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Article ; Online: Projected impact of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy use on racial and ethnic disparities in adolescent obesity.

Vajravelu, Mary Ellen / Chu, Patricia Y / Frank, David A / Ragavan, Maya I / Vajravelu, Ravy K

2024 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e13103

Abstract: Background: Paediatric obesity disproportionately impacts individuals from minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds. Recent guidelines support use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy for adolescents with obesity, but the potential impact on disparities in ... ...

Abstract	Background: Paediatric obesity disproportionately impacts individuals from minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds. Recent guidelines support use of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy for adolescents with obesity, but the potential impact on disparities in obesity prevalence has not been evaluated. Objectives: To model changes in obesity prevalence with increasing utilization of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy among adolescents. Methods: Data representative of American adolescents ages 12-17 years were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, cycles 2011 through pre-pandemic 2020. A body mass index (BMI) reduction of 16.7% was applied to each participant based on clinical trial results of weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg among adolescents. Utilization disparities were based on utilization of the same medication class among adults. Obesity prevalence was calculated assuming utilization of 10%-100%, stratified by race and ethnicity. Results: Among 4442 adolescents representing 26 247 384 American adolescents, projected overall obesity prevalence decreased from 22.2% to 8.4% with 100% utilization. However, disparities increased relative to Non-Hispanic White youth, with prevalence among Non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American youth ranging from 40%-60% higher to 90%-120% higher, respectively. Conclusions: Increasing utilization of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy may widen relative disparities in obesity, particularly if utilization is unequal. Advocacy for equitable access is needed to minimize worsening of obesity-related disparities.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; Body Mass Index ; Ethnicity ; Health Status Disparities ; Nutrition Surveys ; Pediatric Obesity/drug therapy ; Pediatric Obesity/ethnology ; United States/epidemiology ; Weight Loss ; Clinical Trials as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2655527-X
ISSN	2047-6310 ; 2047-6302
ISSN (online)	2047-6310
ISSN	2047-6302
DOI	10.1111/ijpo.13103
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Article ; Online: Editorial Comment.

Chu, David I

The Journal of urology

2020 Volume 205, Issue 1, Page(s) 255–256

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Renal Replacement Therapy ; Spinal Dysraphism
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3176-8
ISSN	1527-3792 ; 0022-5347
ISSN (online)	1527-3792
ISSN	0022-5347
DOI	10.1097/JU.0000000000001314.01
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Ui VI Zs.91: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 331: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Editorial Comment.

Chu, David I

The Journal of urology

2019 Volume 201, Issue 4, Page(s) 799–800

MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; Postoperative Period
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3176-8
ISSN	1527-3792 ; 0022-5347
ISSN (online)	1527-3792
ISSN	0022-5347
DOI	10.1097/01.JU.0000554769.14852.08
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Article ; Online: The landscape of human SVA retrotransposons.

Chu, Chong / Lin, Eric W / Tran, Antuan / Jin, Hu / Ho, Natalie I / Veit, Alexander / Cortes-Ciriano, Isidro / Burns, Kathleen H / Ting, David T / Park, Peter J

Nucleic acids research

2023 Volume 51, Issue 21, Page(s) 11453–11465

Abstract: SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons are evolutionarily young and still-active transposable elements (TEs) in the human genome. Several pathogenic SVA insertions have been identified that directly mutate host genes to cause neurodegenerative and other ... ...

Abstract	SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons are evolutionarily young and still-active transposable elements (TEs) in the human genome. Several pathogenic SVA insertions have been identified that directly mutate host genes to cause neurodegenerative and other types of diseases. However, due to their sequence heterogeneity and complex structures as well as limitations in sequencing techniques and analysis, SVA insertions have been less well studied compared to other mobile element insertions. Here, we identified polymorphic SVA insertions from 3646 whole-genome sequencing (WGS) samples of >150 diverse populations and constructed a polymorphic SVA insertion reference catalog. Using 20 long-read samples, we also assembled reference and polymorphic SVA sequences and characterized the internal hexamer/variable-number-tandem-repeat (VNTR) expansions as well as differing SVA activity for SVA subfamilies and human populations. In addition, we developed a module to annotate both reference and polymorphic SVA copies. By characterizing the landscape of both reference and polymorphic SVA retrotransposons, our study enables more accurate genotyping of these elements and facilitate the discovery of pathogenic SVA insertions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Alu Elements ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Minisatellite Repeats/genetics ; Retroelements/genetics ; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
Chemical Substances	Retroelements
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	186809-3
ISSN	1362-4962 ; 1362-4954 ; 0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
ISSN (online)	1362-4962 ; 1362-4954
ISSN	0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
DOI	10.1093/nar/gkad821
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Zs.A 1067: Show issues

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Article ; Online: M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase rewires glucose metabolism during radiation therapy to promote an antioxidant response and glioblastoma radioresistance.

Bailleul, Justine / Ruan, Yangjingyi / Abdulrahman, Lobna / Scott, Andrew J / Yazal, Taha / Sung, David / Park, Keunseok / Hoang, Hanna / Nathaniel, Juan / Chu, Fang-I / Palomera, Daisy / Sehgal, Anahita / Tsang, Jonathan E / Nathanson, David A / Xu, Shili / Park, Junyoung O / Ten Hoeve, Johanna / Bhat, Kruttika / Qi, Nathan /

Kornblum, Harley I / Schaue, Dorthe / McBride, William H / Lyssiotis, Costas A / Wahl, Daniel R / Vlashi, Erina

Neuro-oncology

2023 Volume 25, Issue 11, Page(s) 1989–2000

Abstract: Background: Resistance to existing therapies is a significant challenge in improving outcomes for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Metabolic plasticity has emerged as an important contributor to therapy resistance, including radiation therapy (RT). Here, we ...

Abstract	Background: Resistance to existing therapies is a significant challenge in improving outcomes for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Metabolic plasticity has emerged as an important contributor to therapy resistance, including radiation therapy (RT). Here, we investigated how GBM cells reprogram their glucose metabolism in response to RT to promote radiation resistance. Methods: Effects of radiation on glucose metabolism of human GBM specimens were examined in vitro and in vivo with the use of metabolic and enzymatic assays, targeted metabolomics, and FDG-PET. Radiosensitization potential of interfering with M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) activity was tested via gliomasphere formation assays and in vivo human GBM models. Results: Here, we show that RT induces increased glucose utilization by GBM cells, and this is accompanied with translocation of GLUT3 transporters to the cell membrane. Irradiated GBM cells route glucose carbons through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to harness the antioxidant power of the PPP and support survival after radiation. This response is regulated in part by the PKM2. Activators of PKM2 can antagonize the radiation-induced rewiring of glucose metabolism and radiosensitize GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: These findings open the possibility that interventions designed to target cancer-specific regulators of metabolic plasticity, such as PKM2, rather than specific metabolic pathways, have the potential to improve the radiotherapeutic outcomes in GBM patients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pyruvate Kinase/metabolism ; Glioblastoma/metabolism ; Antioxidants ; Protein Isoforms ; Glucose/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor
Chemical Substances	Pyruvate Kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) ; Antioxidants ; Protein Isoforms ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2028601-6
ISSN	1523-5866 ; 1522-8517
ISSN (online)	1523-5866
ISSN	1522-8517
DOI	10.1093/neuonc/noad103
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Zs.A 5307: Show issues

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Article ; Online: "Top 20" residency-trained academic orthopaedic surgeons have higher academic productivity and funding in their careers.

Mendiratta, Dhruv / Herzog, Isabel / Liggio, Daniel F / Ahn, David / Vosbikian, Michael / Kaushal, Neil / Chu, Alice

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society

2024

Abstract: Top 20" status on Doximity, an online networking service for medical professionals, is an indicator of the reputation of a residency program. The study assesses how training at a Top 20 (T20) orthopaedic residency program impacts career productivity and ...

Abstract	"Top 20" status on Doximity, an online networking service for medical professionals, is an indicator of the reputation of a residency program. The study assesses how training at a Top 20 (T20) orthopaedic residency program impacts career productivity and funding. Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database was used in 2022 to identify active orthopaedic residency programs. Demographic and training data was collected for each orthopaedic surgeon using institutional websites and Doximity. The Residency Navigator feature on Doximity was used to rank residency programs by "reputation." Programs were categorized as either T20 or non-T20. The relative citation ratio (RCR) was calculated using the NIH iCite tool and Hirsch index (h-index) was calculated using Scopus. Industry funding was collected from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments Program (CMS) for all available years (2014-2020). A total of 2812 academic orthopaedic surgeons were included in the study. Among academic orthopaedic surgeons in the United States, T20 trained orthopedists had more publications and citations (p < 0.001), along with higher h-indices (p < 0.001), RCR (p < 0.001), and industry funding (p = 0.043). Additionally, T20 trained orthopedists were 1.375 times more likely to obtain professor status (95% confidence interval: 1.150-1.645, p < 0.001). Even after propensity-matched analysis, T20 trained orthopedists maintained these differences. Training at a T20 residency program is associated with promotion, productivity, and funding. These findings are especially of concern to medical students who must consider the importance of a residency program's reputation when deciding where to apply for residency.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605542-4
ISSN	1554-527X ; 0736-0266
ISSN (online)	1554-527X
ISSN	0736-0266
DOI	10.1002/jor.25826
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Zs.A 1879: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Retainment of U.S. Orthopaedic Surgeons in Academia from 2016 to 2022.

Weintraub, Matthew / Ahn, David / Herzog, Isabel / Mendiratta, Dhruv / Zheng, Zheshi / Kaushal, Neil / Vosbikian, Michael / Chu, Alice

JB & JS open access

2024 Volume 9, Issue 1

Abstract: Background: Academic medical centers greatly benefit from retaining their physicians; that ensures continuity in patient care, enhances resident education, and maintains a pool of experienced clinicians and researchers. Despite its importance, little ... ...

Abstract	Background: Academic medical centers greatly benefit from retaining their physicians; that ensures continuity in patient care, enhances resident education, and maintains a pool of experienced clinicians and researchers. Despite its importance, little research has been published on the retainment of academic faculty in orthopaedics. To address this gap, this study investigates the demographic trends of academic orthopaedic surgeons from 2016 to 2022. By analyzing data pertaining to gender distribution, years of practice, research productivity, and institutional rankings, we aimed to gain insights into the factors influencing faculty retainment, institution changes, and new entrants into academic orthopaedics. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of U.S. academic orthopaedic surgeons affiliated with programs under the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 2016 and 2022 was performed. Faculty present in both the 2016 and the 2022 data were classified as being "retained" in academia; those present only in 2016, as having "left" academia; and those present only in 2022, as being "new" to academia. The retained group was then divided into movers (those who moved to other institutions) and non-movers. Results: Retained orthopaedists had fewer years of practice, a higher h-index (Hirsch index), and more publications. Non-fellowship-trained orthopaedists had less retainment in academia, and orthopaedists with fellowships in oncology had more retainment in academia. Additionally, movers also had fewer years in practice but an equal level of scholarly productivity when compared with non-movers. Lastly, higher-ranked academic programs retained a greater proportion of orthopaedic surgeons. Conclusions: Over the study period, a majority of orthopaedists (56.99%) chose to remain in academia. Those retained tended to be in the earlier stages of their careers, yet demonstrated higher research output. Notably, the representation of female orthopaedists in academic orthopaedics is on the rise. Conversely, lower-ranked programs faced higher turnover rates, highlighting the challenges that they encounter in retaining faculty members. Clinical relevance: Academic medical centers benefit from retaining orthopaedic surgeons by maintaining patient relationships, having consistency in resident education, and building on clinical and research expertise. Likewise, orthopaedists benefit from understanding the trends in current academic employment, in order to optimize career planning decisions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2472-7245
ISSN (online)	2472-7245
DOI	10.2106/JBJS.OA.23.00111
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Article ; Online: Dosimetric impact from cardiac motion to heart substructures in thoracic cancer patients treated with a magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy system

Ran Yan / Fang-I Chu / Yu Gao / Victoria Yu / Stephanie Yoon / David Elashoff / Percy Lee / Peng Hu / Yingli Yang

Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology, Vol 17, Iss , Pp 8-

2021 Volume 12

Abstract: Few studies have examined the cardiac volume and radiation dose differences among cardiac phases during radiation therapy (RT). Such information is crucial to dose reconstruction and understanding of RT related cardiac toxicity. In a cohort of nine ... ...

Abstract	Few studies have examined the cardiac volume and radiation dose differences among cardiac phases during radiation therapy (RT). Such information is crucial to dose reconstruction and understanding of RT related cardiac toxicity. In a cohort of nine patients, we studied the changes in the volume and doses of several cardiac substructures between the end-diastolic and end-systolic phases based on the clinical magnetic resonance-guided RT (MRgRT) treatment plans. Significant differences in the volume and dose between the two phases were observed. Onboard cardiac cine MRI holds promise for patient-specific cardiac sparing treatment designs.
Keywords	Dosimetry analysis ; Cardiac substructures ; CINE MRI ; MRgRT ; Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ; R895-920 ; Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ; RC254-282
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Use of U-Net Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Segmentation of Fecal Material for Objective Evaluation of Bowel Preparation Quality in Colonoscopy.

Wang, Yen-Po / Jheng, Ying-Chun / Sung, Kuang-Yi / Lin, Hung-En / Hsin, I-Fang / Chen, Ping-Hsien / Chu, Yuan-Chia / Lu, David / Wang, Yuan-Jen / Hou, Ming-Chih / Lee, Fa-Yauh / Lu, Ching-Liang

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 12, Issue 3

Abstract: Background: Adequate bowel cleansing is important for colonoscopy performance evaluation. Current bowel cleansing evaluation scales are subjective, with a wide variation in consistency among physicians and low reported rates of accuracy. We aim to use ... ...

Abstract	Background: Adequate bowel cleansing is important for colonoscopy performance evaluation. Current bowel cleansing evaluation scales are subjective, with a wide variation in consistency among physicians and low reported rates of accuracy. We aim to use machine learning to develop a fully automatic segmentation method for the objective evaluation of the adequacy of colon preparation. Methods: Colonoscopy videos were retrieved from a video data cohort and transferred to qualified images, which were randomly divided into training, validation, and verification datasets. The fecal residue was manually segmented. A deep learning model based on the U-Net convolutional network architecture was developed to perform automatic segmentation. The performance of the automatic segmentation was evaluated on the overlap area with the manual segmentation. Results: A total of 10,118 qualified images from 119 videos were obtained. The model averaged 0.3634 s to segmentate one image automatically. The models produced a strong high-overlap area with manual segmentation, with 94.7% ± 0.67% of that area predicted by our AI model, which correlated well with the area measured manually (r = 0.915, p < 0.001). The AI system can be applied in real-time qualitatively and quantitatively. Conclusions: We established a fully automatic segmentation method to rapidly and accurately mark the fecal residue-coated mucosa for the objective evaluation of colon preparation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662336-5
ISSN	2075-4418
ISSN	2075-4418
DOI	10.3390/diagnostics12030613
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Article ; Online: Dosimetric impact from cardiac motion to heart substructures in thoracic cancer patients treated with a magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy system.

Yan, Ran / Chu, Fang-I / Gao, Yu / Yu, Victoria / Yoon, Stephanie / Elashoff, David / Lee, Percy / Hu, Peng / Yang, Yingli

Physics and imaging in radiation oncology

2020 Volume 17, Page(s) 8–12

Abstract	Few studies have examined the cardiac volume and radiation dose differences among cardiac phases during radiation therapy (RT). Such information is crucial to dose reconstruction and understanding of RT related cardiac toxicity. In a cohort of nine patients, we studied the changes in the volume and doses of several cardiac substructures between the end-diastolic and end-systolic phases based on the clinical magnetic resonance-guided RT (MRgRT) treatment plans. Significant differences in the volume and dose between the two phases were observed. Onboard cardiac cine MRI holds promise for patient-specific cardiac sparing treatment designs.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2405-6316
ISSN (online)	2405-6316
DOI	10.1016/j.phro.2020.11.005
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