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Book ; Online: New statistical approaches to semiparametric regression with application to air pollution research

Robins, James M.

(Research report / Health Effects Institute ; 175)

2013

Author's details	James M. Robins
Series title	Research report / Health Effects Institute ; 175
Collection
Language	English
Size	VII, 144 S. : graph. Darst.
Publisher	Health Effects Inst
Publishing place	Boston, Mass
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book ; Online
HBZ-ID	HT018620305
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Book ; Online: Assumptions and Bounds in the Instrumental Variable Model

Richardson, Thomas S. / Robins, James M.

2024

Abstract: ... were originally stated in Richardson & Robins (2014), "ACE Bounds; SEMS with Equilibrium Conditions ... and Robins (2014) [arXiv:1410.0470]. v2 improves the writing in a few places ...

Abstract	In this note we give proofs for results relating to the Instrumental Variable (IV) model with binary response $Y$ and binary treatment $X$, but with an instrument $Z$ with $K$ states. These results were originally stated in Richardson & Robins (2014), "ACE Bounds; SEMS with Equilibrium Conditions," arXiv:1410.0470. Comment: 27 pages, 1 figure, 1 table. Proofs of Theorems 1 and 2 stated in Richardson and Robins (2014) [arXiv:1410.0470]. v2 improves the writing in a few places
Keywords	Mathematics - Statistics Theory ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; 62A01 (Primary) 62D20 ; 62H22 (Secondary)
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Assumption-lean falsification tests of rate double-robustness of double-machine-learning estimators.

Liu, Lin / Mukherjee, Rajarshi / Robins, James M

Journal of econometrics

2023 Volume 240, Issue 2

Abstract: ... by Chernozhukov et al. (2022b) and the class of functionals studied by Robins et al. (2008). The present state ...

Abstract	The class of doubly robust (DR) functionals studied by Rotnitzky et al. (2021) is of central importance in economics and biostatistics. It strictly includes both (i) the class of mean-square continuous functionals that can be written as an expectation of an affine functional of a conditional expectation studied by Chernozhukov et al. (2022b) and the class of functionals studied by Robins et al. (2008). The present state-of-the-art estimators for DR functionals
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1460617-3
ISSN	0304-4076
ISSN	0304-4076
DOI	10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.105500
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Article ; Online: Video article: the subtemporal extradural approach to cavernous sinus tumour.

Robins, James M W / Chumas, Paul D / Tyagi, Atul K

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery

2023 Volume 39, Issue 12, Page(s) 3593

Abstract: Objective: Here we demonstrate via operative video the subtemporal extradural approach to a tumour in the cavernous sinus.: Methods: The extradural approach is performed here in a paediatric patient (a 15-year-old child) via a right extended ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Here we demonstrate via operative video the subtemporal extradural approach to a tumour in the cavernous sinus. Methods: The extradural approach is performed here in a paediatric patient (a 15-year-old child) via a right extended pterional osteoplastic craniotomy with removal of the zygomatic arch. The operative microscope is introduced, and the dura is divided at the superior orbital fissure into endosteal and meningeal layers using a diamond knife. The middle cranial fossa floor is drilled flat to increase access, and the plane is further developed towards the cavernous sinus. The tumour is seen bulging from within the cavernous sinus, and the cavernous sinus is opened in the anteromedial triangle between cranial nerves Vi and Vii. After biopsy, the tumour is debulked with an ultrasonic aspirator. Doppler is used to identify the internal carotid artery and preserve it. The bone flap is replaced, and the wound is closed in layers in standard fashion. Results: The patient recovered well and was discharged on post-operative day 3. Persistent sixth nerve palsy (present pre-operatively) was present; however, otherwise, there was good recovery from surgery. Good resection of tumour is demonstrated on post-operative MR imaging. Conclusions: This approach is uncommon but important as it enables extradural access to the cavernous sinus, minimising the complications associated with an intradural approach such as cortical injury. In this video, we also demonstrate the fundamental anatomy using annotation and cadaveric images to enhance understanding required for the neurosurgeon to successfully complete this approach. The patient consented to the procedure in the standard fashion.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Cavernous Sinus/diagnostic imaging ; Cavernous Sinus/surgery ; Cranial Fossa, Middle/diagnostic imaging ; Cranial Fossa, Middle/surgery ; Craniotomy/methods ; Neurosurgical Procedures/methods ; Nose Neoplasms/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-27
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Video-Audio Media ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605988-0
ISSN	1433-0350 ; 0302-2803 ; 0256-7040
ISSN (online)	1433-0350
ISSN	0302-2803 ; 0256-7040
DOI	10.1007/s00381-023-06097-7
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Article ; Online: A formal causal interpretation of the case-crossover design.

Shahn, Zach / Hernán, Miguel A / Robins, James M

Biometrics

2022 Volume 79, Issue 2, Page(s) 1330–1343

Abstract: The case-crossover design of Maclure is widely used in epidemiology and other fields to study causal effects of transient treatments on acute outcomes. However, its validity and causal interpretation have only been justified under informal conditions. ... ...

Abstract	The case-crossover design of Maclure is widely used in epidemiology and other fields to study causal effects of transient treatments on acute outcomes. However, its validity and causal interpretation have only been justified under informal conditions. Here, we place the design in a formal counterfactual framework for the first time. Doing so helps to clarify its assumptions and interpretation. In particular, when the treatment effect is nonnull, we identify a previously unnoticed bias arising from strong common causes of the outcome at different person-times. We analyze this bias and demonstrate its potential importance with simulations. We also use our derivation of the limit of the case-crossover estimator to analyze its sensitivity to treatment effect heterogeneity, a violation of one of the informal criteria for validity. The upshot of this work for practitioners is that, while the case-crossover design can be useful for testing the causal null hypothesis in the presence of baseline confounders, extra caution is warranted when using the case-crossover design for point estimation of causal effects.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Cross-Over Studies ; Causality ; Bias
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	213543-7
ISSN	1541-0420 ; 0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
ISSN (online)	1541-0420
ISSN	0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
DOI	10.1111/biom.13749
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Article ; Online: Rejoinder: A formal causal interpretation of the case-crossover design.

Shahn, Zach / Hernán, Miguel A / Robins, James M

Biometrics

2022 Volume 79, Issue 2, Page(s) 1351–1358

Abstract: We thank the discussants for their insightful commentary and questions. In our rejoinder, we extend our analysis to additional settings, control strategies, and sources of bias relevant to how case-crossover is often used in practice, as suggested by ... ...

Abstract	We thank the discussants for their insightful commentary and questions. In our rejoinder, we extend our analysis to additional settings, control strategies, and sources of bias relevant to how case-crossover is often used in practice, as suggested by multiple discussants. In particular, we consider: control exposures that follow occurrence of events, settings with shared exposure trajectories (which are common in case-crossover studies of effects of air pollution), bias due to non-transient treatment effects, removing bias due to time trends in treatment using control subjects, and extending our results to the continuous time setting. We also take the opportunity to clarify an easily misinterpreted comment we made about collapsibility, which we thank Andersen and Martinussen for highlighting. Throughout, in the spirit of the discussants. contributions, we iterate between general bias formulas and simulations and numerical studies from illustrative simplified scenarios to build insight.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cross-Over Studies ; Air Pollution ; Bias ; Causality
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	213543-7
ISSN	1541-0420 ; 0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
ISSN (online)	1541-0420
ISSN	0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
DOI	10.1111/biom.13746
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Article ; Online: Rejoinder: A formal causal interpretation of the case‐crossover design

Shahn, Zach / Hernan, Miguel A. / Robins, James M.

Biometrics. 2023 June, v. 79, no. 2 p.1351-1358

2023

Abstract: We thank the discussants for their insightful commentary and questions. In our rejoinder, we extend our analysis to additional settings, control strategies, and sources of bias relevant to how case‐crossover is often used in practice, as suggested by ... ...

Abstract	We thank the discussants for their insightful commentary and questions. In our rejoinder, we extend our analysis to additional settings, control strategies, and sources of bias relevant to how case‐crossover is often used in practice, as suggested by multiple discussants. In particular, we consider: control exposures that follow occurrence of events, settings with shared exposure trajectories (which are common in case‐crossover studies of effects of air pollution), bias due to non‐transient treatment effects, removing bias due to time trends in treatment using control subjects, and extending our results to the continuous time setting. We also take the opportunity to clarify an easily misinterpreted comment we made about collapsibility, which we thank Andersen and Martinussen for highlighting. Throughout, in the spirit of the discussants. contributions, we iterate between general bias formulas and simulations and numerical studies from illustrative simplified scenarios to build insight.
Keywords	air pollution ; biometry ; mathematical models
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Size	p. 1351-1358.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	213543-7
ISSN	0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
ISSN	0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
DOI	10.1111/biom.13746
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Assumption-lean falsification tests of rate double-robustness of double-machine-learning estimators

Liu, Lin / Mukherjee, Rajarshi / Robins, James M.

Journal of Econometrics. 2023, p.105500-

2023 , Page(s) 105500–

Abstract: ... by Chernozhukov et al. (2022b) and the class of functionals studied by Robins et al. (2008). The present state ...

Abstract	The class of doubly robust (DR) functionals studied by Rotnitzky et al. (2021) is of central importance in economics and biostatistics. It strictly includes both (i) the class of mean-square continuous functionals that can be written as an expectation of an affine functional of a conditional expectation studied by Chernozhukov et al. (2022b) and the class of functionals studied by Robins et al. (2008). The present state-of-the-art estimators for DR functionals ψ are double-machine-learning (DML) estimators (Chernozhukov et al., 2018). A DML estimator ψˆ1 of ψ depends on estimates pˆ(x) and bˆ(x) of a pair of nuisance functions p(x) and b(x), and is said to satisfy "rate double-robustness" if the Cauchy-Schwarz upper bound of its bias is o(n−1/2). Were it achievable, our scientific goal would have been to construct valid, assumption-lean (i.e. no complexity-reducing assumptions on b or p) tests of the validity of a nominal (1−α) Wald confidence interval (CI) centered at ψˆ1. But this would require a test of the bias to be o(n−1/2), which can be shown not to exist. We therefore adopt the less ambitious goal of falsifying, when possible, an analyst's justification for her claim that the reported (1−α) Wald CI is valid. In many instances, an analyst justifies her claim by imposing complexity-reducing assumptions on b and p to ensure "rate double-robustness". Here we exhibit valid, assumption-lean tests of H0: "rate double-robustness holds", with non-trivial power against certain alternatives. If H0 is rejected, we will have falsified her justification. However, no assumption-lean test of H0, including ours, can be a consistent test. Thus, the failure of our test to reject is not meaningful evidence in favor of H0.
Keywords	biostatistics ; confidence interval ; econometrics ; Econometrics and machine learning ; Doubly robust functionals ; Higher-order U-statistics
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	1460617-3
ISSN	0304-4076
ISSN	0304-4076
DOI	10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.105500
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: MULTIPLY ROBUST ESTIMATORS OF CAUSAL EFFECTS FOR SURVIVAL OUTCOMES.

Wen, Lan / Hernán, Miguel A / Robins, James M

Scandinavian journal of statistics, theory and applications

2021 Volume 49, Issue 3, Page(s) 1304–1328

Abstract: Multiply robust estimators of the longitudinal g-formula have recently been proposed to protect against model misspecification better than the standard augmented inverse probability weighted estimator (Rotnitzky et al., 2017; Luedtke et al., 2018). These ...

Abstract	Multiply robust estimators of the longitudinal g-formula have recently been proposed to protect against model misspecification better than the standard augmented inverse probability weighted estimator (Rotnitzky et al., 2017; Luedtke et al., 2018). These multiply robust estimators ensure consistency if one of the models for the treatment process or outcome process is correctly specified at each time point. We study the multiply robust estimators of Rotnitzky et al. (2017) in the context of a survival outcome. Specifically, we compare various estimators of the g-formula for survival outcomes in order to 1) understand how the estimators may be related to one another, 2) understand each estimator's robustness to model misspecification, and 3) construct estimators that can be more efficient than others in certain model misspecification scenarios. We propose a modification of the multiply robust estimators to gain efficiency under misspecification of the outcome model by using calibrated propensity scores over non-calibrated propensity scores at each time point. Theoretical results are confirmed via simulation studies, and a practical comparison of these estimators is conducted through an application to the US Veterans Aging Cohort Study.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1466951-1
ISSN	1467-9469 ; 0303-6898
ISSN (online)	1467-9469
ISSN	0303-6898
DOI	10.1111/sjos.12561
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Article ; Online: Coherent modeling of longitudinal causal effects on binary outcomes.

Wang, Linbo / Meng, Xiang / Richardson, Thomas S / Robins, James M

Biometrics

2022 Volume 79, Issue 2, Page(s) 775–787

Abstract: Analyses of biomedical studies often necessitate modeling longitudinal causal effects. The current focus on personalized medicine and effect heterogeneity makes this task even more challenging. Toward this end, structural nested mean models (SNMMs) are ... ...

Abstract	Analyses of biomedical studies often necessitate modeling longitudinal causal effects. The current focus on personalized medicine and effect heterogeneity makes this task even more challenging. Toward this end, structural nested mean models (SNMMs) are fundamental tools for studying heterogeneous treatment effects in longitudinal studies. However, when outcomes are binary, current methods for estimating multiplicative and additive SNMM parameters suffer from variation dependence between the causal parameters and the noncausal nuisance parameters. This leads to a series of difficulties in interpretation, estimation, and computation. These difficulties have hindered the uptake of SNMMs in biomedical practice, where binary outcomes are very common. We solve the variation dependence problem for the binary multiplicative SNMM via a reparameterization of the noncausal nuisance parameters. Our novel nuisance parameters are variation independent of the causal parameters, and hence allow for coherent modeling of heterogeneous effects from longitudinal studies with binary outcomes. Our parameterization also provides a key building block for flexible doubly robust estimation of the causal parameters. Along the way, we prove that an additive SNMM with binary outcomes does not admit a variation independent parameterization, thereby justifying the restriction to multiplicative SNMMs.
MeSH term(s)	Models, Statistical ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Longitudinal Studies ; Causality
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	213543-7
ISSN	1541-0420 ; 0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
ISSN (online)	1541-0420
ISSN	0099-4987 ; 0006-341X
DOI	10.1111/biom.13687
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