inductive thematic analysis was used to examine the qualitative data.
    Results: Among respondents who had ever used illicit drugs at festivals (n=1065), 23% reported hiding drugs internally to evade police detection and 17% reported panic consumption. Female respondents and respondents expecting dogs were at greater odds of reporting internal concealment. The qualitative data provided greater insight into the risky nature of internal concealment practices and panic incited by police at the gates. When asked if they would have considered discarding their drugs into a drug amnesty bin had they been concerned about detection, less than a quarter (24%) said they definitely or probably would have.
    Conclusion: This paper adds to the evidence regarding iatrogenic effects of punitive drug policing practices at festivals. The findings have implications for shifting away from punitive policies to ones focused on public health. Additionally, the findings suggest drug amnesty bins should not be viewed as an adequate response for averting harms from drug policing.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Iatrogenic Disease ; Illicit Drugs ; Male ; Police ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2010000-0
    ISSN 1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
    ISSN (online) 1873-4758
    ISSN 0955-3959
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103769
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  6. Article ; Online: Not all home drinking is equal: A latent class analysis of drinking patterns and alcohol consumption levels following initial COVID-19 restrictions in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

    Strating, Tom R / Puljević, Cheneal / Davies, Emma / Barratt, Monica J / Winstock, Adam / Ferris, Jason

    Drug and alcohol review

    2023  Volume 42, Issue 5, Page(s) 1041–1053

    Abstract: Introduction: Initial COVID-19 restrictions forced changes in the contexts (e.g., with who and where) within which individuals consumed alcohol. We aimed to explore different profiles of drinking contexts during initial COVID-19 restrictions and their ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Initial COVID-19 restrictions forced changes in the contexts (e.g., with who and where) within which individuals consumed alcohol. We aimed to explore different profiles of drinking contexts during initial COVID-19 restrictions and their association with alcohol consumption.
    Method: We used latent class analysis (LCA) to explore subgroups of drinking contexts among 4891 respondents of the Global Drug Survey from the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia who reported drinking alcohol in the month prior to data collection (3 May-21 June 2020). Ten binary LCA indicator variables were generated from a survey question about last month alcohol settings. Negative binomial regression was used to explore the association between the latent classes and respondents' total number of drinks consumed in the last 30 days (i.e., alcohol consumption).
    Results: The LCA found six distinct classes of individuals who reported drinking in the following contexts: household (36.0%); alone (32.3%); alone and household (17.9%); gatherings and household (9.5%); party (3.2%); and everywhere (1.1%), with the last group associated with the highest probability of increased alcohol consumption during this time. Male respondents and those aged 35 or older were most likely to report increased alcohol consumption.
    Discussion and conclusions: Our findings suggest that drinking contexts, sex and age influenced alcohol consumption during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight a need for improved policy targeting risky drinking in home settings. Further research should explore whether COVID-19-induced shifts in alcohol use persist as restrictions are lifted.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Latent Class Analysis ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Australia/epidemiology ; Ethanol
    Chemical Substances Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-30
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1080442-0
    ISSN 1465-3362 ; 0959-5236
    ISSN (online) 1465-3362
    ISSN 0959-5236
    DOI 10.1111/dar.13686
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5621: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  7. Article ; Online: Distinguishing personal use of drugs from drug supply: Approaches and challenges.

    O'Reilly, Keelin / Kowalski, Michala / Barratt, Monica J / Ritter, Alison

    The International journal on drug policy

    2022  Volume 103, Page(s) 103653

    Abstract: The ability to fairly and justly distinguish between drug possession for personal use and drug possession for supply is a central feature of drug laws across the globe. Whether such distinctions pertain to decriminalisation of simple possession, or to ... ...

    Abstract The ability to fairly and justly distinguish between drug possession for personal use and drug possession for supply is a central feature of drug laws across the globe. Whether such distinctions pertain to decriminalisation of simple possession, or to the penalties associated with drug offences, such differentiation remains a core problem for policymakers. In this commentary, taking 91 different jurisdictions into consideration, we identify five different approaches to distinguishing personal use from supply: four of these involved quantification of an amount of drug (whether in weight or number of doses). The other approach relied on case-by-case judgement. Drawing upon survey data of drug use from nine countries, we provide an example of how the quantity bears little resemblance to drug use patterns, and does not take heterogeneity of drug use into account. While the non-quantified approach can lead to discriminatory and racialised policing, all of the quantification approaches also pose problems, largely concerned with arbitrary amounts. There appears to be no perfect way to differentiate possession for personal use from intentions to supply. This commentary opens up a number of important policy-relevant research questions given this central feature of drug policy design.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Legislation, Drug ; Police ; Public Policy ; Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2010000-0
    ISSN 1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
    ISSN (online) 1873-4758
    ISSN 0955-3959
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103653
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Digital era drug surveillance: Quo vadis, Australia?

    Raubenheimer, Jacques E / Barratt, Monica J

    Drug and alcohol review

    2018  Volume 37, Issue 6, Page(s) 693–696

    MeSH term(s) Australia ; Humans ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; Smartphone
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-02
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Editorial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1080442-0
    ISSN 1465-3362 ; 0959-5236
    ISSN (online) 1465-3362
    ISSN 0959-5236
    DOI 10.1111/dar.12853
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  10. Article ; Online: No magic pocket

    Barratt, Monica J. / Aldridge, Judith

    International Journal of Drug Policy

    Buying and selling on drug cryptomarkets in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and social restrictions

    2020  Volume 83, Page(s) 102894

    Keywords Health Policy ; Medicine (miscellaneous) ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2010000-0
    ISSN 1873-4758 ; 0955-3959
    ISSN (online) 1873-4758
    ISSN 0955-3959
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102894
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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