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Article: African animal trypanocide resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / MacLeod, Ewan Thomas / Welburn, Susan Christina

2023 Volume 9, Page(s) 950248

Abstract: Background: African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) continues to undermine global efforts to eliminate the transmission of African trypanosomiasis in endemic communities. The continued lack of new trypanocides has precipitated drug misuse and ... ...

Abstract	Background: African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) continues to undermine global efforts to eliminate the transmission of African trypanosomiasis in endemic communities. The continued lack of new trypanocides has precipitated drug misuse and overuse, thus contributing to the development of the AATr phenotype. In this study, we investigated the threat associated with AATr by using the major globally available chemotherapeutical agents. Methods: A total of seven electronic databases were screened for an article on trypanocide resistance in AATr by using keywords on preclinical and clinical trials with the number of animals with treatment relapse, days taken to relapse, and resistant gene markers using the PRISMA checklist. Data were cleaned using the SR deduplicator and covidence and analyzed using Cochrane RevMan®. Dichotomous outputs were presented using risk ratio (RR), while continuous data were presented using the standardized mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of eight publications in which diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium chloride/bromide (HB) were identified as the major trypanocides were used. In all preclinical studies, the development of resistance was in the order of HB > ISM > DA. DA vs. ISM (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI: -0.54, 0.83; Conclusion: AATr is a threat that requires a shift in the current disease control strategies in most developing nations due to inter-species transmission. Multi-drug cross-resistance against the only accessible trypanocides is a major public health risk, justifying the need to revise the policy in developing countries to promote control of African trypanosomiasis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2022.950248
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance.

Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / MacLeod, Ewan Thomas / Ntulume, Ibrahim / Welburn, Susan Christina

Frontiers in veterinary science

2022 Volume 9, Page(s) 828111

Abstract: African trypanosomiasis is associated ... ...

Abstract	African trypanosomiasis is associated with
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2022.828111
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A protein restricted diet induces a stable increased fat storage phenotype in flies.

Asiimwe, Oscar Hilary / Rubaihayo, John / Sulaiman, Sheu Oluwadare / Osuwat, Lawrence Obado / Kasozi, Keneth Iceland

Toxicology reports

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 706–713

Abstract: Background: Scientific evidence has revealed possible confounders in diet induced obesity models of : Methods: Obesity was induced by exposing : Results: Triglycerides (TG/TP) and total protein levels were significantly higher in HSD phenotype. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Scientific evidence has revealed possible confounders in diet induced obesity models of Methods: Obesity was induced by exposing Results: Triglycerides (TG/TP) and total protein levels were significantly higher in HSD phenotype. Sterols were higher in HFD phenotype. Though catalase enzyme activity was highest in PRD phenotype, this activity was not statistically significant when compared to that of HSD and HFD phenotypes. However, PRD phenotype had the lowest mass, highest survival rate and the highest negative geotaxis, thus demonstrating a balanced, stable and more viable metabolic status in the experimental model. Conclusion: A protein restricted diet induces a stable increased fat storage phenotype in
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-07
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2805786-7
ISSN	2214-7500 ; 2214-7500
ISSN (online)	2214-7500
ISSN	2214-7500
DOI	10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.003
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Anti-obesity effects of

Asiimwe, Oscar Hilary / Wampande, Eddie / Rubaihayo, John / Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / Kinyi, Hellen Wambui

Heliyon

2022 Volume 8, Issue 7, Page(s) e09886

Abstract: Background: An : Methods: Obesity was induced by exposing : Results: Fly survival changes were observed after 10 days and : Conclusion: Antioxidants ... ...

Abstract	Background: An Methods: Obesity was induced by exposing Results: Fly survival changes were observed after 10 days and Conclusion: Antioxidants in
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09886
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Multivariate analysis of heavy metals content of beef from Soroti, Uganda

Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / Otim, Eric Oloya / Zirintunda, Gerald / Tamale, Andrew / Otim, Ochan

Toxicology Reports. 2023, v. 10 p.400-408

2023

Abstract: Information about food hygiene and quality in the sub-Saharan African countries remains scarce at a time when many of their citizenry are beginning to acquire the much coveted middle income status. Confounding this are challenges linked to monitoring on ... ...

Abstract	Information about food hygiene and quality in the sub-Saharan African countries remains scarce at a time when many of their citizenry are beginning to acquire the much coveted middle income status. Confounding this are challenges linked to monitoring on a continuous basis the safety of food produced by such lucrative industries as the beef industry. The objective of the current study was to initiate a process of encouraging changes in the status quo, by showing how a first step in that direction might look like. Using heavy metal contents of representative beef samples from butcheries in Soroti, Uganda, typical of a sub-Saharan country, we demonstrate how relationships and common sources of metals in food could be identified in a multivariate space. Beef samples from 40 sites were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd). The study showed that all beef samples contained these metals, the extent of which were in the order: Fe > Zn >> Ni, Cr > Pb > Cu, Co > Cd. By correlation analysis, the pairs Ni and Cr, Cd and Co, Ni and Fe or Cr and Fe were found to be most likely coming from similar sources. At least three distinct characteristics of beef consumed in Soroti were also found, a distinction perhaps arising from three major categories of feedlots used to raise donor cattle. The incremental risk of children or adults developing cancer over a lifetime was estimated and found to fall into three categories, two of which are separately explained by the presence of Cr or Ni. The sources of these metals remain a matter of speculation on our part. More studies are needed to determine these sources and to understand the nature of cancer risk in the three categories of beef identified here.
Keywords	atomic absorption spectrometry ; beef ; beef industry ; cadmium ; cattle ; chromium ; cobalt ; copper ; feedlots ; food sanitation ; heavy metals ; income ; iron ; lead ; multivariate analysis ; nickel ; risk ; toxicology ; zinc ; Uganda ; Beef contamination ; Food safety ; Soroti ; Exploratory analysis ; Uganda food standards ; Uganda livestock exports ; Uganda beef intake
Language	English
Size	p. 400-408.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2805786-7
ISSN	2214-7500
ISSN	2214-7500
DOI	10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Multivariate analysis of heavy metals content of beef from Soroti, Uganda.

Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / Otim, Eric Oloya / Zirintunda, Gerald / Tamale, Andrew / Otim, Ochan

Toxicology reports

2023 Volume 10, Page(s) 400–408

Abstract	Information about food hygiene and quality in the sub-Saharan African countries remains scarce at a time when many of their citizenry are beginning to acquire the much coveted middle income status. Confounding this are challenges linked to monitoring on a continuous basis the safety of food produced by such lucrative industries as the beef industry. The objective of the current study was to initiate a process of encouraging changes in the status quo, by showing how a first step in that direction might look like. Using heavy metal contents of representative beef samples from butcheries in Soroti, Uganda, typical of a sub-Saharan country, we demonstrate how relationships and common sources of metals in food could be identified in a multivariate space. Beef samples from 40 sites were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd). The study showed that all beef samples contained these metals, the extent of which were in the order: Fe > Zn >> Ni, Cr > Pb > Cu, Co > Cd. By correlation analysis, the pairs Ni and Cr, Cd and Co, Ni and Fe or Cr and Fe were found to be most likely coming from similar sources. At least three distinct characteristics of beef consumed in Soroti were also found, a distinction perhaps arising from three major categories of feedlots used to raise donor cattle. The incremental risk of children or adults developing cancer over a lifetime was estimated and found to fall into three categories, two of which are separately explained by the presence of Cr or Ni. The sources of these metals remain a matter of speculation on our part. More studies are needed to determine these sources and to understand the nature of cancer risk in the three categories of beef identified here.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-21
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2805786-7
ISSN	2214-7500 ; 2214-7500
ISSN (online)	2214-7500
ISSN	2214-7500
DOI	10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.004
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Attenuation of Seizures, Cognitive Deficits, and Brain Histopathology by Phytochemicals of

Ssempijja, Fred / Dare, Samuel Sunday / Bukenya, Edmund E M / Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / Kenganzi, Ritah / Fernandez, Edgar Mario / Vicente-Crespo, Marta

Journal of evidence-based integrative medicine

2023 Volume 28, Page(s) 2515690X231160191

Abstract: ... Imperata ... ...

Abstract	Imperata cylindrica
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Poaceae ; Anticonvulsants/pharmacology ; Brain ; Seizures/drug therapy ; Seizures/genetics ; Epilepsy/drug therapy ; Epilepsy/genetics ; Drosophila ; Cognition ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anticonvulsants ; Phytochemicals ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2515-690X
ISSN (online)	2515-690X
DOI	10.1177/2515690X231160191
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Human African Trypanocide Resistance.

Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / MacLeod, Ewan Thomas / Welburn, Susan Christina

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 11, Issue 10

Abstract: Background Human African trypanocide resistance (HATr) is a challenge for the eradication of Human African Trypansomiaisis (HAT) following the widespread emergence of increased monotherapy drug treatment failures against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and ... ...

Abstract	Background Human African trypanocide resistance (HATr) is a challenge for the eradication of Human African Trypansomiaisis (HAT) following the widespread emergence of increased monotherapy drug treatment failures against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense that are associated with changes in pathogen receptors. Methods: Electronic searches of 12 databases and 3 Google search websites for human African trypanocide resistance were performed using a keyword search criterion applied to both laboratory and clinical studies. Fifty-one publications were identified and included in this study using the PRISMA checklist. Data were analyzed using RevMan and random effect sizes were computed for the statistics at the 95% confidence interval. Results: Pentamidine/melarsoprol/nifurtimox cross-resistance is associated with loss of the T. brucei adenosine transporter 1/purine 2 gene (TbAT1/P2), aquaglyceroporins (TbAQP) 2 and 3, followed by the high affinity pentamidine melarsoprol transporter (HAPT) 1. In addition, the loss of the amino acid transporter (AAT) 6 is associated with eflornithine resistance. Nifurtimox/eflornithine combination therapy resistance is associated with AAT6 and nitroreductase loss, and high resistance and parasite regrowth is responsible for treatment relapse. In clinical studies, the TbAT1 proportion of total random effects was 68% (95% CI: 38.0−91.6); I2 = 96.99% (95% CI: 94.6−98.3). Treatment failure rates were highest with melarsoprol followed by eflornithine at 41.49% (95% CI: 24.94−59.09) and 6.56% (3.06−11.25) respectively. HATr-resistant phenotypes used in most laboratory experiments demonstrated significantly higher pentamidine resistance than other trypanocides. Conclusion: The emergence of drug resistance across the spectrum of trypanocidal agents that are used to treat HAT is a major threat to the global WHO target to eliminate HAT by 2030. T. brucei strains were largely resistant to diamidines and the use of high trypanocide concentrations in clinical studies have proved fatal in humans. Studies to develop novel chemotherapeutical agents and identify alternative protein targets could help to reduce the emergence and spread of HATr.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens11101100
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Trypanocide usage in the cattle belt of southwestern Uganda.

Kasozi, Keneth Iceland / MacLeod, Ewan Thomas / Sones, Keith Robert / Welburn, Susan Christina

Frontiers in microbiology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1296522

Abstract: Background: Systematic infrastructure and regulatory weaknesses over many decades, in communities struggling with animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) would be expected to create an environment that would promote drug misuse and risk development of drug ...

Abstract	Background: Systematic infrastructure and regulatory weaknesses over many decades, in communities struggling with animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) would be expected to create an environment that would promote drug misuse and risk development of drug resistance. Here, we explore rural community practices of livestock keepers, livestock extension officers and drug shop attendants to determine whether appropriate practice was being followed in administration of trypanocides and other drugs. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was undertaken in southwestern Uganda in 2022 involving 451 farmers who kept cattle, sheep or goats and 79 "professionals" who were either livestock extension officers or drug shop attendants. Results: Respondents reported using one or more type of trypanocidal drug on 80.1% of the 451 farms in the last 30 days. Diminazene aceturate was used on around three-quarters of farms, while isometamidium chloride was used on around one-fifth. Homidium bromide was used on less than 1% of farms. Cattle were significantly more likely to be treated with trypanocides than sheep or goats. On around two-thirds of farms, trypanocides were prepared and injected by farmers, with extension officers administering these drugs on most of the other third, especially on cattle farms. Almost all drugs were obtained from privately-owned drug shops. For treatment of AAT with trypanocides, prescription-only medicines were routinely used by farmers without professional supervision and in the absence of a definitive diagnosis. While a far greater proportion of professionals had a better education and had received training on the use of trypanocides than farmers, there was relatively little difference in their ability to use these drugs correctly. Farmers were more likely than professionals to use only DA to treat trypanosomiasis and were more likely to use antibiotics as well as trypanocidal drugs to treat the animal. Furthermore, they estimated, on average, that twice the recommended dose of either diminazene aceturate or isometamidium chloride was needed to treat a hypothetical 400 kg bovine. A minority of both farmers and professionals reported that they observed the recommended withdrawal times following injection of trypanocidal drugs and very few of either group knew the recommended withdrawal times for milk or meat. Only one in six farmers reported using the sanative pair (alternating use of diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride), to reduce the risk of drug resistant trypanosome strains emerging, while this approach was more widely used by professionals. Farmers reported using antibiotics more commonly than the professionals, especially in sheep and goats, raising concerns as to overuse and misuse of this critical class of drugs. In addition to using trypanocides, most farmers also reported using a topical veterinary pesticide for the control of ticks and tsetse. On average, farmers spent 12.2% of their income from livestock sales on trypanocides. Conclusion: This study highlights the complexity of issues involved in the fight against AAT using drug treatment. A multistakeholder campaign to increase awareness among farmers, drug shop attendants, and extension workers of the importance of adherence to recommended drug dosing, using the sanative pair and following recommended drug withdrawal guidance would promote best practice, reduce the risk of emergence of resistant strains of trypanosomes, and support enhanced food safety.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2587354-4
ISSN	1664-302X
ISSN	1664-302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1296522
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A protein restricted diet induces a stable increased fat storage phenotype in flies

Asiimwe, Oscar Hilary / Rubaihayo, John / Sulaiman, Sheu Oluwadare / Osuwat, Lawrence Obado / Kasozi, Keneth Iceland

Toxicology Reports. 2023, v. 10 p.706-713

2023

Abstract: Scientific evidence has revealed possible confounders in diet induced obesity models of Drosophila melanogaster. High Sugar Diet (HSD) induction of obesity in flies has been associated with fly hyperosmolarity and glucotoxicity, while High Fat Diet (HFD) ...

Abstract	Scientific evidence has revealed possible confounders in diet induced obesity models of Drosophila melanogaster. High Sugar Diet (HSD) induction of obesity in flies has been associated with fly hyperosmolarity and glucotoxicity, while High Fat Diet (HFD) induction has been associated with lipotoxicity. The objective of this study was to assess for a healthy obesity phenotype by comparison of fly survival, physio-chemical and biochemical changes associated with HSD, HFD and Protein Restricted Diet (PRD) obesity induction models of male Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we provide information on a PRD as the plausible option in obesity research not involving cancer, diabetes, glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity studies. Obesity was induced by exposing Drosophila melanogaster white mutant w¹¹¹⁸ to four experimental diets for four weeks. Group 1 was fed regular food (control), group 2 was fed a 0.5% less yeast than in regular feed (PRD), group 3 was fed a 30% w/v sucrose to regular cornmeal food (HSD) and group 4 was fed a 10% w/v food-grade coconut oil to regular cornmeal food (HFD). Peristaltic waves were measured on 3rd instar larvae of all experimental groups. Negative geotaxis, fly survival, body mass, catalase activity, triglycerides (TG/TP), sterol, and total protein were measured in adult Drosophila melanogaster after four weeks. Triglycerides (TG/TP) and total protein levels were significantly higher in HSD phenotype. Sterols were higher in HFD phenotype. Though catalase enzyme activity was highest in PRD phenotype, this activity was not statistically significant when compared to that of HSD and HFD phenotypes. However, PRD phenotype had the lowest mass, highest survival rate and the highest negative geotaxis, thus demonstrating a balanced, stable and more viable metabolic status in the experimental model. A protein restricted diet induces a stable increased fat storage phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster.
Keywords	Drosophila melanogaster ; adults ; catalase ; coconut oil ; corn meal ; diabetes ; enzyme activity ; geotaxis ; high carbohydrate diet ; high fat diet ; instars ; lipotoxicity ; males ; models ; mutants ; obesity ; phenotype ; protein content ; sterols ; sucrose ; survival rate ; toxicology ; yeasts ; BMI ; HFD ; HSD ; PRD ; w/v ; v/v ; ‘Obesity paradox’ ; ‘Protein Restricted Diet’ ; ‘Triglyceride’ ; ‘Healthy obesity’ ; ‘Drosophila melanogaster’
Language	English
Size	p. 706-713.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2805786-7
ISSN	2214-7500
ISSN	2214-7500
DOI	10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.003
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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