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  1. Article ; Online: COP 28: Ambitious climate action is needed to protect health.

    Smeeth, Liam / Haines, Andy

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2023  Volume 383, Page(s) 2938

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Climate ; Climate Change
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.p2938
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  2. Article ; Online: The BMJ

    Smeeth, Liam / Kumar, Parveen / Adebowale, Victor / Abbasi, Kamran

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2024  Volume 384, Page(s) q187

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.q187
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  3. Book ; Online: From Quantifier Depth to Quantifier Number

    Vinall-Smeeth, Harry

    Separating Structures with $k$ Variables

    2023  

    Abstract: ... by a sentence of $k$-variable first-order logic ($\mathcal{L}^k$), what is the minimum $f(n)$ such that there is ... guaranteed to be a sentence $\phi \in \mathcal{L}^k$ with at most $f(n)$ quantifiers, such that $\mathcal ...

    Abstract Given two $n$-element structures, $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$, which can be distinguished by a sentence of $k$-variable first-order logic ($\mathcal{L}^k$), what is the minimum $f(n)$ such that there is guaranteed to be a sentence $\phi \in \mathcal{L}^k$ with at most $f(n)$ quantifiers, such that $\mathcal{A} \models \phi$ but $\mathcal{B} \not \models \phi$? We will present various results related to this question obtained by using the recently introduced QVT games. In particular, we show that when we limit the number of variables, there can be an exponential gap between the quantifier depth and the quantifier number needed to separate two structures. Through the lens of this question, we will highlight some difficulties that arise in analysing the QVT game and some techniques which can help to overcome them. We also show, in the setting of the existential-positive fragment, how to lift quantifier depth lower bounds to quantifier number lower bounds. This leads to almost tight bounds.

    Comment: 50 pages, 8 figures
    Keywords Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science
    Subject code 511
    Publishing date 2023-11-27
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Liam Smeeth: Still hoping for Olympic gold.

    Smeeth, Liam

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2015  Volume 351, Page(s) h5097

    MeSH term(s) Autistic Disorder/chemically induced ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; London ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/adverse effects ; Physicians
    Chemical Substances Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-09-30
    Publishing country England
    Document type Interview
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.h5097
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  5. Article ; Online: Herpes Zoster and Risk of Incident Parkinson's Disease in US Veterans: A Matched Cohort Study.

    Tunnicliffe, Louis / Weil, Rimona S / Breuer, Judith / Rodriguez-Barradas, Maria C / Smeeth, Liam / Rentsch, Christopher T / Warren-Gash, Charlotte

    Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society

    2024  Volume 39, Issue 2, Page(s) 438–444

    Abstract: Background: Although some systemic infections are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), the relationship between herpes zoster (HZ) and PD is unclear.: Objective: The objective is to investigate whether HZ is associated with incident PD risk in a ...

    Abstract Background: Although some systemic infections are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), the relationship between herpes zoster (HZ) and PD is unclear.
    Objective: The objective is to investigate whether HZ is associated with incident PD risk in a matched cohort study using data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs.
    Methods: We compared the risk of PD between individuals with incident HZ matched to up to five individuals without a history of HZ using Cox proportional hazards regression. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded early outcomes.
    Results: Among 198,099 individuals with HZ and 976,660 matched individuals without HZ (median age 67.0 years (interquartile range [IQR 61.4-75.7]); 94% male; median follow-up 4.2 years [IQR 1.9-6.6]), HZ was not associated with an increased risk of incident PD overall (adjusted HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-1.01) or in any sensitivity analyses.
    Conclusion: We found no evidence that HZ was associated with increased risk of incident PD in this cohort. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Cohort Studies ; Parkinson Disease/epidemiology ; Parkinson Disease/complications ; Risk Factors ; Veterans ; Herpes Zoster/complications ; Herpes Zoster/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 607633-6
    ISSN 1531-8257 ; 0885-3185
    ISSN (online) 1531-8257
    ISSN 0885-3185
    DOI 10.1002/mds.29701
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  6. Article ; Online: Distribution of vitamin D status in the UK: a cross-sectional analysis of UK Biobank.

    Lin, Liang-Yu / Smeeth, Liam / Langan, Sinead / Warren-Gash, Charlotte

    BMJ open

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) e038503

    Abstract: ... as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level <25 nmol/L. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess ...

    Abstract Objective: No recent large studies have described the distribution of vitamin D status in the UK. Understanding the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency is important to inform targeted public health recommendations. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of factors associated with serum vitamin D status in a large national cohort.
    Design: A cross-sectional study.
    Setting: The UK Biobank, a prospective cohort study following the health and well-being of middle-aged and older adults recruited between 2006 and 2010.
    Participants: A total of 449 943 participants aged 40-69 years with measured serum vitamin D status were eligible for the analysis. Participants completed a questionnaire about sex, age, ethnic background, vitamin D supplementation, smoking, drinking and socioeconomic status.
    Primary and secondary outcome measures: We investigated the distribution of serum vitamin D status and the association between demographic factors and vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level <25 nmol/L. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between demographic factors and vitamin D status.
    Results: Asian (n=4297/8000, 53.7%) and black (n=2459/7046, 34.9%) participants had a higher proportion of vitamin D deficiency than white participants (n=50 920/422 907, 12%). During spring and winter, the proportion of vitamin D deficiency was higher across the UK and higher in the north than in the south. Male sex, abnormal body mass index, non-white ethnic backgrounds, smoking and being more socioeconomically deprived were associated with higher odds of vitamin D deficiency. Increasing age, taking vitamin D supplements and drinking alcohol were associated with lower odds of deficiency.
    Conclusions: Vitamin D status varied among different ethnic groups and by season and geographical area within the UK. Taking supplements was associated with a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency. These findings support the vitamin D supplementation recommendations of Public Health England.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dietary Supplements ; England ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Seasons ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Vitamin D (1406-16-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2599832-8
    ISSN 2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
    ISSN (online) 2044-6055
    ISSN 2044-6055
    DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038503
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  7. Article ; Online: Association between vitamin D and incident herpes zoster: a UK Biobank study.

    Lin, Liang-Yu / Mathur, Rohini / Mulick, Amy / Smeeth, Liam / Langan, Sinéad M / Warren-Gash, Charlotte

    The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

    2022  Volume 72, Issue 724, Page(s) e842–e848

    Abstract: ... Method: The primary exposure was vitamin D status, categorised as deficient (<25 nmol/L), insufficient ... 25-49 nmol/L), or sufficient (≥50 nmol/L). The secondary exposures were self-reported vitamin D ...

    Abstract Background: Vitamin D has immunomodulatory effects, but any association with herpes zoster (HZ) is unclear.
    Aim: To explore the association between vitamin D status and risk of incident HZ in adults in the UK.
    Design and setting: A cohort study involving participants of UK Biobank (a database containing the health information from half a million individuals) across England, Wales, and Scotland, who had at least one vitamin D testing result with linked primary care electronic health records.
    Method: The primary exposure was vitamin D status, categorised as deficient (<25 nmol/L), insufficient (25-49 nmol/L), or sufficient (≥50 nmol/L). The secondary exposures were self-reported vitamin D supplementation at baseline assessment and vitamin D prescription records. The outcome was diagnosed incident HZ, identified from linked primary care or hospital inpatient records. Weibull regression was used, adjusting for potential confounders, including demographic factors, comorbidities, and immunosuppression.
    Results: In total, 177 572 eligible participants were included in the analysis, with a mean follow-up time of 10.1 years (standard deviation 1.9 years). No evidence showed that low vitamin D was associated with a higher incidence of HZ, compared with people with sufficient vitamin D (deficient: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90 to 1.10; insufficient: HR 1.03, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.10). No evidence was found that supplementing vitamin D or receiving vitamin D prescription was associated with HZ incidence (supplementation: HR 0.88, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.16; prescription: HR 1.11, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.34).
    Conclusion: No association of vitamin D status, supplementation, or prescription with incident HZ was observed. No evidence supported vitamin D supplementation as a strategy to prevent HZ.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Vitamin D/therapeutic use ; Cohort Studies ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology ; Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis ; Vitamins/therapeutic use ; Herpes Zoster/epidemiology ; Herpes Zoster/prevention & control ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Vitamins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1043148-2
    ISSN 1478-5242 ; 0035-8797 ; 0960-1643
    ISSN (online) 1478-5242
    ISSN 0035-8797 ; 0960-1643
    DOI 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0623
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    Zs.B 576: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: The association between vitamin D status and COVID-19 in England: A cohort study using UK Biobank.

    Lin, Liang-Yu / Mulick, Amy / Mathur, Rohini / Smeeth, Liam / Warren-Gash, Charlotte / Langan, Sinéad M

    PloS one

    2022  Volume 17, Issue 6, Page(s) e0269064

    Abstract: ... measured at recruitment, defined as deficiency at <25 nmol/L, insufficiency at 25-49 nmol/L and sufficiency ... at ≥ 50 nmol/L. Secondary exposures were self-reported or prescribed vitamin D supplements. The primary ...

    Abstract Background: Recent studies indicate that vitamin D supplementation may decrease respiratory tract infections, but the association between vitamin D and COVID-19 is still unclear.
    Objective: To explore the association between vitamin D status and infections, hospitalisation, and mortality due to COVID-19.
    Methods: We used UK Biobank, a nationwide cohort of 500,000 individuals aged between 40 and 69 years at recruitment between 2006 and 2010. We included people with at least one serum vitamin D test, living in England with linked primary care and inpatient records. The primary exposure was serum vitamin D status measured at recruitment, defined as deficiency at <25 nmol/L, insufficiency at 25-49 nmol/L and sufficiency at ≥ 50 nmol/L. Secondary exposures were self-reported or prescribed vitamin D supplements. The primary outcome was laboratory-confirmed or clinically diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections. The secondary outcomes included hospitalisation and mortality due to COVID-19. We used multivariable Cox regression models stratified by summertime months and non-summertime months, adjusting for demographic factors and underlying comorbidities.
    Results: We included 307,512 participants (54.9% female, 55.9% over 70 years old) in our analysis. During summertime months, weak evidence existed that the vitamin D deficiency group had a lower hazard of being diagnosed with COVID-19 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-0.95). During non-summertime, the vitamin D deficiency group had a higher hazard of COVID-19 compared with the vitamin D sufficient group (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01-1.30). No evidence was found that vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was associated with either hospitalisation or mortality due to COVID-19 in any time strata.
    Conclusion: We found no evidence of an association between historical vitamin D status and hospitalisation or mortality due to COVID-19, along with inconsistent results for any association between vitamin D and diagnosis of COVID-19. However, studies using more recent vitamin D measurements and systematic COVID-19 testing are needed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Biological Specimen Banks ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Testing ; Cohort Studies ; England/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency/complications ; Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology ; Vitamins
    Chemical Substances Vitamins ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0269064
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  9. Article ; Online: Managing cardiovascular disease risk in hypertension - Authors' reply.

    Herrett, Emily / Jackson, Rod / Smeeth, Liam

    Lancet (London, England)

    2020  Volume 395, Issue 10227, Page(s) 870

    MeSH term(s) Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Humans ; Hypertension
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 3306-6
    ISSN 1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    ISSN (online) 1474-547X
    ISSN 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30056-8
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  10. Article ; Online: Statins do not commonly cause muscle pain and stiffness.

    Saul, Helen / Gursul, Deniz / Cassidy, Samantha / Smeeth, Liam / Perkins, Alexander

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2021  Volume 375, Page(s) n3060

    Abstract: The studyHerrett E, Williamson E, Brack K, et al. The effect of statins on muscle symptoms in primary care: the StatinWISE series of 200 N-of-1 RCTs. ...

    Abstract The studyHerrett E, Williamson E, Brack K, et al. The effect of statins on muscle symptoms in primary care: the StatinWISE series of 200 N-of-1 RCTs.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; England ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Male ; Myalgia/chemically induced ; Primary Health Care ; State Medicine ; Wales
    Chemical Substances Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.n3060
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