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  1. Article ; Online: Editorial

    Ernest Rutter / Yingchun Li / Junlong Shang / Yinlin Ji

    Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

    Recent advances in mechanics and physics of rock fractures across scales

    2022  Volume 10

    Keywords rock mechanics ; fractures ; scales ; Faults (geology) ; discontinuities ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article: On the effective stress law for rock-on-rock frictional sliding, and fault slip triggered by means of fluid injection.

    Rutter, Ernest / Hackston, Abigail

    Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

    2018  Volume 375, Issue 2103

    Abstract: Fluid injection into rocks is increasingly used for energy extraction and for fluid wastes disposal, and can trigger/induce small- to medium-scale seismicity. Fluctuations in pore fluid pressure may also be associated with natural seismicity. The energy ... ...

    Abstract Fluid injection into rocks is increasingly used for energy extraction and for fluid wastes disposal, and can trigger/induce small- to medium-scale seismicity. Fluctuations in pore fluid pressure may also be associated with natural seismicity. The energy release in anthropogenically induced seismicity is sensitive to amount and pressure of fluid injected, through the way that seismic moment release is related to slipped area, and is strongly affected by the hydraulic conductance of the faulted rock mass. Bearing in mind the scaling issues that apply, fluid injection-driven fault motion can be studied on laboratory-sized samples. Here, we investigate both stable and unstable induced fault slip on pre-cut planar surfaces in Darley Dale and Pennant sandstones, with or without granular gouge. They display contrasting permeabilities, differing by a factor of 10
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208381-4
    ISSN 1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
    ISSN (online) 1471-2962
    ISSN 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
    DOI 10.1098/rsta.2016.0001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Influence of Normal and Shear Stress on the Hydraulic Transmissivity of Thin Cracks in a Tight Quartz Sandstone, a Granite, and a Shale

    Rutter, Ernest H. / Mecklenburgh, Julian

    Journal of geophysical research. 2018 Feb., v. 123, no. 2

    2018  

    Abstract: Transmissivity of fluids along fractures in rocks is reduced by increasing normal stress acting across them, demonstrated here through gas flow experiments on Bowland shale, and oil flow experiments on Pennant sandstone and Westerly granite. Additionally, ...

    Abstract Transmissivity of fluids along fractures in rocks is reduced by increasing normal stress acting across them, demonstrated here through gas flow experiments on Bowland shale, and oil flow experiments on Pennant sandstone and Westerly granite. Additionally, the effect of imposing shear stress at constant normal stress was determined, until frictional sliding started. In all cases, increasing shear stress causes an accelerating reduction of transmissivity by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude as slip initiated, as a result of the formation of wear products that block fluid pathways. Only in the case of granite, and to a lesser extent in the sandstone, was there a minor amount of initial increase of transmissivity prior to the onset of slip. These results cast into doubt the commonly applied presumption that cracks with high resolved shear stresses are the most conductive. In the shale, crack transmissivity is commensurate with matrix permeability, such that shales are expected always to be good seals. For the sandstone and granite, unsheared crack transmissivity was respectively 2 and 2.5 orders of magnitude greater than matrix permeability. For these rocks crack transmissivity can dominate fluid flow in the upper crust, potentially enough to permit maintenance of a hydrostatic fluid pressure gradient in a normal (extensional) faulting regime.
    Keywords geophysics ; granite ; oils ; permeability ; quartz ; research ; sandstone ; shale ; shear stress
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-02
    Size p. 1262-1285.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ISSN 2169-9313
    DOI 10.1002/2017JB014858
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article: A novel upscaling procedure for characterising heterogeneous shale porosity from nanometer-to millimetre-scale in 3D

    Ma, Lin / Dowey, Patrick J / Lee, Peter D / Rutter, Ernest / Taylor, Kevin G

    Energy. 2019 Aug. 15, v. 181

    2019  

    Abstract: Microstructures and pore systems in shales are key to understanding the role of shale in many energy applications. This study proposes a novel multi-stage upscaling procedure to comprehensively investigate the heterogeneous and complex microstructures ... ...

    Abstract Microstructures and pore systems in shales are key to understanding the role of shale in many energy applications. This study proposes a novel multi-stage upscaling procedure to comprehensively investigate the heterogeneous and complex microstructures and pore systems in a laminated and microfractured shale, utilising 3D multi-scale imaging data. Five imaging techniques were used for characterisation from sub-nanoscale to macroscale (core-scale), spanning four orders of magnitude. Image data collected using X-ray tomography, Focused Ion Beam, and Electron Tomography techniques range in voxel size from 0.6 nm to 13 μm.Prior to upscaling, a novel two-step analysis was performed to ensure sub-samples were representative. Following this, a three-step procedure, based on homogenising descriptors and computed volume coefficients, was used to upscale the quantified microstructure and pore system. At the highest resolution (nanoscale), four distinct pore types were identified. At the sub-micron scale equations were derived for three pore-associated phases. At the microscale, the volume coefficients were recalculated to upscale the pore system to the millimetre- scale. The accuracy of the upscaling methodology was verified, predicting the total porosity within 7.2% discrepancy. The results provide a unique perspective to understand heterogeneous rock types, breaking though prior scale limitations in the pore system.
    Keywords computed tomography ; data collection ; energy ; equations ; image analysis ; microstructure ; porosity ; prediction ; shale
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0815
    Size p. 1285-1297.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2019804-8
    ISSN 0360-5442 ; 0360-5442
    ISSN (online) 0360-5442
    ISSN 0360-5442
    DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.011
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  5. Article: Fluid Injection Experiments in Shale at Elevated Confining Pressures: Determination of Flaw Sizes From Mechanical Experiments

    Chandler, Michael R. / Mecklenburgh, Julian / Rutter, Ernest / Lee, Peter

    Journal of geophysical research. 2019 June, v. 124, no. 6

    2019  

    Abstract: Triaxial experiments and direct fluid injection experiments have been conducted at confining pressures up to 100 MPa on Mancos shale, Whitby mudstone, Penrhyn slate, and Pennant sandstone. Experiments were conducted with sample axes lying both parallel ... ...

    Abstract Triaxial experiments and direct fluid injection experiments have been conducted at confining pressures up to 100 MPa on Mancos shale, Whitby mudstone, Penrhyn slate, and Pennant sandstone. Experiments were conducted with sample axes lying both parallel and perpendicular to layering in the materials. During triaxial failure Penrhyn slate was stronger for samples with cleavage parallel to maximum principal stress, but the two orientations in the shales displayed similar failure stresses. Initial flaw sizes of around 40 μm were calculated from the triaxial data using the wing crack model, with the shales having shorter initial flaws than the nonshales. During direct fluid injection, breakdown was rapid, with no discernible gap between fracture initiation and breakdown. Breakdown pressure increased linearly with confining pressure but was less sensitive to confining pressure than expected from existing models. A fracture mechanics‐based model is proposed to determine the initial flaw size responsible for breakdown in injection experiments. Flaw sizes determined in this way agree reasonably with those determined from the triaxial data in the nonshales at low confining pressures. As confining pressure rises, a threshold is reached, above which the fluid injection experiments suggest a lower initial flaw length of around 10 μm. This threshold is interpreted as being due to the partial closure of flaws. In the shales an initial flaw length of around 10 μm was determined at all confining pressures, agreeing reasonably with those determined through the triaxial experiments.
    Keywords geophysics ; models ; research ; sandstone ; shale
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-06
    Size p. 5500-5520.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ISSN 2169-9313
    DOI 10.1029/2018JB017207
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article ; Online: Preface

    Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón / Fernando Bastida / Ernest Rutter / Ramon Carbonell / C. M. Krawczyk

    Solid Earth

    From orogenesis to geoscience in the service of society: the scientific legacy of Prof. Andrés Pérez-Estaún

    2016  

    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.5194/se-7-1199-2016
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Hierarchical integration of porosity in shales.

    Ma, Lin / Slater, Thomas / Dowey, Patrick J / Yue, Sheng / Rutter, Ernest H / Taylor, Kevin G / Lee, Peter D

    Scientific reports

    2018  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 11683

    Abstract: Pore characterization in shales is challenging owing to the wide range of pore sizes and types present. Haynesville-Bossier shale (USA) was sampled as a typical clay-bearing siliceous, organic-rich, gas-mature shale and characterized over pore diameters ... ...

    Abstract Pore characterization in shales is challenging owing to the wide range of pore sizes and types present. Haynesville-Bossier shale (USA) was sampled as a typical clay-bearing siliceous, organic-rich, gas-mature shale and characterized over pore diameters ranging 2 nm to 3000 nm. Three advanced imaging techniques were utilized correlatively, including the application of Xe
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-08-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-30153-x
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  8. Article ; Online: Hierarchical integration of porosity in shales

    Lin Ma / Thomas Slater / Patrick J. Dowey / Sheng Yue / Ernest H. Rutter / Kevin G. Taylor / Peter D. Lee

    Scientific Reports, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2018  Volume 14

    Abstract: Abstract Pore characterization in shales is challenging owing to the wide range of pore sizes and types present. Haynesville-Bossier shale (USA) was sampled as a typical clay-bearing siliceous, organic-rich, gas-mature shale and characterized over pore ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Pore characterization in shales is challenging owing to the wide range of pore sizes and types present. Haynesville-Bossier shale (USA) was sampled as a typical clay-bearing siliceous, organic-rich, gas-mature shale and characterized over pore diameters ranging 2 nm to 3000 nm. Three advanced imaging techniques were utilized correlatively, including the application of Xe+ plasma focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (plasma FIB or PFIB), complemented by the Ga+ FIB method which is now frequently used to characterise porosity and organic/inorganic phases, together with transmission electron microscope tomography of the nano-scale pores (voxel size 0.6 nm; resolution 1–2 nm). The three pore-size scales each contribute differently to the pore network. Those <10 nm (greatest number), 10 nm to 100 nm (best-connected hence controls transport properties), and >100 nm (greatest total volume hence determines fluid storativity). Four distinct pore types were found: intra-organic, organic-mineral interface, inter-mineral and intra-mineral pores were recognized, with characteristic geometries. The whole pore network comprises a globally-connected system between phyllosilicate mineral grains (diameter: 6–50 nm), and locally-clustered connected pores within porous organic matter (diameter: 200–800 nm). Integrated predictions of pore geometry, connectivity, and roles in controlling petrophysical properties were verified through experimental permeability measurements.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 620
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Publishing Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Conference proceedings ; Online: The Carboneras Fault Zone (SE Spain)

    C. Haberland / Andreas Rietbrock / Daniel Faulkner / Stuart Nippress / Ernest Rutter / Christina Kelly / Teresa Teixido

    Abstracts ; AGU 2014 Fall Meeting#

    Constraints on Fault Zone Properties and Geometry from Controlled-Source-Generated Guided Seismic

    2014  

    Publishing country de
    Document type Conference proceedings ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Book ; Conference proceedings: Deformation mechanisms, rheology and tectonics

    Knipe, Robert John / Rutter, Ernest Henry / Zwart, Hendrik Jan

    Proceedings ; Volume dedicated to Prof. Hendrik Jan Zwart on the occasion of his 65. birthday

    (Geological Society special publication ; 54)

    1990  

    Institution Geological Society
    University of Leeds / Department of Earth Sciences
    Event/congress Deformation mechanisms, rheology and tectonics (proceedingsVolumededicatedtoProf.HendrikJanZwartontheoccasionofhis65.birthdayLeeds1989.03)
    Author's details Robert John Knipe; Ernest Henry Rutter [Hrsg.]. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds; Geological Society of London
    Series title Geological Society special publication ; 54
    Language Undetermined
    Size XV,535 S
    Publishing place London
    Document type Book ; Conference proceedings
    Note Part of a series of meetings
    ISBN 0903317583 ; 9780903317580
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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