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Article ; Online: Analysis of E.U. Rapid Alert System (RASFF) Notifications for Aflatoxins in Exported U.S. Food and Feed Products for 2010-2019.

Alshannaq, Ahmad / Yu, Jae-Hyuk

2021 Volume 13, Issue 2

Abstract: The most common, toxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxins found in human food and animal feed are the aflatoxins (AFs). The United States is a leading exporter of various nuts, with a marketing value of $9.1 billion in 2019; the European Union countries are ... ...

Abstract	The most common, toxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxins found in human food and animal feed are the aflatoxins (AFs). The United States is a leading exporter of various nuts, with a marketing value of $9.1 billion in 2019; the European Union countries are the major importers of U.S. nuts. In the past few years, border rejections and notifications for U.S. tree nuts and peanuts exported to the E.U. countries have increased due to AF contamination. In this work, we analyzed notifications from the "Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)" on U.S. food and feed products contaminated with mycotoxins, primarily AFs, for the 10-year period 2010-2019. Almost 95% of U.S. mycotoxin RASFF notifications were reported for foods and only 5% for feeds. We found that 98.9% of the U.S. food notifications on mycotoxins were due to the AF contamination in almond, peanut, and pistachio nuts. Over half of these notifications (57.9%) were due to total AF levels greater than the FDA action level in food of 20 ng g
MeSH term(s)	Aflatoxins/analysis ; Animal Feed/microbiology ; Animals ; Commerce ; Consumer Product Safety ; European Union ; Food Analysis ; Food Microbiology ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Legislation, Food ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Nuts/microbiology ; Risk Assessment ; Time Factors ; United States
Chemical Substances	Aflatoxins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins13020090
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A Liquid Chromatographic Method for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Aflatoxins in Laboratory Fungal Cultures.

Alshannaq, Ahmad F / Yu, Jae-Hyuk

Toxins

2020 Volume 12, Issue 2

Abstract: Culture methods supplemented with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique provide a rapid and simple tool for detecting levels of aflatoxins (AFs) produced by fungi. This study presents a robust method for simultaneous quantification of ... ...

Abstract	Culture methods supplemented with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique provide a rapid and simple tool for detecting levels of aflatoxins (AFs) produced by fungi. This study presents a robust method for simultaneous quantification of aflatoxin (AF) B1, B2, G1, and G2 levels in several fungal cultivation states: submerged shake culture, liquid slant culture, and solid-state culture. The recovery of the method was evaluated by spiking a mixture of AFs at several concentrations to the test medium. The applicability of the method was evaluated by using aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic
MeSH term(s)	Aflatoxins/analysis ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus oryzae ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods ; Laboratories
Chemical Substances	Aflatoxins
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins12020093
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Analysis of E.U. Rapid Alert System (RASFF) Notifications for Aflatoxins in Exported U.S. Food and Feed Products for 2010–2019

Ahmad Alshannaq / Jae-Hyuk Yu

Toxins, Vol 13, Iss 2, p

2021 Volume 90

Abstract	The most common, toxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxins found in human food and animal feed are the aflatoxins (AFs). The United States is a leading exporter of various nuts, with a marketing value of $9.1 billion in 2019; the European Union countries are the major importers of U.S. nuts. In the past few years, border rejections and notifications for U.S. tree nuts and peanuts exported to the E.U. countries have increased due to AF contamination. In this work, we analyzed notifications from the “Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)” on U.S. food and feed products contaminated with mycotoxins, primarily AFs, for the 10-year period 2010–2019. Almost 95% of U.S. mycotoxin RASFF notifications were reported for foods and only 5% for feeds. We found that 98.9% of the U.S. food notifications on mycotoxins were due to the AF contamination in almond, peanut, and pistachio nuts. Over half of these notifications (57.9%) were due to total AF levels greater than the FDA action level in food of 20 ng g −1 . The Netherlands issued 27% of the AF notifications for U.S. nuts. Border rejection was reported for more than 78% of AF notifications in U.S. nuts. All U.S. feed notifications on mycotoxins occurred due to the AF contamination. Our research contributes to better understanding the main reasons behind RASFF mycotoxins notifications of U.S. food and feed products destined to E.U. countries. Furthermore, we speculate possible causes of this problem and provide a potential solution that could minimize the number of notifications for U.S. agricultural export market.
Keywords	RASFF notifications ; mycotoxin ; aflatoxin contamination ; United States nuts ; pistachios ; border rejection ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food.

Alshannaq, Ahmad / Yu, Jae-Hyuk

International journal of environmental research and public health

2017 Volume 14, Issue 6

Abstract: Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi (molds). These low molecular weight compounds (usually less than 1000 Daltons) are naturally occurring and practically unavoidable. They can enter our food chain either ... ...

Abstract	Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi (molds). These low molecular weight compounds (usually less than 1000 Daltons) are naturally occurring and practically unavoidable. They can enter our food chain either directly from plant-based food components contaminated with mycotoxins or by indirect contamination from the growth of toxigenic fungi on food. Mycotoxins can accumulate in maturing corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops in the field and in grain during transportation. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. In addition to concerns over adverse effects from direct consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and feeds, there is also public health concern over the potential ingestion of animal-derived food products, such as meat, milk, or eggs, containing residues or metabolites of mycotoxins. Members of three fungal genera,
MeSH term(s)	Aspergillus/chemistry ; Food Microbiology/statistics & numerical data ; Fusarium/chemistry ; Mycotoxins/analysis ; Penicillium/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Mycotoxins
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph14060632
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A Liquid Chromatographic Method for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Aflatoxins in Laboratory Fungal Cultures

Ahmad F. Alshannaq / Jae-Hyuk Yu

Toxins, Vol 12, Iss 2, p

2020 Volume 93

Abstract	Culture methods supplemented with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique provide a rapid and simple tool for detecting levels of aflatoxins (AFs) produced by fungi. This study presents a robust method for simultaneous quantification of aflatoxin (AF) B1, B2, G1, and G2 levels in several fungal cultivation states: submerged shake culture, liquid slant culture, and solid-state culture. The recovery of the method was evaluated by spiking a mixture of AFs at several concentrations to the test medium. The applicability of the method was evaluated by using aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergilli . A HPLC coupled with the diode array (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detectors was used to determine the presence and amounts of AFs. Both detectors showed high sensitivity in detecting spiked AFs or AFs produced in situ by toxigenic fungi. Our methods showed 76%−88% recovery from medium spiked with 2.5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 ng/mL AFs. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for AFs were 2.5 to 5.0 ng/mL with DAD and 0.025 to 2.5 ng/mL with FLD. In this work, we described in detail a protocol, which can be considered the foremost and only verified method, to extract, detect, and quantify AFs employing both aflatoxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergilli .
Keywords	aflatoxins ; laboratory culture ; extraction ; hplc ; recovery ; detection limits ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characterization of 260 Isolates of

Ajmal, Maryam / Alshannaq, Ahmad F / Moon, Heungyun / Choi, Dasol / Akram, Abida / Nayyar, Brian Gagosh / Gibbons, John G / Yu, Jae-Hyuk

Toxins

2022 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Sesame
MeSH term(s)	Aspergillus flavus/genetics ; Aspergillus flavus/isolation & purification ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Pakistan ; Phylogeny ; Seeds/microbiology ; Sesamum/microbiology ; Whole Genome Sequencing
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2518395-3
ISSN	2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
ISSN (online)	2072-6651
ISSN	2072-6651
DOI	10.3390/toxins14020117
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food

Ahmad Alshannaq / Jae-Hyuk Yu

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 14, Iss 6, p

2017 Volume 632

Abstract	Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi (molds). These low molecular weight compounds (usually less than 1000 Daltons) are naturally occurring and practically unavoidable. They can enter our food chain either directly from plant-based food components contaminated with mycotoxins or by indirect contamination from the growth of toxigenic fungi on food. Mycotoxins can accumulate in maturing corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops in the field and in grain during transportation. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. In addition to concerns over adverse effects from direct consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and feeds, there is also public health concern over the potential ingestion of animal-derived food products, such as meat, milk, or eggs, containing residues or metabolites of mycotoxins. Members of three fungal genera, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, are the major mycotoxin producers. While over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, six (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxins, and patulin) are regularly found in food, posing unpredictable and ongoing food safety problems worldwide. This review summarizes the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, foods commonly contaminated by one or more of them, and the current methods for detection and analysis of these mycotoxins.
Keywords	fungi ; mycotoxins ; aflatoxin ; toxicology ; analysis ; chromatography ; rapid strip test ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characterization of 260 Isolates of Aspergillus Section Flavi Obtained from Sesame Seeds in Punjab, Pakistan

Maryam Ajmal / Ahmad F. Alshannaq / Heungyun Moon / Dasol Choi / Abida Akram / Brian Gagosh Nayyar / John G. Gibbons / Jae-Hyuk Yu

Toxins, Vol 14, Iss 117, p

2022 Volume 117

Abstract: Sesame Sesamum indicum L. is a major oil-based seed crop that has been widely cultivated and consumed in Pakistan. Unfortunately, sesame is highly prone to Aspergillus fungal growth in the field, and under inappropriate storage conditions can become ... ...

Abstract	Sesame Sesamum indicum L. is a major oil-based seed crop that has been widely cultivated and consumed in Pakistan. Unfortunately, sesame is highly prone to Aspergillus fungal growth in the field, and under inappropriate storage conditions can become contaminated with aflatoxins, the most potent carcinogen found in nature. Here, we have isolated a high number of Aspergillus isolates from sesame seeds in fresh and stored conditions obtained from rainfed and irrigated zones of Punjab, Pakistan, and characterized them for aflatoxigenic potentials. Using morphological identification techniques, 260 isolates were grouped as potential Aspergillus section Flavi, with 126 and 134 originating from the rainfed and irrigated zones, respectively. Out of 260 in total, 188 isolates were confirmed to produce aflatoxins. There were no significant differences in potential aflatoxigenic isolates with respect to the rainfed and irrigated zones. However, the number of potential aflatoxigenic isolates was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in stored samples than that of those from fresh sesame seeds in the rainfed and irrigated zone. Whole genome sequencing and comparative analyses of 12 select isolates have revealed that one of the A. flavus isolates, which produced very low aflatoxins (AFP10), has an elevated missense variant rate, numerous high impact mutations, and a 600 base pair deletion in the norB gene. In summary, our study provides insights into aflatoxigenic potential and the associated genetic diversity of indigenous Aspergillus section Flavi isolates and potential management strategies for reducing aflatoxin contamination levels in a major crop consumed in Punjab, Pakistan.
Keywords	sesame ; Aspergillus flavus ; aflatoxins ; Pakistan ; HPLC ; genome analyses ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Velvet activated McrA plays a key role in cellular and metabolic development in Aspergillus nidulans.

Lee, Mi-Kyung / Son, Ye-Eun / Park, Hee-Soo / Alshannaq, Ahmad / Han, Kap-Hoon / Yu, Jae-Hyuk

Scientific reports

2020 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 15075

Abstract: McrA is a key transcription factor that functions as a global repressor of fungal secondary metabolism in Aspergillus species. Here, we report that mcrA is one of the VosA-VelB target genes and McrA governs the cellular and metabolic development in ... ...

Abstract	McrA is a key transcription factor that functions as a global repressor of fungal secondary metabolism in Aspergillus species. Here, we report that mcrA is one of the VosA-VelB target genes and McrA governs the cellular and metabolic development in Aspergillus nidulans. The deletion of mcrA resulted in a reduced number of conidia and decreased mRNA levels of brlA, the key asexual developmental activator. In addition, the absence of mcrA led to a loss of long-term viability of asexual spores (conidia), which is likely associated with the lack of conidial trehalose and increased β-(1,3)-glucan levels in conidia. In supporting its repressive role, the mcrA deletion mutant conidia contain more amounts of sterigmatocystin and an unknown metabolite than the wild type conidia. While overexpression of mcrA caused the fluffy-autolytic phenotype coupled with accelerated cell death, deletion of mcrA did not fully suppress the developmental defects caused by the lack of the regulator of G-protein signaling protein FlbA. On the contrary to the cellular development, sterigmatocystin production was restored in the ΔflbA ΔmcrA double mutant, and overexpression of mcrA completely blocked the production of sterigmatocystin. Overall, McrA plays a multiple role in governing growth, development, spore viability, and secondary metabolism in A. nidulans.
MeSH term(s)	Aspergillus nidulans/genetics ; Aspergillus nidulans/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Spores, Fungal/genetics ; Spores, Fungal/metabolism ; Sterigmatocystin/biosynthesis ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Fungal Proteins ; Transcription Factors ; Sterigmatocystin (10048-13-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-72224-y
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Controlling aflatoxin contamination and propagation of Aspergillus flavus by a soy-fermenting Aspergillus oryzae strain.

Alshannaq, Ahmad F / Gibbons, John G / Lee, Mi-Kyung / Han, Kap-Hoon / Hong, Seung-Beom / Yu, Jae-Hyuk

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 16871

Abstract: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of carcinogenic and immunosuppressive mycotoxins that threaten global food safety. Globally, over 4.5 billion people are exposed to unmonitored levels of AFs. Aspergillus flavus is the major source of AF contamination in ... ...

Abstract	Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of carcinogenic and immunosuppressive mycotoxins that threaten global food safety. Globally, over 4.5 billion people are exposed to unmonitored levels of AFs. Aspergillus flavus is the major source of AF contamination in agricultural crops. One approach to reduce levels of AFs in agricultural commodities is to apply a non-aflatoxigenic competitor, e.g., Afla-Guard, to crop fields. In this study, we demonstrate that the food fermenting Aspergillus oryzae M2040 strain, isolated from Korean Meju (a brick of dry-fermented soybeans), can inhibit aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and proliferation of toxigenic A. flavus in lab culture conditions and peanuts. In peanuts, 1% inoculation level of A. oryzae M2040 could effectively displace the toxigenic A. flavus and inhibit AFB1 production. Moreover, cell-free culture filtrate of A. oryzae M2040 effectively inhibited AFB1 production and A. flavus growth, suggesting A. oryzae M2040 secretes inhibitory compounds. Whole genome-based comparative analyses indicate that the A. oryzae M2040 and Afla-Guard genomes are 37.9 and 36.4 Mbp, respectively, with each genome containing ~100 lineage specific genes. Our study establishes the idea of using A. oryzae and/or its cell-free culture fermentate as a potent biocontrol agent to control A. flavus propagation and AF contamination.
MeSH term(s)	Aflatoxins/analysis ; Aspergillus flavus/chemistry ; Aspergillus oryzae/genetics ; Aspergillus oryzae/physiology ; Biological Control Agents ; Cell-Free System ; Fermentation ; Food Contamination/prevention & control ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Glycine max/metabolism ; Whole Genome Sequencing
Chemical Substances	Aflatoxins ; Biological Control Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-35246-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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