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  1. Article ; Online: Ethical and Welfare Implications of Genetically Altered Non-Human Primates for Biomedical Research.

    Prescott, Mark J

    Journal of applied animal ethics research

    2020  Volume 2, Issue 2, Page(s) 151–176

    Abstract: Breakthroughs in gene editing technologies have made it feasible to create genetically altered (GA) non-human primate (NHP) models of disease. This area of research is accelerating, particularly in China, Japan and the USA, and could lead to an increase ... ...

    Abstract Breakthroughs in gene editing technologies have made it feasible to create genetically altered (GA) non-human primate (NHP) models of disease. This area of research is accelerating, particularly in China, Japan and the USA, and could lead to an increase in NHP use globally. The hope is that genetic models in animal species closely related to humans will significantly improve understanding of neurological diseases and validation of potential therapeutic interventions, for which there is a dire need. However, the creation and use of GA NHPS raises serious animal welfare and ethical issues, which are highlighted here. It represents a step change in how these highly sentient animals are used in biomedical research, because of the large numbers required, inherent wastage and the sum of the harms caused to the animals involved. There is little evidence of these important issues being addressed alongside the rapidly advancing science. We are still learning about how gene editing tools work in NHPS, and significant added scientific and medical benefit from GA NHP models has yet to be demonstrated. Together, this suggests that current regulatory and review frameworks, in some jurisdictions at least, are not adequately equipped to deal with this emerging, complex area of NHP use.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-26
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2588-9567
    ISSN (online) 2588-9567
    DOI 10.1163/25889567-BJA10002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Harmonisation of welfare indicators for macaques and marmosets used or bred for research.

    Prescott, Mark J / Leach, Matthew C / Truelove, Melissa A

    F1000Research

    2022  Volume 11, Page(s) 272

    Abstract: Background: ...

    Abstract Background:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2699932-8
    ISSN 2046-1402 ; 2046-1402
    ISSN (online) 2046-1402
    ISSN 2046-1402
    DOI 10.12688/f1000research.109380.3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: The role of male scent in female attraction in the bank vole, Myodes glareolus.

    Coombes, Holly A / Prescott, Mark C / Stockley, Paula / Beynon, Robert J / Hurst, Jane L

    Scientific reports

    2024  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 4812

    Abstract: Chemical signals are frequently utilised by male mammals for intersexual communication and females are often attracted to male scent. However, the mechanism underlying female attraction has only been identified in a small number of mammalian species. ... ...

    Abstract Chemical signals are frequently utilised by male mammals for intersexual communication and females are often attracted to male scent. However, the mechanism underlying female attraction has only been identified in a small number of mammalian species. Mammalian scents contain airborne volatiles, that are detected by receivers at a distance from the scent source, as well as non-volatile molecules, such as proteins, that require physical contact for detection. Lipocalin proteins, produced within the scent secretions of many terrestrial mammals, are thought to be particularly important in chemical signalling. Here, we explore if the male-specific protein, glareosin, expressed by adult male bank voles, Myodes glareolus, stimulates female attraction to male scent. We show that female bank voles are more attracted to male compared to female scent, supporting the results of previous studies. Increased investigation and attraction to male scent occurred to both airborne volatiles and non-volatile proteins when they were presented separately. However, we found no evidence that attraction to male scent was driven by glareosin. Our results differ from those previously described in house mice, where a single protein induces female attraction to male scent, suggesting the mechanism underlying female attraction to male scent differs between species.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Male ; Animals ; Mice ; Odorants ; Pheromones ; Proteins/metabolism ; Arvicolinae/metabolism ; Mammals/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Pheromones ; Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-55235-x
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  4. Article ; Online: Simulated Dopamine Modulation of a Neurorobotic Model of the Basal Ganglia.

    Prescott, Tony J / Montes González, Fernando M / Gurney, Kevin / Humphries, Mark D / Redgrave, Peter

    Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)

    2024  Volume 9, Issue 3

    Abstract: The vertebrate basal ganglia play an important role in action selection-the resolution of conflicts between alternative motor programs. The effective operation of basal ganglia circuitry is also known to rely on appropriate levels of the neurotransmitter ...

    Abstract The vertebrate basal ganglia play an important role in action selection-the resolution of conflicts between alternative motor programs. The effective operation of basal ganglia circuitry is also known to rely on appropriate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. We investigated reducing or increasing the tonic level of simulated dopamine in a prior model of the basal ganglia integrated into a robot control architecture engaged in a foraging task inspired by animal behaviour. The main findings were that progressive reductions in the levels of simulated dopamine caused slowed behaviour and, at low levels, an inability to initiate movement. These states were partially relieved by increased salience levels (stronger sensory/motivational input). Conversely, increased simulated dopamine caused distortion of the robot's motor acts through partially expressed motor activity relating to losing actions. This could also lead to an increased frequency of behaviour switching. Levels of simulated dopamine that were either significantly lower or higher than baseline could cause a loss of behavioural integration, sometimes leaving the robot in a 'behavioral trap'. That some analogous traits are observed in animals and humans affected by dopamine dysregulation suggests that robotic models could prove useful in understanding the role of dopamine neurotransmission in basal ganglia function and dysfunction.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2313-7673
    ISSN (online) 2313-7673
    DOI 10.3390/biomimetics9030139
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  5. Article ; Online: The role of MRI in applying the 3Rs to non-human primate neuroscience.

    Prescott, Mark J / Poirier, Colline

    NeuroImage

    2020  Volume 225, Page(s) 117521

    Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging is playing a significant role in applying the 3Rs to neuroscience studies using non-human primates. MRI scans are contributing to refinement by enhancing the selection and assignment of animals, guiding the manufacture of ... ...

    Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging is playing a significant role in applying the 3Rs to neuroscience studies using non-human primates. MRI scans are contributing to refinement by enhancing the selection and assignment of animals, guiding the manufacture of custom-fitted recording and head fixation devices, and assisting with the diagnosis of health issues and their treatment. MRI is also being used to better understand the impact of neuroscience procedures on the welfare of NHPs. MRI has helped to optimise NHP use and make greater scientific progress than would otherwise be made using larger numbers of animals. Whilst human fMRI studies have replaced some NHP studies, their potential to directly replace NHP electrophysiology is limited at present. Given the considerable advantages of MRI for electrophysiology experiments, including improved welfare of NHPs, consideration should be given to focusing NHP electrophysiology laboratories around MRI facilities. Greater sharing of MRI data sets, and improvements in MRI contrast and resolution, are expected to further advance the 3Rs in the future.
    MeSH term(s) Animal Experimentation ; Animal Use Alternatives/methods ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Callithrix ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurosciences ; Primates
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1147767-2
    ISSN 1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
    ISSN (online) 1095-9572
    ISSN 1053-8119
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117521
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3664: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
    Zs.MO 7: Show issues

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  6. Article ; Online: Online resources for improving the care and use of non-human primates in research.

    Prescott, Mark J

    Primate biology

    2016  Volume 3, Page(s) 33–40

    Abstract: Published literature and scientific events provide opportunities to expand knowledge and develop skills in the care and use of non-human primates (NHPs) in research. Increasingly, these traditional routes of information exchange are being complemented by ...

    Abstract Published literature and scientific events provide opportunities to expand knowledge and develop skills in the care and use of non-human primates (NHPs) in research. Increasingly, these traditional routes of information exchange are being complemented by dedicated online resources aimed at sharing best practice in NHP care and use, and enhancing the training and professional development of laboratory staff working with NHPs. This article outlines some key online resources from the UK's National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) and other organisations with an interest in NHP research, and the ways in which the resources can be integrated into staff training and research practices to enhance animal welfare, quality of science and application of the 3Rs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-07-26
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2804957-3
    ISSN 2363-4715 ; 2363-4707
    ISSN (online) 2363-4715
    ISSN 2363-4707
    DOI 10.5194/pb-3-33-2016
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  7. Article ; Online: Validation of a modified Care and Comfort Score and responsiveness to hip surgery in children with cerebral palsy in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V.

    Makaram, Navnit S / Prescott, Robin J / Alexander, Phyllida / Robb, James E / Gaston, Mark S

    Bone & joint open

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 8, Page(s) 580–583

    Abstract: Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and responsiveness to hip surgery of a four-point modified Care and Comfort Hypertonicity Questionnaire (mCCHQ) scoring tool in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Gross Motor Function ... ...

    Abstract Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and responsiveness to hip surgery of a four-point modified Care and Comfort Hypertonicity Questionnaire (mCCHQ) scoring tool in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V.
    Methods: This was a population-based cohort study in children with CP from a national surveillance programme. Reliability was assessed from 20 caregivers who completed the mCCHQ questionnaire on two occasions three weeks apart. Test-retest reliability of the mCCHQ was calculated, and responsiveness before and after surgery for a displaced hip was evaluated in a cohort of children.
    Results: Test-retest reliability for the overall mCCHQ score was good (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.78), and no dimension demonstrated poor reliability. The surgical intervention cohort comprised ten children who had preoperative and postoperative mCCHQ scores at a minimum of six months postoperatively. The mCCHQ tool demonstrated a significant improvement in overall score from preoperative assessment to six-month postoperative follow-up assessment (p < 0.001).
    Conclusion: The mCCHQ demonstrated responsiveness to intervention and good test-retest reliability. The mCCHQ is proposed as an outcome tool for use within a national surveillance programme for children with CP.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2633-1462
    ISSN (online) 2633-1462
    DOI 10.1302/2633-1462.48.BJO-2023-0051.R1
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  8. Article ; Online: Homicide or Happiness: Did Folate Fortification and Public Health Campaigns Influence Homicide Rates and the Great American Crime Decline?

    Schoenthaler, Stephen J / Prescott, Susan L / Logan, Alan C

    Nutrients

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 7

    Abstract: ... other violent crime rates in the United States and other nations in the 1990s. Here, we revisit this marked ...

    Abstract The last several years have witnessed a remarkable growth in research directed at nutrition and behavior, with increased interest in the field of nutritional criminology. It is becoming clear that dietary patterns and specific nutrients play an important role in cognition and behavior, including those related to aggression, violence, and antisocial activity. Included in this expanding knowledge base is the recognition that folate, through multiple pathways, including enzymatic reactions and gut microbiome ecology, plays a critical role in central nervous system functioning. These mechanistic advances allow for a retrospective analysis of a topic that remains unexplained-the sudden and unpredicted drop in homicide and other violent crime rates in the United States and other nations in the 1990s. Here, we revisit this marked reduction in homicide rates through the lens of the coincident public health campaign (and subsequent mandatory fortification) to increase folic acid intake. Based on objectively measured blood folate levels through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, there is little doubt that tissue folate witnessed a dramatic rise at the national level from 1988 through 2000. Drawing from accumulated and emerging research on the neurobehavioral aspects of folate, it is our contention that this relatively sudden and massive increase in tissue folate levels may have contributed to reductions in violent crime in the United States.
    MeSH term(s) Homicide ; Happiness ; Retrospective Studies ; Folic Acid ; Health Promotion
    Chemical Substances Folic Acid (935E97BOY8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2518386-2
    ISSN 2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
    ISSN (online) 2072-6643
    ISSN 2072-6643
    DOI 10.3390/nu16071075
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  9. Article ; Online: Unraveling female communication through scent marks in the Norway rat.

    Gómez-Baena, Guadalupe / Pounder, Kieran C / Halstead, Josiah O / Roberts, Sarah A / Davidson, Amanda J / Prescott, Mark / Beynon, Robert J / Hurst, Jane L

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 25, Page(s) e2300794120

    Abstract: Chemical communication by females remains poorly understood, with most attention focused on female advertisement of sexual receptivity to males or mother-offspring communication. However, in social species, scents are likely to be important for mediating ...

    Abstract Chemical communication by females remains poorly understood, with most attention focused on female advertisement of sexual receptivity to males or mother-offspring communication. However, in social species, scents are likely to be important for mediating competition and cooperation between females determining individual reproductive success. Here, we explore chemical signaling by female laboratory rats (
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Male ; Animals ; Rats ; Odorants ; Proteomics ; Body Fluids ; Genetic Background ; Hydrolases ; Pheromones
    Chemical Substances Hydrolases (EC 3.-) ; Pheromones
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2300794120
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1148: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  10. Article: Opportunities for Refinement of Non-Human Primate Vaccine Studies.

    Prescott, Mark J / Clark, Carolyn / Dowling, William E / Shurtleff, Amy C

    Vaccines

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 3

    Abstract: Non-human primates (NHPs) are used extensively in the development of vaccines and therapeutics for human disease. High standards in the design, conduct, and reporting of NHP vaccine studies are crucial for maximizing their scientific value and ... ...

    Abstract Non-human primates (NHPs) are used extensively in the development of vaccines and therapeutics for human disease. High standards in the design, conduct, and reporting of NHP vaccine studies are crucial for maximizing their scientific value and translation, and for making efficient use of precious resources. A key aspect is consideration of the 3Rs principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. Funders of NHP research are placing increasing emphasis on the 3Rs, helping to ensure such studies are legitimate, ethical, and high-quality. The UK's National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) have collaborated on a range of initiatives to support vaccine developers to implement the 3Rs, including hosting an international workshop in 2019. The workshop identified opportunities to refine NHP vaccine studies to minimize harm and improve welfare, which can yield better quality, more reproducible data. Careful animal selection, social housing, extensive environmental enrichment, training for cooperation with husbandry and procedures, provision of supportive care, and implementation of early humane endpoints are features of contemporary good practice that should and can be adopted more widely. The requirement for high-level biocontainment for some pathogens imposes challenges to implementing refinement but these are not insurmountable.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-19
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2703319-3
    ISSN 2076-393X
    ISSN 2076-393X
    DOI 10.3390/vaccines9030284
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