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Article ; Online: Pandemic backsliding: Violations of democratic standards during Covid-19.

Edgell, Amanda B / Lachapelle, Jean / Lührmann, Anna / Maerz, Seraphine F

Social science & medicine (1982)

2021 Volume 285, Page(s) 114244

Abstract: The widespread adoption of emergency powers during Covid-19 raises important questions about what constitutes a (un)democratic response to crises. While the institutions and practices of democracy during normal times are well established, democratic ... ...

Abstract	The widespread adoption of emergency powers during Covid-19 raises important questions about what constitutes a (un)democratic response to crises. While the institutions and practices of democracy during normal times are well established, democratic standards during emergencies have yet to be conceptualized in the literature. This makes it difficult to systematically answer questions like - How do states' responses to Covid-19 violate democratic standards? Do such violations make states' responses more effective? Drawing on international treaties, norms, and academic scholarship, we propose a novel conceptualization of democratic standards for emergency measures. We then identify which government responses to Covid-19 qualify as a violation of democratic standards within the framework of illiberal and authoritarian practices, introducing a dataset covering 144 countries from March 2020 onward. In this article, we provide an overview of the extent to which states violated democratic standards in their response to Covid-19 during 2020. We find no relationship between violations of democratic standards and reported Covid-19 mortality. Illiberal and authoritarian practices in response to the Covid-19 pandemic do not correlate with better public health outcomes. Rather, such crisis-driven violations should be carefully observed as they could signal autocratization.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Government ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114244
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Article: Institutionalising electoral uncertainty and authoritarian regime survival.

Bernhard, Michael / B Edgell, Amanda / Lindberg, Staffan I

European journal of political research

2019 Volume 59, Issue 2, Page(s) 465–487

Abstract: Authoritarian incumbents routinely use democratic emulation as a strategy to extend their tenure in power. Yet, there is also evidence that multiparty competition makes electoral authoritarianism more vulnerable to failure. Proceeding from the assumption ...

Abstract	Authoritarian incumbents routinely use democratic emulation as a strategy to extend their tenure in power. Yet, there is also evidence that multiparty competition makes electoral authoritarianism more vulnerable to failure. Proceeding from the assumption that the outcomes of authoritarian electoral openings are inherently uncertain, it is argued in this article that the institutionalisation of elections determines whether electoral authoritarianism promotes stability or vulnerability. By 'institutionalisation', it is meant the ability of authoritarian regimes to reduce uncertainty over outcomes as they regularly hold multiparty elections. Using discrete-time event-history models for competing risks, the effects of sequences of multiparty elections on patterns of regime survival and failure in 262 authoritarian regimes from 1946 to 2010 are assessed, conditioned on their degree of competitiveness. The findings suggest that the institutionalisation of electoral uncertainty enhances authoritarian regime survival. However, for competitive electoral authoritarian regimes this entails substantial risk. The first three elections substantially increase the probability of democratisation, with the danger subsequently diminishing. This suggests that convoking multiparty competition is a risky game with potentially high rewards for autocrats who manage to institutionalise elections. Yet, only a small number of authoritarian regimes survive as competitive beyond the first few elections, suggesting that truly competitive authoritarianism is hard to institutionalise. The study thus finds that the question of whether elections are dangerous or stabilising for authoritarianism is dependent on differences between the ability of competitive and hegemonic forms of electoral authoritarianism to reduce electoral uncertainty.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2015420-3
ISSN	1475-6765 ; 0304-4130
ISSN (online)	1475-6765
ISSN	0304-4130
DOI	10.1111/1475-6765.12355
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Article ; Online: How democracies prevail: democratic resilience as a two-stage process.

Boese, Vanessa A / Edgell, Amanda B / Hellmeier, Sebastian / Maerz, Seraphine F / Lindberg, Staffan I

Democratization

2021 Volume 28, Issue 5, Page(s) 885–907

Abstract: This article introduces a novel conceptualization of democratic resilience - a two-stage process where democracies avoid democratic declines altogether or avert democratic breakdown given that such autocratization is ongoing. Drawing on the Episodes of ... ...

Abstract	This article introduces a novel conceptualization of democratic resilience - a two-stage process where democracies avoid democratic declines altogether or avert democratic breakdown given that such autocratization is ongoing. Drawing on the Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) dataset, we find that democracies have had a high level of resilience to onset of autocratization since 1900. Nevertheless, democratic resilience has become substantially weaker since the end of the Cold War. Fifty-nine episodes of sustained and substantial declines in democratic practices have occurred since 1993, leading to the unprecedented breakdown of 36 democratic regimes. Ominously, we find that once autocratization begins, only one in five democracies manage to avert breakdown. We also analyse which factors are associated with each stage of democratic resilience. The results suggest that democracies are more resilient when strong judicial constraints on the executive are present and democratic institutions were strong in the past. Conversely and adding nuance to the literature, economic development is only associated with resilience to onset of autocratization, not to resilience against breakdown once autocratization has begun.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1743-890X
ISSN (online)	1743-890X
DOI	10.1080/13510347.2021.1891413
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Article ; Online: Worth the Sacrifice? Illiberal and Authoritarian Practices during Covid-19

Maerz, Seraphine F. / Lührmann, Anna / Lachapelle, Jean / Edgell, Amanda B.

SSRN Electronic Journal ; ISSN 1556-5068

2020

Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.2139/ssrn.3701720
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Worth the sacrifice? Illiberal and authoritarian practices during Covid-19

Maerz, Seraphine F. / Lührmann, Anna / Lachapelle, Jean / Edgell, Amanda B.

2020

Abstract: Excessive use of emergency powers and limitations of media freedoms have raised concerns that Covid-19 is infecting democracy itself. How do government responses to Covid-19 violate democratic standards? How do such violations relate to the countries’ ... ...

Abstract	Excessive use of emergency powers and limitations of media freedoms have raised concerns that Covid-19 is infecting democracy itself. How do government responses to Covid-19 violate democratic standards? How do such violations relate to the countries’ success in limiting the Covid-19 death tolls? We propose a novel conceptualization of which government responses to Covid-19 qualify as a violation of democratic standards and measure such violations using a regularly updated dataset covering 143 countries from March 2020 onward. Our data track seven types of violations of democratic standards for emergency measures during the Covid-19 pandemic: discriminatory measures, derogation of non-derogable rights, abusive enforcement, no time limit on emergency measures, disproportionate limitations on the role of the legislature, official disinformation campaigns, and restrictions on media freedoms. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the extent to which governments have violated democratic standards in their response to Covid-19. Using a regression analysis, we find no relationship between violations of democratic standards for emergency measures and Covid-19 death rates. Thus, violations of democratic standards during the Covid-19 pandemic cannot be justified by the achievement of better public health outcomes. Rather, such crisis driven violations need to be carefully observed as they could signal autocratization. This research was supported by the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Grant number UD2020/08217/FMR.
Keywords	covid19
Subject code	320
Language	English
Publishing country	se
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Tapping natural reservoirs of homing endonucleases for targeted gene modification.

Takeuchi, Ryo / Lambert, Abigail R / Mak, Amanda Nga-Sze / Jacoby, Kyle / Dickson, Russell J / Gloor, Gregory B / Scharenberg, Andrew M / Edgell, David R / Stoddard, Barry L

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2011 Volume 108, Issue 32, Page(s) 13077–13082

Abstract: ... a targeting enzyme to disrupt the endogenous monoamine oxidase B gene in human cells. The ubiquitous presence ...

Abstract	Homing endonucleases mobilize their own genes by generating double-strand breaks at individual target sites within potential host DNA. Because of their high specificity, these proteins are used for "genome editing" in higher eukaryotes. However, alteration of homing endonuclease specificity is quite challenging. Here we describe the identification and phylogenetic analysis of over 200 naturally occurring LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases (LHEs). Biochemical and structural characterization of endonucleases from one clade within the phylogenetic tree demonstrates strong conservation of protein structure contrasted against highly diverged DNA target sites and indicates that a significant fraction of these proteins are sufficiently stable and active to serve as engineering scaffolds. This information was exploited to create a targeting enzyme to disrupt the endogenous monoamine oxidase B gene in human cells. The ubiquitous presence and diversity of LHEs described in this study may facilitate the creation of many tailored nucleases for genome editing.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Endonucleases/chemistry ; Endonucleases/metabolism ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monoamine Oxidase/genetics ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Protein Binding ; Protein Engineering ; Substrate Specificity
Chemical Substances	Monoamine Oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) ; Endonucleases (EC 3.1.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-07-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1107719108
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Article: Tapping natural reservoirs of homing endonucleases for targeted gene modification

Takeuchi, Ryo / Lambert, Abigail R / Mak, Amanda Nga-Sze / Jacoby, Kyle / Dickson, Russell J / Gloor, Gregory B / Scharenberg, Andrew M / Edgell, David R / Stoddard, Barry L

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2011 Aug. 9, v. 108, no. 32

2011

Abstract: ... a targeting enzyme to disrupt the endogenous monoamine oxidase B gene in human cells. The ubiquitous presence ...

Abstract	Homing endonucleases mobilize their own genes by generating double-strand breaks at individual target sites within potential host DNA. Because of their high specificity, these proteins are used for "genome editing" in higher eukaryotes. However, alteration of homing endonuclease specificity is quite challenging. Here we describe the identification and phylogenetic analysis of over 200 naturally occurring LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases (LHEs). Biochemical and structural characterization of endonucleases from one clade within the phylogenetic tree demonstrates strong conservation of protein structure contrasted against highly diverged DNA target sites and indicates that a significant fraction of these proteins are sufficiently stable and active to serve as engineering scaffolds. This information was exploited to create a targeting enzyme to disrupt the endogenous monoamine oxidase B gene in human cells. The ubiquitous presence and diversity of LHEs described in this study may facilitate the creation of many tailored nucleases for genome editing.
Keywords	DNA ; amine oxidase (flavin-containing) ; engineering ; eukaryotic cells ; genes ; humans ; nucleases ; phylogeny ; protein structure ; proteins
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-0809
Size	p. 13077-13082.
Publishing place	National Academy of Sciences
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1107719108
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Article ; Online: Call to Action: SARS-CoV-2 and CerebrovAscular DisordErs (CASCADE).

Abootalebi, Shahram / Aertker, Benjamin M / Andalibi, Mohammad Sobhan / Asdaghi, Negar / Aykac, Ozlem / Azarpazhooh, M Reza / Bahit, M Cecilia / Barlinn, Kristian / Basri, Hamidon / Shahripour, Reza Bavarsad / Bersano, Anna / Biller, Jose / Borhani-Haghighi, Afshin / Brown, Robert D / Campbell, Bruce Cv / Cruz-Flores, Salvador / De Silva, Deidre Anne / Di Napoli, Mario / Divani, Afshin A /

Edgell, Randall C / Fifi, Johanna T / Ghoreishi, Abdoreza / Hirano, Teruyuki / Hong, Keun-Sik / Hsu, Chung Y / Huang, Josephine F / Inoue, Manabu / Jagolino, Amanda L / Kapral, Moira / Kee, Hoo Fan / Keser, Zafer / Khatri, Rakesh / Koga, Masatoshi / Krupinski, Jerzy / Liebeskind, David S / Liu, Liping / Ma, Henry / Maud, Alberto / McCullough, Louise D / Meyer, Dawn Matherne / Mifsud, Victoria / Morovatdar, Negar / Nilanont, Yongchai / Oxley, Thomas J / Özdemir, Atilla Özcan / Pandian, Jeyaraj / Pantoni, Leonardo / Papamitsakis, Nikolaos I H / Parry-Jones, Adrian / Phan, Thanh / Rodriguez, Gustavo / Romano, Jose G / Sabaa-Ayoun, Ziad / Saber, Hamidreza / Sasannezhad, Payam / Saver, Jeffrey L / Scharf, Eugene / Shuaib, Ashfaq / Silver, Brian / Singhal, Shaloo / Smith, Craig J / Stranges, Saverio / Sylaja, P N / Torbey, Michel / Toyoda, Kazunori / Tsivgoulis, Georgios / Wasay, Mohammad / Yassi, Nawaf / Yoshimoto, Takeshi / Zamani, Babak / Zand, Ramin

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association

2020 Volume 29, Issue 9, Page(s) 104938

Abstract: Background and purpose: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), now named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may change the risk of stroke through an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, hypercoagulable state, and ... ...

Abstract	Background and purpose: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), now named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may change the risk of stroke through an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, hypercoagulable state, and endothelial damage in the cerebrovascular system. Moreover, due to the current pandemic, some countries have prioritized health resources towards COVID-19 management, making it more challenging to appropriately care for other potentially disabling and fatal diseases such as stroke. The aim of this study is to identify and describe changes in stroke epidemiological trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is an international, multicenter, hospital-based study on stroke incidence and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will describe patterns in stroke management, stroke hospitalization rate, and stroke severity, subtype (ischemic/hemorrhagic), and outcomes (including in-hospital mortality) in 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic, comparing them with the corresponding data from 2018 and 2019, and subsequently 2021. We will also use an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to assess the change in stroke hospitalization rates before, during, and after COVID-19, in each participating center. Conclusion: The proposed study will potentially enable us to better understand the changes in stroke care protocols, differential hospitalization rate, and severity of stroke, as it pertains to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, this will help guide clinical-based policies surrounding COVID-19 and other similar global pandemics to ensure that management of cerebrovascular comorbidity is appropriately prioritized during the global crisis. It will also guide public health guidelines for at-risk populations to reduce risks of complications from such comorbidities.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; Comorbidity ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Healthcare Disparities/trends ; Hospital Mortality/trends ; Hospitalization/trends ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Incidence ; Interrupted Time Series Analysis ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends ; Prospective Studies ; Registries ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Stroke/diagnosis ; Stroke/epidemiology ; Stroke/mortality ; Stroke/therapy ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ZDB-ID	1131675-5
ISSN	1532-8511 ; 1052-3057
ISSN (online)	1532-8511
ISSN	1052-3057
DOI	10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104938
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Article ; Online: Call to Action: SARS-CoV-2 and Cerebrovascular DisordErs (CASCADE)

Abootalebi, Shahram / Aertker, Benjamin M. / Andalibi, Mohammad Sobhan / Asdaghi, Negar / Aykac, Ozlem / Azarpazhooh, M. Reza / Bahit, M. Cecilia / Barlinn, Kristian / Basri, Hamidon / Shahripour, Reza Bavarsad / Bersano, Anna / Biller, Jose / Borhani-Haghighi, Afshin / Brown, Robert D. / Campbell, Bruce CV / Cruz-Flores, Salvador / De Silva, Deidre Anne / Napoli, Mario Di / Divani, Afshin A. /

Edgell, Randall C. / Fifi, Johanna T. / Ghoreishi, Abdoreza / Hirano, Teruyuki / Hong, Keun-Sik / Hsu, Chung Y. / Huang, Josephine F. / Inoue, Manabu / Jagolino, Amanda L. / Kapral, Moira / Kee, Hoo Fan / Keser, Zafer / Khatri, Rakesh / Koga, Masatoshi / Krupinski, Jerzy / Liebeskind, David S / Liu, Liping / Ma, Henry / Maud, Alberto / McCullough, Louise D. / Meyer, Dawn Matherne / Mifsud, Victoria / Morovatdar, Negar / Nilanont, Yongchai / Oxley, Thomas J / Özdemir, Atilla Özcan / Pandian, Jeyaraj / Pantoni, Leonardo / Papamitsakis, Nikolaos I.H. / Parry-Jones, Adrian / Phan, Thanh / Rodriguez, Gustavo / Romano, Jose G. / Sabaa-Ayoun, Ziad / Saber, Hamidreza / Sasannezhad, Payam / Saver, Jeffrey L. / Scharf, Eugene / Shuaib, Ashfaq / Silver, Brian / Singhal, Shaloo / Smith, Craig J. / Stranges, Saverio / Sylaja, P. N / Torbey, Michel / Toyoda, Kazunori / Tsivgoulis, Georgios / Wasay, Mohammad / Yassi, Nawaf / Yoshimoto, Takeshi / Zamani, Babak / Zand, Ramin

J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis

Abstract: ABSTRACT Background and Purpose The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), now named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may change the risk of stroke through an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, hypercoagulable state, ...

Abstract	ABSTRACT Background and Purpose The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), now named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may change the risk of stroke through an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, hypercoagulable state, and endothelial damage in the cerebrovascular system. Moreover, due to the current pandemic, some countries have prioritized health resources towards COVID-19 management, making it more challenging to appropriately care for other potentially disabling and fatal diseases such as stroke. The aim of this study is to identify and describe changes in stroke epidemiological trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is an international, multicenter, hospital-based study on stroke incidence and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will describe patterns in stroke management, stroke hospitalization rate, and stroke severity, subtype (ischemic/hemorrhagic), and outcomes (including in-hospital mortality) in 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic, comparing them with the corresponding data from 2018 and 2019, and subsequently 2021. We will also use an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to assess the change in stroke hospitalization rates before, during, and after COVID-19, in each participating center. Conclusion The proposed study will potentially enable us to better understand the changes in stroke care protocols, differential hospitalization rate, and severity of stroke, as it pertains to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, this will help guide clinical-based policies surrounding COVID-19 and other similar global pandemics to ensure that management of cerebrovascular comorbidity is appropriately prioritized during the global crisis. It will also guide public health guidelines for at-risk populations to reduce risks of complications from such comorbidities.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Elsevier; PMC; WHO
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	WHO #Covidence: #210006
DOI	10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104938
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Call to Action

Edgell, Randall C / Fifi, Johanna T / Ghoreishi, Abdoreza / Hirano, Teruyuki / Hong, Keun-Sik / Hsu, Chung Y / Huang, Josephine F / Inoue, Manabu / Jagolino, Amanda L / Kapral, Moira / Kee, Hoo Fan / Keser, Zafer / Khatri, Rakesh / Koga, Masatoshi / Krupinski, Jerzy / Liebeskind, David S / Liu, Liping / Ma, Henry / Maud, Alberto / McCullough, Louise D / Meyer, Dawn Matherne / Mifsud, Victoria / Morovatdar, Negar / Nilanont, Yongchai / Oxley, Thomas J / Özdemir, Atilla Özcan / Pandian, Jeyaraj / Pantoni, Leonardo / Papamitsakis, Nikolaos IH / Parry-Jones, Adrian / Phan, Thanh / Rodriguez, Gustavo / Romano, Jose G / Sabaa-Ayoun, Ziad / Saber, Hamidreza / Sasannezhad, Payam / Saver, Jeffrey L / Scharf, Eugene / Shuaib, Ashfaq / Silver, Brian / Singhal, Shaloo / Smith, Craig J / Stranges, Saverio / Sylaja, PN / Torbey, Michel / Toyoda, Kazunori / Tsivgoulis, Georgios / Wasay, Mohammad / Yassi, Nawaf / Yoshimoto, Takeshi / Zamani, Babak / Zand, Ramin

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association, vol 29, iss 9

SARS-CoV-2 and CerebrovAscular DisordErs (CASCADE).

2020

Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), now named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may change the risk of stroke through an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, hypercoagulable state, and ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), now named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may change the risk of stroke through an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, hypercoagulable state, and endothelial damage in the cerebrovascular system. Moreover, due to the current pandemic, some countries have prioritized health resources towards COVID-19 management, making it more challenging to appropriately care for other potentially disabling and fatal diseases such as stroke. The aim of this study is to identify and describe changes in stroke epidemiological trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS:This is an international, multicenter, hospital-based study on stroke incidence and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will describe patterns in stroke management, stroke hospitalization rate, and stroke severity, subtype (ischemic/hemorrhagic), and outcomes (including in-hospital mortality) in 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic, comparing them with the corresponding data from 2018 and 2019, and subsequently 2021. We will also use an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to assess the change in stroke hospitalization rates before, during, and after COVID-19, in each participating center. CONCLUSION:The proposed study will potentially enable us to better understand the changes in stroke care protocols, differential hospitalization rate, and severity of stroke, as it pertains to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ultimately, this will help guide clinical-based policies surrounding COVID-19 and other similar global pandemics to ensure that management of cerebrovascular comorbidity is appropriately prioritized during the global crisis. It will also guide public health guidelines for at-risk populations to reduce risks of complications from such comorbidities.
Keywords	Humans ; Pneumonia ; Viral ; Coronavirus Infections ; Treatment Outcome ; Hospitalization ; Registries ; Incidence ; Hospital Mortality ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Comorbidity ; Time Factors ; Stroke ; Healthcare Disparities ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Pandemics ; Interrupted Time Series Analysis ; Practice Patterns ; Physicians' ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Health policy ; Mortality ; National crisis ; Pandemic ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Physicians ; Neurology & Neurosurgery ; Clinical Sciences ; Neurosciences ; covid19
Publishing date	2020-09-01
Publisher	eScholarship, University of California
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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