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Article: Individual risk evaluation for landslides: key details.

Strouth, Alex / McDougall, Scott

2022 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 977–991

Abstract: Risk-taking is an essential part of life. As individuals, we evaluate risks intuitively and often subconsciously by comparing the perceived risks with expected benefits. We do this so commonly that it passes unnoticed, like when we decide to speed home ... ...

Abstract	Risk-taking is an essential part of life. As individuals, we evaluate risks intuitively and often subconsciously by comparing the perceived risks with expected benefits. We do this so commonly that it passes unnoticed, like when we decide to speed home from work or go for a swim. The comparison changes, however, when one entity (such as a government) imposes a risk evaluation on another person. For example, in a quantitative risk management framework, the estimated risk is compared with a tolerable risk threshold to decide if the person is 'safe enough'. Landslide risk management methods are well established and there is consensus on tolerable life-loss risk thresholds. However, beneath this consensus lie several key details that are explored by this article, along with suggestions for refinement. Specifically, we suggest using the risk unit, micromort (one micromort equals a life loss risk of 1 in 1 million), in describing risk estimates and thresholds, to improve risk communication. For risk estimation, we provide guidance for defining and combining landslide scenarios and for recognizing where unquantified risk from low-probability/high-consequence scenarios ought to inform risk management decisions. For risk tolerance thresholds, we highlight the pitfalls of selecting unachievably low thresholds and suggest that there is no single universal threshold. Additionally, we argue that
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2141883-4
ISSN	1612-5118 ; 1612-510X
ISSN (online)	1612-5118
ISSN	1612-510X
DOI	10.1007/s10346-021-01838-8
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Article ; Online: Historical Landslide Fatalities in British Columbia, Canada

Alex Strouth / Scott McDougall

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

Trends and Implications for Risk Management

2021 Volume 9

Abstract: According to a Canadian government database, landslides are the most common type of disaster that occurs in the province of British Columbia. Recently there has been a trend in British Columbia toward using quantitative risk assessments to estimate life- ... ...

Abstract	According to a Canadian government database, landslides are the most common type of disaster that occurs in the province of British Columbia. Recently there has been a trend in British Columbia toward using quantitative risk assessments to estimate life-loss risk at landslide hazard sites, and to compare these estimates with risk tolerance thresholds to determine the necessity for, and extent of, risk management measures. These risk estimates are most often calibrated by so-called ‘expert judgment’ because historical landslide fatality data are not readily available. This article addresses this gap by summarizing available historical data to better inform expert judgment. It shows that fatalities caused by landslides in British Columbia are rare (approximately one fatality per year in the last decade) and have decreased with time despite rapid population growth. Approximately half of these fatalities in the last decade are related to debris flows and debris floods that impact houses, whereas the other half are related to rockfalls, debris flows, and debris floods that impact highways. A comparison with other hazard types in the Canadian government’s disaster database suggests that, while not particularly deadly, landslides are still important because of the economic damage and service disruptions they cause. Although the data are specific to British Columbia, the methods for identifying and presenting landslide risk trends could be modified and adopted in other world regions where landslide fatality data are collected and quantitative risk management methods are utilized.
Keywords	landslide risk ; quantitative risk assessment ; FN curve ; loss of life ; landslide fatalities ; disasters ; Science ; Q
Subject code	332
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Acquisition of the spindle assembly checkpoint and its modulation by cell fate and cell size in a chordate embryo.

Roca, Marianne / Besnardeau, Lydia / Christians, Elisabeth / McDougall, Alex / Chenevert, Janet / Castagnetti, Stefania

Development (Cambridge, England)

2023 Volume 150, Issue 1

Abstract: The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance system that preserves genome integrity by delaying anaphase onset until all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle microtubules. Recruitment of SAC proteins to unattached kinetochores ... ...

Abstract	The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance system that preserves genome integrity by delaying anaphase onset until all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle microtubules. Recruitment of SAC proteins to unattached kinetochores generates an inhibitory signal that prolongs mitotic duration. Chordate embryos are atypical in that spindle defects do not delay mitotic progression during early development, implying that either the SAC is inactive or the cell-cycle target machinery is unresponsive. Here, we show that in embryos of the chordate Phallusia mammillata, the SAC delays mitotic progression from the 8th cleavage divisions. Unattached kinetochores are not recognized by the SAC machinery until the 7th cell cycle, when the SAC is acquired. After acquisition, SAC strength, which manifests as the degree of mitotic lengthening induced by spindle perturbations, is specific to different cell types and is modulated by cell size, showing similarity to SAC control in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We conclude that SAC acquisition is a process that is likely specific to chordate embryos, while modulation of SAC efficiency in SAC proficient stages depends on cell fate and cell size, which is similar to non-chordate embryos.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism ; M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Kinetochores/metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism ; Cell Size ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Cell Cycle Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	90607-4
ISSN	1477-9129 ; 0950-1991
ISSN (online)	1477-9129
ISSN	0950-1991
DOI	10.1242/dev.201145
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Article ; Online: Embryo mechanics cartography: inference of 3D force atlases from fluorescence microscopy.

Ichbiah, Sacha / Delbary, Fabrice / McDougall, Alex / Dumollard, Rémi / Turlier, Hervé

Nature methods

2023 Volume 20, Issue 12, Page(s) 1989–1999

Abstract: Tissue morphogenesis results from a tight interplay between gene expression, biochemical signaling and mechanics. Although sequencing methods allow the generation of cell-resolved spatiotemporal maps of gene expression, creating similar maps of cell ... ...

Abstract	Tissue morphogenesis results from a tight interplay between gene expression, biochemical signaling and mechanics. Although sequencing methods allow the generation of cell-resolved spatiotemporal maps of gene expression, creating similar maps of cell mechanics in three-dimensional (3D) developing tissues has remained a real challenge. Exploiting the foam-like arrangement of cells, we propose a robust end-to-end computational method called 'foambryo' to infer spatiotemporal atlases of cellular forces from fluorescence microscopy images of cell membranes. Our method generates precise 3D meshes of cells' geometry and successively predicts relative cell surface tensions and pressures. We validate it with 3D foam simulations, study its noise sensitivity and prove its biological relevance in mouse, ascidian and worm embryos. 3D force inference allows us to recover mechanical features identified previously, but also predicts new ones, unveiling potential new insights on the spatiotemporal regulation of cell mechanics in developing embryos. Our code is freely available and paves the way for unraveling the unknown mechanochemical feedbacks that control embryo and tissue morphogenesis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Cell Membrane ; Signal Transduction ; Microscopy, Fluorescence
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2169522-2
ISSN	1548-7105 ; 1548-7091
ISSN (online)	1548-7105
ISSN	1548-7091
DOI	10.1038/s41592-023-02084-7
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Article ; Online: Musical hallucinations: a rare and atypical presentation of anti-IgLON5 disease responsive to immunosuppressive therapy.

Stoyanov, Alex / McDougall, Alan / Urriola, Nicolas

BMJ case reports

2021 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract: IgLON5 antibodies are typically associated with the insidious onset of sleep disorder, parasomnia, gait disturbance and abnormal movements, with variable response to immunosuppressive therapy. We describe a case of a 50-year-old man who presented with ... ...

Abstract	IgLON5 antibodies are typically associated with the insidious onset of sleep disorder, parasomnia, gait disturbance and abnormal movements, with variable response to immunosuppressive therapy. We describe a case of a 50-year-old man who presented with acute speech difficulties, headache and focal seizures followed by well-formed visual hallucinations, and later, musical hallucinations of mainstream popular music. MRI of the brain demonstrated right temporal lobe changes with corresponding epileptiform activity seen on electroencephalogram. Subsequently, IgLON5 antibodies were detected in the serum. The patient was treated with anticonvulsants, as well as azathioprine with a tapering oral prednisone course with a complete resolution of the symptoms. Our case demonstrates an unusual presentation of the rare but increasingly described anti-IgLON5 disease, with musical hallucinations. The case highlights the variable and evolving clinical phenotypes that can be seen in autoimmune central nervous system disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal ; Encephalitis ; Hallucinations/drug therapy ; Hashimoto Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Music ; Parasomnias
Chemical Substances	Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal ; IgLON5 protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ISSN	1757-790X
ISSN (online)	1757-790X
DOI	10.1136/bcr-2020-236963
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Article: Practical Guide for Ascidian Microinjection: Phallusia mammillata.

Yasuo, Hitoyoshi / McDougall, Alex

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2018 Volume 1029, Page(s) 15–24

Abstract: Phallusia mammillata has recently emerged as a new ascidian model. Its unique characteristics, including the optical transparency of eggs and embryos and efficient translation of exogenously introduced mRNA in eggs, make the Phallusia system suitable for ...

Abstract	Phallusia mammillata has recently emerged as a new ascidian model. Its unique characteristics, including the optical transparency of eggs and embryos and efficient translation of exogenously introduced mRNA in eggs, make the Phallusia system suitable for fluorescent protein (FP)-based imaging approaches. In addition, genomic and transcriptomic resources are readily available for this ascidian species, facilitating functional gene studies. Microinjection is probably the most versatile technique for introducing exogenous molecules such as plasmids, mRNAs, and proteins into ascidian eggs/embryos. However, it is not practiced widely within the community; presumably, because the system is rather laborious to set up and it requires practice. Here, we describe in as much detail as possible two microinjection methods that we use daily in the laboratory: one based on an inverted microscope and the other on a stereomicroscope. Along the stepwise description of system setup and injection procedure, we provide practical tips in the hope that this chapter might be a useful guide for introducing or improving a microinjection setup.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/embryology ; Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics ; Animals, Genetically Modified/growth & development ; Embryo Culture Techniques/instrumentation ; Embryo Culture Techniques/methods ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/ultrastructure ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro/instrumentation ; Fertilization in Vitro/methods ; Gene Transfer Techniques/instrumentation ; Larva ; Male ; Microinjections/instrumentation ; Microinjections/methods ; Microscopy/instrumentation ; Ovum ; RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Transgenes ; Urochordata/embryology ; Urochordata/genetics ; Urochordata/growth & development
Chemical Substances	RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/978-981-10-7545-2_3
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Article ; Online: Combined effect of cell geometry and polarity domains determines the orientation of unequal division.

Godard, Benoit G / Dumollard, Remi / Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp / McDougall, Alex

eLife

2021 Volume 10

Abstract: Cell division orientation is thought to result from a competition between cell geometry and polarity domains controlling the position of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Depending on the level of cell shape anisotropy or the strength of the polarity ... ...

Abstract	Cell division orientation is thought to result from a competition between cell geometry and polarity domains controlling the position of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Depending on the level of cell shape anisotropy or the strength of the polarity domain, one dominates the other and determines the orientation of the spindle. Whether and how such competition is also at work to determine unequal cell division (UCD), producing daughter cells of different size, remains unclear. Here, we show that cell geometry and polarity domains cooperate, rather than compete, in positioning the cleavage plane during UCDs in early ascidian embryos. We found that the UCDs and their orientation at the ascidian third cleavage rely on the spindle tilting in an anisotropic cell shape, and cortical polarity domains exerting different effects on spindle astral microtubules. By systematically varying mitotic cell shape, we could modulate the effect of attractive and repulsive polarity domains and consequently generate predicted daughter cell size asymmetries and position. We therefore propose that the spindle position during UCD is set by the combined activities of cell geometry and polarity domains, where cell geometry modulates the effect of cortical polarity domain(s).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Division/physiology ; Cell Polarity/physiology ; Cell Shape/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Embryonic Development/physiology ; Urochordata/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2687154-3
ISSN	2050-084X ; 2050-084X
ISSN (online)	2050-084X
ISSN	2050-084X
DOI	10.7554/eLife.75639
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Article ; Online: A qualitative study of Canadian resident experiences with Competency-Based Medical Education.

Day, Leora Branfield / Colbourne, Terry / Ng, Alex / Rizzuti, Franco / Zhou, Linda / Mungroo, Rani / McDougall, Allan

Canadian medical education journal

2023 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 40–50

Abstract: Background: Competency-based medical education (CBME) is an outcomes-based curricular paradigm focused on ensuring that graduates are competent to meet the needs of patients. Although resident engagement is key to CBME's success, few studies have ... ...

Abstract	Background: Competency-based medical education (CBME) is an outcomes-based curricular paradigm focused on ensuring that graduates are competent to meet the needs of patients. Although resident engagement is key to CBME's success, few studies have explored how trainees have experienced CBME implementation. We explored the experiences of residents in Canadian training programs that had implemented CBME. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 residents in seven Canadian postgraduate training programs, exploring their experiences with CBME. Participants were equally divided between family medicine and specialty programs. Themes were identified using principles of constructivist grounded theory. Results: Residents were receptive to the goals of CBME, but in practice, described several drawbacks primarily related to assessment and feedback. For many residents, the significant administrative burden and focus on assessment led to performance anxiety. At times, residents felt that assessments lacked meaning as supervisors focused on "checking-boxes" or provided overly broad, non-specific comments. Furthermore, they commonly expressed frustration with the perceived subjectivity and inconsistency of judgments on assessments, especially if assessments were used to delay progression to greater independence, contributing to attempts to "game the system." Faculty engagement and support improved resident experiences with CBME. Conclusion: Although residents value the potential for CBME to improve the quality of education, assessment and feedback, the current operationalization of CBME may not be consistently achieving these objectives. The authors suggest several initiatives to improve how residents experience assessment and feedback processes in CBME.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Canada ; Qualitative Research ; Competency-Based Education ; Family Practice ; Education, Medical
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-08
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2689512-2
ISSN	1923-1202 ; 1923-1202
ISSN (online)	1923-1202
ISSN	1923-1202
DOI	10.36834/cmej.72765
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Article ; Online: Measuring Mitotic Spindle and Microtubule Dynamics in Marine Embryos and Non-model Organisms.

Chenevert, Janet / Robert, Morgane L V / Sallé, Jérémy / Cacchia, Sébastien / Lorca, Thierry / Castro, Anna / McDougall, Alex / Minc, Nicolas / Castagnetti, Stefania / Dumont, Julien / Lacroix, Benjamin

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2024 Volume 2740, Page(s) 187–210

Abstract: During eukaryotic cell division a microtubule-based structure, the mitotic spindle, aligns and segregates chromosomes between daughter cells. Understanding how this cellular structure is assembled and coordinated in space and in time requires measuring ... ...

Abstract	During eukaryotic cell division a microtubule-based structure, the mitotic spindle, aligns and segregates chromosomes between daughter cells. Understanding how this cellular structure is assembled and coordinated in space and in time requires measuring microtubule dynamics and visualizing spindle assembly with high temporal and spatial resolution. Visualization is often achieved by the introduction and the detection of molecular probes and fluorescence microscopy. Microtubules and mitotic spindles are highly conserved across eukaryotes; however, several technical limitations have restricted these investigations to only a few species. The ability to monitor microtubule and chromosome choreography in a wide range of species is fundamental to reveal conserved mechanisms or unravel unconventional strategies that certain forms of life have developed to ensure faithful partitioning of chromosomes during cell division. Here, we describe a technique based on injection of purified proteins that enables the visualization of microtubules and chromosomes with a high contrast in several divergent marine embryos. We also provide analysis methods and tools to extract microtubule dynamics and monitor spindle assembly. These techniques can be adapted to a wide variety of species in order to measure microtubule dynamics and spindle assembly kinetics when genetic tools are not available or in parallel to the development of such techniques in non-model organisms.
MeSH term(s)	Spindle Apparatus/metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Division ; Chromosomes/metabolism ; Tubulin/metabolism ; Mitosis
Chemical Substances	Tubulin
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-0716-3557-5_12
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Article ; Online: Reduction of cortical pulling at mitotic entry facilitates aster centration.

Rosfelter, Anne / de Labbey, Ghislain / Chenevert, Janet / Dumollard, Rémi / Schaub, Sebastien / Machaty, Zoltan / Besnardeau, Lydia / Gonzalez Suarez, Daniel / Hebras, Céline / Turlier, Hervé / Burgess, David R / McDougall, Alex

Journal of cell science

2024 Volume 137, Issue 7

Abstract: Equal cell division relies upon astral microtubule-based centering mechanisms, yet how the interplay between mitotic entry, cortical force generation and long astral microtubules leads to symmetric cell division is not resolved. We report that a ... ...

Abstract	Equal cell division relies upon astral microtubule-based centering mechanisms, yet how the interplay between mitotic entry, cortical force generation and long astral microtubules leads to symmetric cell division is not resolved. We report that a cortically located sperm aster displaying long astral microtubules that penetrate the whole zygote does not undergo centration until mitotic entry. At mitotic entry, we find that microtubule-based cortical pulling is lost. Quantitative measurements of cortical pulling and cytoplasmic pulling together with physical simulations suggested that a wavelike loss of cortical pulling at mitotic entry leads to aster centration based on cytoplasmic pulling. Cortical actin is lost from the cortex at mitotic entry coincident with a fall in cortical tension from ∼300pN/µm to ∼100pN/µm. Following the loss of cortical force generators at mitotic entry, long microtubule-based cytoplasmic pulling is sufficient to displace the aster towards the cell center. These data reveal how mitotic aster centration is coordinated with mitotic entry in chordate zygotes.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Spindle Apparatus ; Semen ; Microtubules ; Cytoplasm ; Cell Division
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2993-2
ISSN	1477-9137 ; 0021-9533
ISSN (online)	1477-9137
ISSN	0021-9533
DOI	10.1242/jcs.262037
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