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  1. Article: Ocular tuberculosis: current perspectives.

    Shakarchi, Faiz I

    Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)

    2015  Volume 9, Page(s) 2223–2227

    Abstract: The World Health Organization currently estimates that nearly two billion people, or one-third of the world's population, are infected by tuberculosis, and that roughly 10% of the infected people are symptomatic. Tuberculosis affects the lungs in 80% of ... ...

    Abstract The World Health Organization currently estimates that nearly two billion people, or one-third of the world's population, are infected by tuberculosis, and that roughly 10% of the infected people are symptomatic. Tuberculosis affects the lungs in 80% of patients, while in the remaining 20% the disease may affect other organs, including the eye. Uveitis can be seen concurrently with tuberculosis, but a direct association is difficult to prove. Ocular tuberculosis is usually not associated with clinical evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, as up to 60% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients may not have pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis is often problematic and in nearly all reported cases, the diagnosis was only presumptive. Tuberculous uveitis is a great mimicker of various uveitis entities and it can be considered in the differential diagnosis of any type of intraocular inflammation. It is still unknown if ocular manifestations result from a direct mycobacterium infection or hypersensitivity reaction and this is reflected on the management of tuberculous uveitis. Prevalence of tuberculosis as an etiology of uveitis may reach up to 10% in endemic areas. Tuberculous uveitis is a vision-threatening disease that inevitably leads to blindness if not properly diagnosed and treated. The aim of this review is to illustrate the various clinical features and management of presumed tuberculous uveitis. The current review focuses on the diagnostic criteria, significance of tuberculin skin test, and use of systemic corticosteroids in the management of tuberculous uveitis as recommended in recent publications.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-11-26
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1177-5467
    ISSN 1177-5467
    DOI 10.2147/OPTH.S65254
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Pattern of uveitis at a referral center in Iraq.

    Al-Shakarchi, Faiz I

    Middle East African journal of ophthalmology

    2014  Volume 21, Issue 4, Page(s) 291–295

    Abstract: Purpose: To determine the etiologies of uveitis and the causes of visual loss in uveitis patients at a referral center in Baghdad, Iraq.: Patients and methods: A 4-year prospective study was performed at the uveitis clinic at Ibn Al-Haetham teaching ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To determine the etiologies of uveitis and the causes of visual loss in uveitis patients at a referral center in Baghdad, Iraq.
    Patients and methods: A 4-year prospective study was performed at the uveitis clinic at Ibn Al-Haetham teaching eye hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Referral cases of active uveitis were included. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed in all cases. If clinical picture did not indicate a specific etiology, patients were sent for a routine set of tests while ancillary tests were conducted when indicated.
    Results: Out of 318 patients included in this study, 236 patients (74.2%) had bilateral uveitis, and 212 patients (66.7%) had non-granulomatous uveitis. Posterior uveitis was recorded in 123 cases (38.7%) followed by panuveitis in 97 cases (30.5%), anterior uveitis in 78 cases (24.5%), and intermediate uveitis in 20 cases (6.3%). A diagnosis was established in 210 cases (66%) while etiology could not be determined in the remaining 108 cases (34%). Most common infectious causes were toxoplasmosis (13.8%) and presumed ocular tuberculosis (11.4%) while most common non-infectious causes were Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (12.3%), Behηet's disease (8.2%), and pars planitis (5.7%). Out of 49 eyes with irreversible blindness, macular degenerations, or scars (46.9%) and optic nerve atrophy (34.7%) were the most important causes.
    Conclusion: At this referral center, toxoplasmosis and presumed ocular tuberculosis were the most common infectious causes of uveitis while Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Behηet's disease, and pars planitis were, in that order, the most common non-infectious causes. Macular degenerations or scars and optic nerve atrophy were the most important causes of irreversible blindness.
    MeSH term(s) Acute Disease ; Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Referral and Consultation/statistics & numerical data ; Uveitis/diagnosis ; Uveitis/epidemiology ; Uveitis/etiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10-13
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2545467-5
    ISSN 0975-1599 ; 0975-1599
    ISSN (online) 0975-1599
    ISSN 0975-1599
    DOI 10.4103/0974-9233.142263
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Timing of neovascular regression in eyes with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema treated initially with intravitreous bevacizumab.

    Shakarchi, Faiz I / Shakarchi, Ahmed F / Al-Bayati, Shadha A

    Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)

    2018  Volume 13, Page(s) 27–31

    Abstract: Purpose: To determine the timing of neovascular regression after intravitreous injection of bevacizumab (Avastin: Patients and methods: In this prospective uncontrolled interventional study, eyes with high-risk PDR without CSME were treated initially ...

    Abstract Purpose: To determine the timing of neovascular regression after intravitreous injection of bevacizumab (Avastin
    Patients and methods: In this prospective uncontrolled interventional study, eyes with high-risk PDR without CSME were treated initially with intravitreous injections of bevacizumab 1.25 mg given every 4 weeks until no neovessels were detected, followed by standard pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP). Patients were examined 48 hours, 1, 2, and 4 weeks after each injection to determine the status of neovascularization.
    Results: Twenty-one patients (24 eyes) were included in the study. Forty-eight hours after the first injection of bevacizumab, we observed complete neovascular regression in 20 (83%) eyes. Neovascular regression was maintained in the same number of eyes in the first 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, three eyes displayed neovascular recurrence, and a second injection of bevacizumab was given to the seven eyes with persistent or recurrent neovascularization. Complete neovascular regression was observed in six (86%) eyes after 48 hours and was maintained for 2 weeks following the second bevacizumab injection. Two eyes required a third injection and had complete neovascular regression when assessed after 48 hours and 4 weeks.
    Conclusion: The majority of neovessels completely regressed within 48 hours after intra-vitreous injection of bevacizumab given as initial therapy for high-risk PDR without CSME. The full neovascular regressive effect occurred within 48 hours and was maintained for at least 2 weeks.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-19
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1177-5467
    ISSN 1177-5467
    DOI 10.2147/OPTH.S182420
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Blindness in iraq: leading causes, target patients, and barriers to treatment.

    Al-Shakarchi, Faiz I

    Middle East African journal of ophthalmology

    2011  Volume 18, Issue 3, Page(s) 199–203

    Abstract: Purpose: To define the main causes of blindness, demographic characteristics and barriers to care of blind patients attending a teaching eye hospital in Iraq.: Material and method: Successive new patients, 6 years of age and older, who attended three ...

    Abstract Purpose: To define the main causes of blindness, demographic characteristics and barriers to care of blind patients attending a teaching eye hospital in Iraq.
    Material and method: Successive new patients, 6 years of age and older, who attended three outpatients clinics at Ibn Al-Haetham Teaching Eye Hospital (IAHTEH), Baghdad, Iraq, from September 1 to November 30, 2007, were included in this study. Inclusion criterion was fulfillment of the World Health Organization's definition of blindness. The cause of blindness was identified and subjects were interviewed for collection of data on demographic characteristics and barriers to treatment.
    Results: Of 18612 consecutive patients who attended the outpatient clinics, 497 (2.7%) patients were blind. Cataract (76.1%), diabetic retinopathy (12.9%), and glaucoma (5%) were the leading causes of blindness. The majority of blind patients had low socioeconomic status and poor educational level. In cases of cataract, the most important barrier to treatment was the waiting list at the hospital (53.7%). A lack of awareness was the most important barrier to treatment for patients with diabetic retinopathy (54.7%) and glaucoma (56%).
    Conclusions: The preliminary data from our study will aid in the development of blindness prevention programs in Iraq. Priorities include decreasing waiting lists for cataract surgeries at governmental hospitals. Active health promotion programs for early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are also warranted.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-06-06
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2545467-5
    ISSN 0975-1599 ; 0975-1599
    ISSN (online) 0975-1599
    ISSN 0975-1599
    DOI 10.4103/0974-9233.84044
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Pattern of uveitis at a referral center in Iraq

    Faiz I Al-Shakarchi

    Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol 21, Iss 4, Pp 291-

    2014  Volume 295

    Abstract: Purpose: To determine the etiologies of uveitis and the causes of visual loss in uveitis patients at a referral center in Baghdad, Iraq. Patients and Methods: A 4-year prospective study was performed at the uveitis clinic at Ibn Al-Haetham teaching eye ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To determine the etiologies of uveitis and the causes of visual loss in uveitis patients at a referral center in Baghdad, Iraq. Patients and Methods: A 4-year prospective study was performed at the uveitis clinic at Ibn Al-Haetham teaching eye hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Referral cases of active uveitis were included. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed in all cases. If clinical picture did not indicate a specific etiology, patients were sent for a routine set of tests while ancillary tests were conducted when indicated. Results: Out of 318 patients included in this study, 236 patients (74.2%) had bilateral uveitis, and 212 patients (66.7%) had non-granulomatous uveitis. Posterior uveitis was recorded in 123 cases (38.7%) followed by panuveitis in 97 cases (30.5%), anterior uveitis in 78 cases (24.5%), and intermediate uveitis in 20 cases (6.3%). A diagnosis was established in 210 cases (66%) while etiology could not be determined in the remaining 108 cases (34%). Most common infectious causes were toxoplasmosis (13.8%) and presumed ocular tuberculosis (11.4%) while most common non-infectious causes were Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (12.3%), Behηet′s disease (8.2%), and pars planitis (5.7%). Out of 49 eyes with irreversible blindness, macular degenerations, or scars (46.9%) and optic nerve atrophy (34.7%) were the most important causes. Conclusion: At this referral center, toxoplasmosis and presumed ocular tuberculosis were the most common infectious causes of uveitis while Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Behηet′s disease, and pars planitis were, in that order, the most common non-infectious causes. Macular degenerations or scars and optic nerve atrophy were the most important causes of irreversible blindness.
    Keywords Behçet′s Disease ; Iraq ; Toxoplasmosis ; Tuberculosis ; Uveitis ; Ophthalmology ; RE1-994 ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Blindness in Iraq

    Faiz I Al-Shakarchi

    Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol 18, Iss 3, Pp 199-

    Leading causes, target patients, and barriers to treatment

    2011  Volume 203

    Abstract: Purpose : To define the main causes of blindness, demographic characteristics and barriers to care of blind patients attending a teaching eye hospital in Iraq. Material and Method : Successive new patients, 6 years of age and older, who attended three ... ...

    Abstract Purpose : To define the main causes of blindness, demographic characteristics and barriers to care of blind patients attending a teaching eye hospital in Iraq. Material and Method : Successive new patients, 6 years of age and older, who attended three outpatients clinics at Ibn Al-Haetham Teaching Eye Hospital (IAHTEH), Baghdad, Iraq, from September 1 to November 30, 2007, were included in this study. Inclusion criterion was fulfillment of the World Health Organization′s definition of blindness. The cause of blindness was identified and subjects were interviewed for collection of data on demographic characteristics and barriers to treatment. Results : Of 18612 consecutive patients who attended the outpatient clinics, 497 (2.7%) patients were blind. Cataract (76.1%), diabetic retinopathy (12.9%), and glaucoma (5%) were the leading causes of blindness. The majority of blind patients had low socioeconomic status and poor educational level. In cases of cataract, the most important barrier to treatment was the waiting list at the hospital (53.7%). A lack of awareness was the most important barrier to treatment for patients with diabetic retinopathy (54.7%) and glaucoma (56%). Conclusions : The preliminary data from our study will aid in the development of blindness prevention programs in Iraq. Priorities include decreasing waiting lists for cataract surgeries at governmental hospitals. Active health promotion programs for early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are also warranted.
    Keywords Blindness ; Cataract ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Glaucoma ; Hospital Based Study ; Iraq ; Vision 2020 ; Ophthalmology ; RE1-994 ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

    Your chosen title can be delivered directly to ZB MED Cologne location if you are registered as a user at ZB MED Cologne.

  7. Article ; Online: Initial therapy for suppurative microbial keratitis in Iraq.

    Al-Shakarchi, Faiz

    The British journal of ophthalmology

    2007  Volume 91, Issue 12, Page(s) 1583–1587

    Abstract: Objective: To provide data-based guidelines for selection of an appropriate initial therapy for management suppurative microbial keratitis (SMK) in Iraq.: Methods: This case-series study enrolled patients with clinical signs of suppurative keratitis ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To provide data-based guidelines for selection of an appropriate initial therapy for management suppurative microbial keratitis (SMK) in Iraq.
    Methods: This case-series study enrolled patients with clinical signs of suppurative keratitis suspected of being microbial, presented prospectively at Ibn Al-Haetham Teaching Eye Hospital from April 2002 to March 2005. Predisposing factors, microbial profile and sensitivities of isolated bacteria were determined. If direct microscopic examination of smears was negative for fungal elements, initial therapy started with ciprofloxacin 0.3% eye-drops. Subsequent treatment depends on clinical response and cultures' results.
    Results: Out of 396 cases enrolled, positive cultures were obtained in 232 cases (58.6%). The predominating agents isolated were Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus and Streptococcus) 75 cases (18.9%); Pseudomonas 68 cases (17.2%); and fungal species 74 cases (18.7%). Treatment was initiated with ciprofloxacin eye-drops in 364 cases, a favourable response was recorded in 185 cases (50.8%), addition of other antimicrobial drugs was required in 56 cases (15.4%), while failure of treatment was recorded in 123 cases (33.8%).
    Conclusion: Use of ciprofloxacin eye drops alone as an initial therapy cannot cover most of the causative agents of SMK in Iraq. Addition of another drug can provide a better coverage for the predominating causative agents. The choice of this additional drug is based on the suspected infecting agent depending on the regional predisposing factors, and the clinical features.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/drug therapy ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/etiology ; Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy ; Eye Infections, Fungal/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Iraq ; Keratitis/etiology ; Keratitis/microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Prospective Studies ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Suppuration ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Anti-Infective Agents ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Ciprofloxacin (5E8K9I0O4U)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80078-8
    ISSN 1468-2079 ; 0007-1161
    ISSN (online) 1468-2079
    ISSN 0007-1161
    DOI 10.1136/bjo.2007.123208
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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