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  1. Article ; Online: Systemic And Structural Racism: Definitions, Examples, Health Damages, And Approaches To Dismantling.

    Braveman, Paula A / Arkin, Elaine / Proctor, Dwayne / Kauh, Tina / Holm, Nicole

    Health affairs (Project Hope)

    2022  Volume 41, Issue 2, Page(s) 171–178

    Abstract: Racism is not always conscious, explicit, or readily visible-often it is systemic and structural. Systemic and structural racism are forms of racism that are pervasively and deeply embedded in systems, laws, written or unwritten policies, and entrenched ... ...

    Abstract Racism is not always conscious, explicit, or readily visible-often it is systemic and structural. Systemic and structural racism are forms of racism that are pervasively and deeply embedded in systems, laws, written or unwritten policies, and entrenched practices and beliefs that produce, condone, and perpetuate widespread unfair treatment and oppression of people of color, with adverse health consequences. Examples include residential segregation, unfair lending practices and other barriers to home ownership and accumulating wealth, schools' dependence on local property taxes, environmental injustice, biased policing and sentencing of men and boys of color, and voter suppression policies. This article defines
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Racism ; Systemic Racism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632712-6
    ISSN 1544-5208 ; 0278-2715
    ISSN (online) 1544-5208
    ISSN 0278-2715
    DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01394
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    Zs.A 2118: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Nutrition in critically ill patients with COVID-19: Challenges and special considerations.

    Arkin, Nicole / Krishnan, Kumar / Chang, Marvin G / Bittner, Edward A

    Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)

    2020  Volume 39, Issue 7, Page(s) 2327–2328

    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/complications ; Coronavirus Infections/therapy ; Critical Illness ; Enteral Nutrition ; Food Intolerance ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Pneumonia, Viral/therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 604812-2
    ISSN 1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
    ISSN (online) 1532-1983
    ISSN 0261-5614
    DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.007
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  4. Article ; Online: Nutrition in critically ill patients with COVID-19

    Arkin, Nicole / Krishnan, Kumar / Chang, Marvin G. / Bittner, Edward A.

    Clinical Nutrition

    Challenges and special considerations

    2020  Volume 39, Issue 7, Page(s) 2327–2328

    Keywords Nutrition and Dietetics ; Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 604812-2
    ISSN 1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
    ISSN (online) 1532-1983
    ISSN 0261-5614
    DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.007
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  5. Article ; Online: Development and Validation of the Morphea Activity Measure in Patients With Pediatric Morphea.

    García-Romero, Maria Teresa / Tollefson, Megha / Pope, Elena / Brandling-Bennett, Heather A / Paller, Amy S / Keimig, Emily / Arkin, Lisa / Wanat, Karolyn A / Humphrey, Stephen R / Werth, Victoria P / Oza, Vikash / Jacobe, Heidi / Fett, Nicole / Cordoro, Kelly M / Medina-Vera, Isabel / Chiu, Yvonne E

    JAMA dermatology

    2023  Volume 159, Issue 3, Page(s) 299–307

    Abstract: Importance: Morphea is an insidious inflammatory disorder of the skin and deeper tissues. Determining disease activity is challenging yet important to medical decision-making and patient outcomes.: Objective: To develop and validate a scoring tool, ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Morphea is an insidious inflammatory disorder of the skin and deeper tissues. Determining disease activity is challenging yet important to medical decision-making and patient outcomes.
    Objective: To develop and validate a scoring tool, the Morphea Activity Measure (MAM), to evaluate morphea disease activity of any type or severity that is easy to use in clinical and research settings.
    Design, setting, and participants: This pilot diagnostic study was conducted from September 9, 2019, to March 6, 2020, in 2 phases: development and validation. During the development phase, 14 morphea experts (dermatologists and pediatric dermatologists) used a Delphi consensus method to determine items that would be included in the MAM. The validation phase included 8 investigators who evaluated the tool in collaboration with 14 patients with pediatric morphea (recruited from a referral center [Medical College of Wisconsin]) during a 1-day in-person meeting on March 6, 2020.
    Main outcomes and measures: During the development phase, online survey items were evaluated by experts in morphea using a Likert scale (score range, 0-10, with 0 indicating not important and 10 indicating very important); agreement was defined as a median score of 7.0 or higher, disagreement as a median score of 3.9 or lower, and no consensus as a median score of 4.0 to 6.9. During the validation phase, reliability (interrater and intrarater agreement using intraclass correlation coefficients), validity (using the content validity index and κ statistics as well as correlations with the modified Localized Scleroderma Severity Index and the Physician Global Assessment of Activity using Spearman ρ coefficients), and viability (using qualitative interviews of investigators who used the MAM tool) were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative variables. Data on race and ethnicity categories were collected but not analyzed because skin color was more relevant for the purposes of this study.
    Results: Among 14 survey respondents during the development phase, 9 (64.3%) were pediatric dermatologists and 5 (35.7%) were dermatologists. After 2 rounds, a final tool was developed comprising 10 items that experts agreed were indicative of morphea activity (new lesion in the past 3 months, enlarging lesion in the past 3 months, linear lesion developing progressive atrophy in the past 3 months, erythema, violaceous rim or color, warmth to the touch, induration, white-yellow or waxy appearance, shiny white wrinkling, and body surface area). The validation phase was conducted with 14 patients (median age, 14.5 years [range, 8.0-18.0 years]; 8 [57.1%] female), 2 dermatologists, and 6 pediatric dermatologists. Interrater and intrarater agreement for MAM total scores was good, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.844 (95% CI, 0.681-0.942) for interrater agreement and 0.856 (95% CI, 0.791-0.901) for intrarater agreement. Correlations between the MAM and the modified Localized Scleroderma Severity Index (Spearman ρ = 0.747; P < .001) and the MAM and the Physician Global Assessment of Activity (Spearman ρ = 0.729; P < .001) were moderately strong. In qualitative interviews, evaluators agreed that the tool was easy to use, measured morphea disease activity at a single time point, and should be responsive to changes in morphea disease activity over multiple time points.
    Conclusions and relevance: In this study, the MAM was found to be a reliable, valid, and viable tool to measure pediatric morphea activity. Further testing to assess validity in adults and responsiveness to change is needed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Child ; Female ; Adolescent ; Male ; Scleroderma, Localized/diagnosis ; Scleroderma, Localized/pathology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Severity of Illness Index ; Skin/pathology ; Physicians
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2701761-8
    ISSN 2168-6084 ; 2168-6068
    ISSN (online) 2168-6084
    ISSN 2168-6068
    DOI 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.6365
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  6. Article ; Online: Preliminary summary and reclassification of cases from the Pediatric Research of Management in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Epidermonecrolysis (PROMISE) study: A North American, multisite retrospective cohort.

    Martinez-Cabriales, Sylvia / Coulombe, Jerome / Aaron, Michelle / Hussain, Sadaf H / Linggonegoro, Danny / Lara-Corrales, Irene / Barootes, Hailey / Brandling-Bennett, Heather / Covelli, Isabela / Kirkorian, Anna Yasmine / Shah, Nidhi / Castelo-Soccio, Leslie / McKenzie, Paige / Arkin, Lisa M / Heinze, Adam / Liy-Wong, Carmen / Travis, Nicole / Rieder, Michael / Del Pozzo-Magana, Blanca R /
    Schoch, Jennifer J / Monir, Reesa / Glick, Sharon A / Uwakwe, Laura / Skillman, Sarah / Hekman, Dan P / Lethebe, Brendan C / Ramien, Michele L

    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

    2023  Volume 90, Issue 3, Page(s) 635–637

    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/therapy ; Research ; North America
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603641-7
    ISSN 1097-6787 ; 0190-9622
    ISSN (online) 1097-6787
    ISSN 0190-9622
    DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.08.112
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  7. Article ; Online: Describing the interplay between anxiety and cognition: from impaired performance under low cognitive load to reduced anxiety under high load.

    Vytal, Katherine / Cornwell, Brian / Arkin, Nicole / Grillon, Christian

    Psychophysiology

    2012  Volume 49, Issue 6, Page(s) 842–852

    Abstract: Anxiety impairs the ability to think and concentrate, suggesting that the interaction between emotion and cognition may elucidate the debilitating nature of pathological anxiety. Using a verbal n-back task that parametrically modulated cognitive load, we ...

    Abstract Anxiety impairs the ability to think and concentrate, suggesting that the interaction between emotion and cognition may elucidate the debilitating nature of pathological anxiety. Using a verbal n-back task that parametrically modulated cognitive load, we explored the effect of experimentally induced anxiety on task performance and the startle reflex. Findings suggest there is a crucial inflection point between moderate and high cognitive load, where resources shift from anxious apprehension to focus on task demands. Specifically, we demonstrate that anxiety impairs performance under low load, but is reduced when subjects engage in a difficult task that occupies executive resources. We propose a two-component model of anxiety that describes a cognitive mechanism behind performance impairment and an automatic response that supports sustained anxiety-potentiated startle. Implications for therapeutic interventions and emotional pathology are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anticipation, Psychological/physiology ; Anxiety/psychology ; Cognition/physiology ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Electroshock ; Fear/physiology ; Fear/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychometrics ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Reflex, Startle/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 209486-1
    ISSN 1540-5958 ; 0048-5772
    ISSN (online) 1540-5958
    ISSN 0048-5772
    DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01358.x
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    Zs.A 502: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Induced-anxiety differentially disrupts working memory in generalized anxiety disorder.

    Vytal, Katherine E / Arkin, Nicole E / Overstreet, Cassie / Lieberman, Lynne / Grillon, Christian

    BMC psychiatry

    2016  Volume 16, Page(s) 62

    Abstract: Background: Anxiety is characterized by a bias towards threatening information, anxious apprehension, and disrupted concentration. Previous research in healthy subjects suggests that working memory (WM) is disrupted by induced anxiety, but that ... ...

    Abstract Background: Anxiety is characterized by a bias towards threatening information, anxious apprehension, and disrupted concentration. Previous research in healthy subjects suggests that working memory (WM) is disrupted by induced anxiety, but that increased task-demand reduces anxiety and WM is preserved. However, it is unknown if patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) can similarly normalize their performance on difficult WM tasks while reducing their anxiety. Increased threat-related bias and impoverished top-down control in trait anxiety suggests that patients may not reap the same cognitive and emotional benefits from demanding tasks that those low in anxiety. Here we examine this possibility using a WM task of varying difficulty.
    Methods: GAD patients (N = 30) and healthy controls (N = 30) performed an n-back task (no-load, 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back) while at risk for shock (threat) or safe from shock (safe). Anxiety was measured via startle reflex and self-report.
    Results: As predicted, healthy controls' performance was impaired under threat during low-load tasks and facilitated during high-load tasks. In contrast, GAD patients' performance was impaired under threat regardless of WM load. Anxiety was reduced as cognitive load increased in both groups.
    Conclusions: The divergence of emotion regulation (reduction) and performance (persistent impairment) in the patient but not the control group, suggests that different top-down mechanisms may be operating to reduce anxiety. Continued WM disruption in patients indicates that attentional resources are allocated to emotion regulation instead of goal-directed behavior. Implications for our understanding of cognitive disruption in patients, and related therapeutic interventions are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2050438-X
    ISSN 1471-244X ; 1471-244X
    ISSN (online) 1471-244X
    ISSN 1471-244X
    DOI 10.1186/s12888-016-0748-2
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  9. Article ; Online: What's in a Word? Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Leadership Language in Anesthesiology Resident Feedback.

    Arkin, Nicole / Lai, Cara / Kiwakyou, Larissa Miyachi / Lochbaum, Gregory Milo / Shafer, Audrey / Howard, Steven K / Mariano, Edward R / Fassiotto, Magali

    Journal of graduate medical education

    2018  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 44–52

    Abstract: Background: Individuals who have agentic traits (eg, assertive, confident, competent) that are more commonly associated with men are often selected for leadership roles. For women, this poses a potential barrier to entry into the higher ranks of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Individuals who have agentic traits (eg, assertive, confident, competent) that are more commonly associated with men are often selected for leadership roles. For women, this poses a potential barrier to entry into the higher ranks of academic medicine.
    Objective: We analyzed anesthesiology resident feedback for differences in the use of agentic descriptors using qualitative and quantitative methods based on resident gender and year of training.
    Methods: This study uses textual analysis of 435 assessments of residents over a 1-year period within a single residency program. We performed a qualitative content analysis on the words used in resident feedback and performed negative binomial regression analyses to determine significant differences in the way residents were described based on gender and year of training.
    Results: Female residents were less likely than male residents to be described as agentic after controlling for excerpt length, year of training, and evaluator variability (β = -0.347; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.666, -0.028;
    Conclusions: Female residents were described as agentic less often than male residents in early years of training, but the gap was not present among senior residents.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anesthesiology/education ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Clinical Competence ; Feedback ; Female ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Language ; Leadership ; Male ; Sex Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2578612-X
    ISSN 1949-8357 ; 1949-8357
    ISSN (online) 1949-8357
    ISSN 1949-8357
    DOI 10.4300/JGME-D-18-00377.1
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  10. Article ; Online: Deficits and compensation: Attentional control cortical networks in schizophrenia.

    Arkin, Sophie C / Ruiz-Betancourt, Daniel / Jamerson, Emery C / Smith, Roland T / Strauss, Nicole E / Klim, Casimir C / Javitt, Daniel C / Patel, Gaurav H

    NeuroImage. Clinical

    2020  Volume 27, Page(s) 102348

    Abstract: Visual processing and attention deficits are responsible for a substantial portion of the disability caused by schizophrenia, but the source of these deficits remains unclear. In 35 schizophrenia patients (SzP) and 34 healthy controls (HC), we used a ... ...

    Abstract Visual processing and attention deficits are responsible for a substantial portion of the disability caused by schizophrenia, but the source of these deficits remains unclear. In 35 schizophrenia patients (SzP) and 34 healthy controls (HC), we used a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) visual search task designed to activate/deactivate the cortical components of the attentional control system (i.e. the dorsal and ventral attention networks, lateral prefrontal regions in the frontoparietal network, and cingulo-opercular/salience networks), along with resting state functional connectivity, to examine the integrity of these components. While we find that behavioral performance and activation/deactivation of the RSVP task are largely similar between groups, SzP exhibited decreased functional connectivity within late visual components and between prefrontal and other components. We also find that performance correlates with the deactivation of the ventral attention network in SzP only. This relationship is mediated by the functional connectivity of critical components of the attentional control system. In summary, our results suggest that the attentional control system is potentially used to compensate for visual cortex deficits. Furthermore, prefrontal deficits in SzP may interfere with this compensatory use of the attentional control system. In addition to highlighting focal deficits and potential compensatory mechanisms in visual processing and attention, our findings point to the attentional control system as a potential target for rehabilitation and neuromodulation-based treatments for visual processing deficits in SzP.
    MeSH term(s) Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Schizophrenia ; Visual Cortex
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2701571-3
    ISSN 2213-1582 ; 2213-1582
    ISSN (online) 2213-1582
    ISSN 2213-1582
    DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102348
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