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Book: Bacterial virulence

Gal-Mor, Ohad

methods and protocols

(Methods in molecular biology ; 2427 ; Springer protocols)

2022

Author's details	edited by Ohad Gal-Mor (The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel)
Series title	Methods in molecular biology ; 2427 Springer protocols
Collection
Keywords	Virulence (Microbiology) ; Host-bacteria relationships ; Medical bacteriology
Subject code	616.9201
Language	English
Size	xii, 267 Seiten, Illustrationen, Diagramme, 26 cm
Publisher	Humana Press
Publishing place	New York, NY
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT021397250
ISBN	978-1-0716-1970-4 ; 9781071619711 ; 1-0716-1970-5 ; 1071619713
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Article ; Online: Profiling of Secreted Type 3 Secretion System Substrates by Salmonella enterica.

Shem-Tov, Rivka / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2022 Volume 2427, Page(s) 47–54

Abstract: Many of Salmonella enterica virulence-associated phenotypes, including its ability to manipulate various host pathways are mediated by translocation of specific effector proteins via type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs) into the host cell. Culturing ... ...

Abstract	Many of Salmonella enterica virulence-associated phenotypes, including its ability to manipulate various host pathways are mediated by translocation of specific effector proteins via type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs) into the host cell. Culturing Salmonella under a defined set of stimulating conditions in vitro can mimic the physiological signals Salmonella senses during the infection and results in the secretion of these effectors into the growth medium. Here we describe a Salmonella secretion assay to identify and quantify protein substrates secreted by T3SS-1 and demonstrate how this method can be utilized to study the secretion of T3SS-1 effectors and flagellum components in different genetic backgrounds or under varying growth conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Assay ; Biological Transport ; Flagella ; Salmonella enterica ; Type III Secretion Systems
Chemical Substances	Type III Secretion Systems
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-0716-1971-1_5
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Article ; Online: Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae.

Gal-Mor, Ohad

Clinical microbiology reviews

2018 Volume 32, Issue 1

Abstract: The ability of pathogenic bacteria to affect higher organisms and cause disease is one of the most dramatic properties of microorganisms. Some pathogens can establish transient colonization only, but others are capable of infecting their host for many ... ...

Abstract	The ability of pathogenic bacteria to affect higher organisms and cause disease is one of the most dramatic properties of microorganisms. Some pathogens can establish transient colonization only, but others are capable of infecting their host for many years or even for a lifetime. Long-term infection is called persistence, and this phenotype is fundamental for the biology of important human pathogens, including
MeSH term(s)	Carrier State ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Salmonella Infections/diagnosis ; Salmonella Infections/drug therapy ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology ; Salmonella Infections/pathology ; Salmonella enterica/classification ; Salmonella enterica/pathogenicity ; Serogroup
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	645015-5
ISSN	1098-6618 ; 0893-8512
ISSN (online)	1098-6618
ISSN	0893-8512
DOI	10.1128/CMR.00088-18
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Article ; Online: Persistent Salmonella infections in humans are associated with mutations in the BarA/SirA regulatory pathway.

Grote, Alexandra / Piscon, Bar / Manson, Abigail L / Adani, Boaz / Cohen, Helit / Livny, Jonathan / Earl, Ashlee M / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Cell host & microbe

2024 Volume 32, Issue 1, Page(s) 79–92.e7

Abstract: Several bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, can cause persistent infections in humans by mechanisms that are poorly understood. By comparing genomes of isolates longitudinally collected from 256 prolonged salmonellosis patients, we ... ...

Abstract	Several bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, can cause persistent infections in humans by mechanisms that are poorly understood. By comparing genomes of isolates longitudinally collected from 256 prolonged salmonellosis patients, we identified repeated mutations in global regulators, including the barA/sirA two-component regulatory system, across multiple patients and Salmonella serovars. Comparative RNA-seq analysis revealed that distinct mutations in barA/sirA led to diminished expression of Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 4 genes, which are required for Salmonella invasion and enteritis. Moreover, barA/sirA mutants were attenuated in an acute salmonellosis mouse model and induced weaker transcription of host immune responses. In contrast, in a persistent infection mouse model, these mutants exhibited long-term colonization and prolonged shedding. Taken together, these findings suggest that selection of mutations in global virulence regulators facilitates persistent Salmonella infection in humans, by attenuating Salmonella virulence and inducing a weaker host inflammatory response.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Persistent Infection ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology ; Mutation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Chemical Substances	Trans-Activators ; Bacterial Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2278004-X
ISSN	1934-6069 ; 1931-3128
ISSN (online)	1934-6069
ISSN	1931-3128
DOI	10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.001
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Article ; Online: A new Salmonella enterica serovar that was isolated from a wild sparrow presents a distinct genetic, metabolic and virulence profile.

Cohen, Emiliano / Azriel, Shalevet / Auster, Oren / Gal, Adiv / Mikhlin, Svetlana / Crauwels, Sam / Rahav, Galia / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Microbes and infection

2023 Volume 26, Issue 3, Page(s) 105249

Abstract: Salmonella enterica is a ubiquitous and clinically-important bacterial pathogen, able to infect and cause different diseases in a wide range of hosts. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new S. enterica serovar (13,23:i:-; S. Tirat- ... ...

Abstract	Salmonella enterica is a ubiquitous and clinically-important bacterial pathogen, able to infect and cause different diseases in a wide range of hosts. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new S. enterica serovar (13,23:i:-; S. Tirat-Zvi), belonging to the Havana supper-lineage that was isolated from a wild house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Israel. Whole genome sequencing and complete assembly of its genome indicated a plasmid-free, 4.7 Mb genome that carries the Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1-6, 9, 19 and an integrative and conjugative element (ICE), encoding arsenic resistance genes. Phenotypically, S. Tirat-Zvi isolate TZ282 was motile, readily formed biofilm, more versatile in carbon source utilization than S. Typhimurium and highly tolerant to arsenic, but impaired in host cell invasion. In-vivo infection studies indicated that while S. Tirat-Zvi was able to infect and cause an acute inflammatory enterocolitis in young chicks, it was compromised in mice colonization and did not cause an inflammatory colitis in mice compared to S. Typhimurium. We suggest that these phenotypes reflect the distinctive ecological niche of this new serovar and its evolutionary adaptation to passerine birds, as a permissive host. Moreover, these results further illuminate the genetic, phenotypic and ecological diversity of S. enterica pathovars.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Salmonella enterica/genetics ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Serogroup ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology ; Sparrows ; Virulence/genetics ; Arsenic
Chemical Substances	Arsenic (N712M78A8G)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-11
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1465093-9
ISSN	1769-714X ; 1286-4579
ISSN (online)	1769-714X
ISSN	1286-4579
DOI	10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105249
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Article ; Online: Genome Sequence of an Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis and Genomic Comparison with Other S. Infantis Strains.

Cohen, Emiliano / Rahav, Galia / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Genome biology and evolution

2020 Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) 151–159

Abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the dominant serovars of the bacterial pathogen S. enterica. In recent years, the number of human infections caused by S. Infantis has been increasing in many countries, and often the emerging ... ...

Abstract	Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the dominant serovars of the bacterial pathogen S. enterica. In recent years, the number of human infections caused by S. Infantis has been increasing in many countries, and often the emerging population harbors a unique virulence-resistant megaplasmid called plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI). Here, we report the complete gap-free genome sequence of the S. Infantis Israeli emerging clone and compare its chromosome and pESI sequences with other complete S. Infantis genomes. We show a conserved presence of the Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1-6, 9, 11, 12, and CS54 and a common integration of five bacteriophages in the S. Infantis chromosome. In contrast, we found variable presence of additionally three chromosomally integrated phages and eight modular regions in pESI, which contribute to the genetic and phenotypic diversity (including antimicrobial resistance) of this ubiquitous foodborne pathogen.
MeSH term(s)	Genome, Bacterial ; Genomic Islands ; Genomics ; Plasmids/genetics ; Salmonella enterica/genetics ; Virulence/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2495328-3
ISSN	1759-6653 ; 1759-6653
ISSN (online)	1759-6653
ISSN	1759-6653
DOI	10.1093/gbe/evaa048
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Article ; Online: The emergence of a multidrug resistant Salmonella Muenchen in Israel is associated with horizontal acquisition of the epidemic pESI plasmid.

Cohen, Emiliano / Kriger, Or / Amit, Sharon / Davidovich, Maya / Rahav, Galia / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

2022 Volume 28, Issue 11, Page(s) 1499.e7–1499.e14

Abstract: Objectives: Horizontal acquisition of mobile genetic elements is a powerful evolutionary driving force that can profoundly affect pathogens epidemiology and their interactions with the environment and host. In the last decade, the role of the epidemic ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Horizontal acquisition of mobile genetic elements is a powerful evolutionary driving force that can profoundly affect pathogens epidemiology and their interactions with the environment and host. In the last decade, the role of the epidemic megaplasmid, pESI was demonstrated in the global emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strains, but it was unknown if this was a one-time phenomenon, or that pESI can drive the emergence of other pathogens. Methods: Epidemiological, molecular, whole genome sequencing, de-novo assembly, bioinformatics and genetic approaches were used to analyze the emergence of a pESI-positive Salmonella enterica serovar Muenchen strain in Israel. Results: Since 2018, we report the emergence and high prevalence of S. Muenchen in Israel, which consisted at 2020, 40% (1055/2671) of all clinical Salmonella isolates. We show that the emergence of S. Muenchen is dominated by a clonal MDR strain, report its complete assembled genome sequence, and demonstrate that in contrast to preemergent strains, it harbors the epidemic megaplasmid, pESI, which can be self-mobilized into E. coli and other Salmonella serovars. Additionally, we identified bioinformatically highly similar genomes of clinical isolates that were recently collected in South Africa, UK and USA. Conclusions: This is a second documented case of a pathogen emergence associated with pESI acquisition. Considering the genetic cargo of pESI that enhances resistance, stress tolerance and virulence, and its ability to conjugate into prevalent Salmonella serovars, we provide further support that pESI facilities the emergence and spreading of new Salmonella strains.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Serogroup ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Escherichia coli ; Israel/epidemiology ; Plasmids/genetics ; Salmonella/genetics ; Salmonella enterica ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1328418-6
ISSN	1469-0691 ; 1470-9465 ; 1198-743X
ISSN (online)	1469-0691
ISSN	1470-9465 ; 1198-743X
DOI	10.1016/j.cmi.2022.05.029
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Article ; Online: lacZ Reporter System as a Tool to Study Virulence Gene Regulation in Bacterial Pathogens.

Aviv, Gili / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2017 Volume 1734, Page(s) 39–45

Abstract: β-galactosidase assay has been established as one of the most widely used reporters and can be effectually exploited to study promoter activity of Salmonella and other pathogens under various conditions. This method includes a preliminary stage of fusing ...

Abstract	β-galactosidase assay has been established as one of the most widely used reporters and can be effectually exploited to study promoter activity of Salmonella and other pathogens under various conditions. This method includes a preliminary stage of fusing the target promoter to a promoter-less lacZ gene encoding for the enzyme β-galactosidase. Supplementation of the synthetic ONPG substrate results in the accumulation of a chromogenic product proportionally to the activity of the fused promoter. Here we demonstrate the usage of this reporter system to study the regulation of the Salmonella Type three secretion system effector gene sseL in S. Typhimurium [1].
MeSH term(s)	Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Reporter ; Lac Operon ; Plasmids/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Virulence Factors/genetics
Chemical Substances	Virulence Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4939-7604-1_5
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Article ; Online: Western Blotting Against Tagged Virulence Determinants to Study Bacterial Pathogenicity.

Aviv, Gili / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2017 Volume 1734, Page(s) 47–54

Abstract: Western blotting is a common approach to detect the presence of a target protein in biological samples or proteins mixture using specific antibodies. This method is also useful to study regulation of virulence determinants by analyzing changes in protein ...

Abstract	Western blotting is a common approach to detect the presence of a target protein in biological samples or proteins mixture using specific antibodies. This method is also useful to study regulation of virulence determinants by analyzing changes in protein expression between different genetic backgrounds or under varying environmental conditions. To avoid the need to raise specific antibodies for each studied protein, commercial antibody against commonly used peptidic epitopes can be utilized if the right target tagged version is constructed. Here we describe a C-terminal fusion between a protein of interest and the two hemagglutinin A (2HA) tag. The tagged protein is cloned into a low-copy number vector and expressed under its native promoter in Salmonella enterica. Then, the expression of the tagged protein can be analyzed by Western blotting and commercially available anti-2HA antibodies.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Blotting, Western ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virulence Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Virulence Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4939-7604-1_6
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Article ; Online: Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR as a Tool to Study Virulence Gene Regulation in Bacterial Pathogens.

Aviv, Gili / Gal-Mor, Ohad

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2017 Volume 1734, Page(s) 23–32

Abstract: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a highly sensitive and reliable method for detection and quantification of DNA. When combined with a prior stage of RNA reverse transcription to generate complementary DNA (cDNA), this is a powerful approach to ... ...

Abstract	Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a highly sensitive and reliable method for detection and quantification of DNA. When combined with a prior stage of RNA reverse transcription to generate complementary DNA (cDNA), this is a powerful approach to determine and analyze gene transcriptional expression. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR has become the gold standard method in studying genes expression and virulence regulation under various genetic backgrounds (e.g., in the absence of regulators) or environmental conditions. Here we demonstrate the utilization of this approach to study the transcriptional regulation of the conjugation pilus of the Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis virulence plasmid (pESI).
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteria/pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/genetics
Chemical Substances	Virulence Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4939-7604-1_3
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