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Article ; Online: Episodic memory during middle childhood: What is developing?

Guo, Panyuan / Carey, Emma / Plaisted-Grant, Kate / Cheke, Lucy G

Journal of experimental child psychology

2023 Volume 240, Page(s) 105828

Abstract: Whereas previous research has concentrated on the emergence of episodic memory during the early years, fewer investigations have explored the details of this development through middle and late childhood. Considerable variation in task demands and ... ...

Abstract	Whereas previous research has concentrated on the emergence of episodic memory during the early years, fewer investigations have explored the details of this development through middle and late childhood. Considerable variation in task demands and testing methodologies have rendered the trajectory of episodic memory during this period unclear, particularly with regard to which elements are in a state of change at which time. This study separately assessed memory for item, location, and temporal order, as well as integrated what-where-when (WWW) information using a WWW memory test (the Treasure Hunt task), with 84 children aged 6 to 12 years. Two versions of the task were used, varying in the degree of retrieval support while keeping encoding constant. Results show that episodic memory continued to develop across this period, with individual item, spatial, temporal, and WWW memory all improving relatively linearly with age. These improvements were underpinned by both the associative binding and strategic control processes. These findings suggest that it is not any one element of episodic memory that is driving development during this period but that all aspects are continuing to mature in parallel.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218137-x
ISSN	1096-0457 ; 0022-0965
ISSN (online)	1096-0457
ISSN	0022-0965
DOI	10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105828
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Article ; Online: How does episodic memory develop in adolescence?

Mechie, Imogen R / Plaisted-Grant, Kate / Cheke, Lucy G

Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)

2021 Volume 28, Issue 6, Page(s) 204–217

Abstract: Key areas of the episodic memory (EM) network demonstrate changing structure and volume during adolescence. EM is multifaceted and yet studies of EM thus far have largely examined single components, used different methods and have unsurprisingly yielded ... ...

Abstract	Key areas of the episodic memory (EM) network demonstrate changing structure and volume during adolescence. EM is multifaceted and yet studies of EM thus far have largely examined single components, used different methods and have unsurprisingly yielded inconsistent results. The Treasure Hunt task is a single paradigm that allows parallel investigation of memory content, associative structure, and the impact of different retrieval support. Combining the cognitive and neurobiological accounts, we hypothesized that some elements of EM performance may decline in late adolescence owing to considerable restructuring of the hippocampus at this time. Using the Treasure Hunt task, we examined EM performance in 80 participants aged 10-17 yr. Results demonstrated a cubic trajectory with youngest and oldest participants performing worst. This was emphasized in associative memory, which aligns well with existing literature indicating hippocampal restructuring in later adolescence. It is proposed that memory development may follow a nonlinear path as children approach adulthood, but that future work is required to confirm and extend the trends demonstrated in this study.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1204777-6
ISSN	1549-5485 ; 1072-0502
ISSN (online)	1549-5485
ISSN	1072-0502
DOI	10.1101/lm.053264.120
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Zs.A 4107: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Fractionating the stare-in-the-crowd effect: Two distinct, obligatory biases in search for gaze.

Ramamoorthy, Nayantara / Plaisted-Grant, Kate / Davis, Greg

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance

2019 Volume 45, Issue 8, Page(s) 1015–1030

Abstract: Direct gaze-someone gazing at you-is an important social cue that might be expected to capture visual attention, even in the presence of other faces. Consistent with this, direct gazing eyes are often detected more rapidly in arrays of averted gazing ... ...

Abstract	Direct gaze-someone gazing at you-is an important social cue that might be expected to capture visual attention, even in the presence of other faces. Consistent with this, direct gazing eyes are often detected more rapidly in arrays of averted gazing eyes, than vice versa; a search asymmetry termed the stare-in-the-crowd effect (SITCE). Here, we examine top-down influences on the SITCE by manipulating observers' knowledge of the target's gaze prior to the search display. Our findings revealed two dissociable components of the SITCE. The first, which scaled with set size but was unaffected by prior knowledge, was attributed to noisy, parallel gaze processing that guides attention toward direct gaze (Process 1). The second, an overall response time advantage for direct versus averted gaze targets, irrespective of set size, was attributed to criteria for determining target presence versus absence (Process 2). Prior knowledge of the target's gaze direction increased the direct gaze advantage, rather than speeding up responses for both target types (typically expected for 100% valid cues). This unusual pattern suggests that top-down gaze-related influences may comprise an obligatory bias toward direct gaze. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Facial Recognition/physiology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Social Perception ; Space Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189734-2
ISSN	1939-1277 ; 0096-1523
ISSN (online)	1939-1277
ISSN	0096-1523
DOI	10.1037/xhp0000655
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Article ; Online: Response to commentaries on 'Low endogenous neural noise in autism'.

Davis, Greg / Plaisted-Grant, Kate

Autism : the international journal of research and practice

2015 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 373–374

MeSH term(s)	Autistic Disorder/physiopathology ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comment ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338513-6
ISSN	1461-7005 ; 1362-3613
ISSN (online)	1461-7005
ISSN	1362-3613
DOI	10.1177/1362361314565369
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Article ; Online: Low-level, prediction-based sensory and motor processes are unimpaired in Autism.

Finnemann, Johanna J S / Plaisted-Grant, Kate / Moore, James / Teufel, Christoph / Fletcher, Paul C

Neuropsychologia

2021 Volume 156, Page(s) 107835

Abstract: A new promising account of human brain function suggests that sensory cortices try to optimise information processing via predictions that are based on prior experiences. The brain is thus likened to a probabilistic prediction machine. There has been a ... ...

Abstract	A new promising account of human brain function suggests that sensory cortices try to optimise information processing via predictions that are based on prior experiences. The brain is thus likened to a probabilistic prediction machine. There has been a growing - though inconsistent - literature to suggest that features of autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are associated with a deficit in modelling the world through such prediction-based inference. However empirical evidence for differences in low-level sensorimotor predictions in autism is still lacking. One approach to examining predictive processing in the sensorimotor domain is in the context of self-generated (predictable) as opposed to externally-generated (less predictable) effects. We employed two complementary tasks - forcematching and intentional binding - which examine self-versus externally-generated action effects in terms of sensory attenuation and intentional binding respectively in adults with and without autism. The results show that autism was associated with normal levels of sensory attenuation of internally-generated force and with unaltered temporal attraction of voluntary actions and their outcomes. Thus, our results do not support a general deficit in predictive processing in autism.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Autistic Disorder/complications ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207151-4
ISSN	1873-3514 ; 0028-3932
ISSN (online)	1873-3514
ISSN	0028-3932
DOI	10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107835
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Article ; Online: Low endogenous neural noise in autism.

Davis, Greg / Plaisted-Grant, Kate

Autism : the international journal of research and practice

2015 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 351–362

Abstract: Heuristic' theories of autism postulate that a single mechanism or process underpins the diverse psychological features of autism spectrum disorder. Although no such theory can offer a comprehensive account, the parsimonious descriptions they provide ... ...

Abstract	'Heuristic' theories of autism postulate that a single mechanism or process underpins the diverse psychological features of autism spectrum disorder. Although no such theory can offer a comprehensive account, the parsimonious descriptions they provide are powerful catalysts to autism research. One recent proposal holds that 'noisy' neuronal signalling explains not only some deficits in autism spectrum disorder, but also some superior abilities, due to 'stochastic resonance'. Here, we discuss three distinct actions of noise in neural networks, arguing in each case that autism spectrum disorder symptoms reflect too little, rather than too much, neural noise. Such reduced noise, perhaps a function of atypical brainstem activation, would enhance detection and discrimination in autism spectrum disorder but at significant cost, foregoing the widespread benefits of noise in neural networks.
MeSH term(s)	Autistic Disorder/physiopathology ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1338513-6
ISSN	1461-7005 ; 1362-3613
ISSN (online)	1461-7005
ISSN	1362-3613
DOI	10.1177/1362361314552198
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Article ; Online: Attention neglects a stare-in-the-crowd: Unanticipated consequences of prediction-error coding.

Ramamoorthy, Nayantara / Parker, Maximilian / Plaisted-Grant, Kate / Muhl-Richardson, Alex / Davis, Greg

Cognition

2020 Volume 207, Page(s) 104519

Abstract: Direct gaze - someone looking at you - is an important and subjectively-salient stimulus. Its processing is thought to be enhanced by the brain's internalised predictions - priors - that effectively specify it as the most likely gaze direction. Current ... ...

Abstract	Direct gaze - someone looking at you - is an important and subjectively-salient stimulus. Its processing is thought to be enhanced by the brain's internalised predictions - priors - that effectively specify it as the most likely gaze direction. Current consensus holds that, befitting its presumed importance, direct gaze attracts attention more powerfully than other gazes. Conversely, some Predictive Coding (PC) models, in which exogenous attention is drawn to stimuli that violate predictions, may be construed as making the opposite claim - i.e., exogenous attention should be biased away from direct gaze (which conforms to internal predictions), toward averted gaze (which does not). Here, searching displays with salient, 'odd-one-out' gazes, we observed attentional bias (in rapid, initial saccades) toward averted gaze, as would be expected by PC models. However, this pattern obtained only when conditions highlighted gaze-uniqueness. We speculate that, in our experiments, task requirements determined how prediction influenced perception.
MeSH term(s)	Attention ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Mental Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104519
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Article ; Online: Enhanced detection of gaze toward an object: Sociocognitive influences on visual search.

Ramamoorthy, Nayantara / Jamieson, Oliver / Imaan, Nahiyan / Plaisted-Grant, Kate / Davis, Greg

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2020 Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 494–502

Abstract: Another person's gaze direction is a rich source of social information, especially eyes gazing toward prominent or relevant objects. To guide attention to these important stimuli, visual search mechanisms may incorporate sophisticated coding of eye-gaze ... ...

Abstract	Another person's gaze direction is a rich source of social information, especially eyes gazing toward prominent or relevant objects. To guide attention to these important stimuli, visual search mechanisms may incorporate sophisticated coding of eye-gaze and its spatial relationship to other objects. Alternatively, any guidance might reflect the action of simple perceptual 'templates' tuned to visual features of socially relevant objects, or intrinsic salience of direct-gazing eyes for human vision. Previous findings that direct gaze (toward oneself) is prioritised over averted gaze do not distinguish between these accounts. To resolve this issue, we compared search for eyes gazing toward a prominent object versus gazing away, finding more efficient search for eyes 'gazing toward' the object. This effect was most clearly seen in target-present trials when gaze was task-relevant. Visual search mechanisms appear to specify gazer-object relations, a computational building-block of theory of mind.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Eye ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Humans ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Social Perception ; Theory of Mind/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-020-01841-5
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Article ; Online: Executive functions are employed to process episodic and relational memories in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Maister, Lara / Simons, Jon S / Plaisted-Grant, Kate

Neuropsychology

2013 Volume 27, Issue 6, Page(s) 615–627

Abstract: Objective: Long-term memory functioning in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is marked by a characteristic pattern of impairments and strengths. Individuals with ASD show impairment in memory tasks that require the processing of relational and contextual ...

Abstract	Objective: Long-term memory functioning in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is marked by a characteristic pattern of impairments and strengths. Individuals with ASD show impairment in memory tasks that require the processing of relational and contextual information, but spared performance on tasks requiring more item-based, acontextual processing. Two experiments investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying this memory profile. Method: A sample of 14 children with a diagnosis of high-functioning ASD (age: M = 12.2 years), and a matched control group of 14 typically developing (TD) children (age: M = 12.1 years), participated in a range of behavioral memory tasks in which we measured both relational and item-based memory abilities. They also completed a battery of executive function measures. Results: The ASD group showed specific deficits in relational memory, but spared or superior performance in item-based memory, across all tasks. Importantly, for ASD children, executive ability was significantly correlated with relational memory but not with item-based memory. No such relationship was present in the control group. This suggests that children with ASD atypically employed effortful, executive strategies to retrieve relational (but not item-specific) information, whereas TD children appeared to use more automatic processes. Conclusions: The relational memory impairment in ASD may result from a specific impairment in automatic associative retrieval processes with an increased reliance on effortful and strategic retrieval processes. Our findings allow specific neural predictions to be made regarding the interactive functioning of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex in ASD as a neural network supporting relational memory processing.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Analysis of Variance ; Child ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/complications ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Executive Function/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory Disorders/etiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychometrics ; Statistics as Topic ; Verbal Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-11-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1042412-x
ISSN	1931-1559 ; 0894-4105
ISSN (online)	1931-1559
ISSN	0894-4105
DOI	10.1037/a0034492
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Article ; Online: Perception and apperception in autism: rejecting the inverse assumption.

Plaisted Grant, Kate / Davis, Greg

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2009 Volume 364, Issue 1522, Page(s) 1393–1398

Abstract: In addition to those with savant skills, many individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) show superior perceptual and attentional skills relative to the general population. These superior skills and savant abilities raise important theoretical ... ...

Abstract	In addition to those with savant skills, many individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) show superior perceptual and attentional skills relative to the general population. These superior skills and savant abilities raise important theoretical questions, including whether they develop as compensations for other underdeveloped cognitive mechanisms, and whether one skill is inversely related to another weakness via a common underlying neurocognitive mechanism. We discuss studies of perception and visual processing that show that this inverse hypothesis rarely holds true. Instead, they suggest that enhanced performance is not always accompanied by a complementary deficit and that there are undeniable difficulties in some aspects of perception that are not related to compensating strengths. Our discussion emphasizes the qualitative differences in perceptual processing revealed in these studies between individuals with and without ASCs. We argue that this research is important not only in furthering our understanding of the nature of the qualitative differences in perceptual processing in ASCs, but can also be used to highlight to society at large the exceptional skills and talent that individuals with ASCs are able to contribute in domains such as engineering, computing and mathematics that are highly valued in industry.
MeSH term(s)	Aptitude/physiology ; Autistic Disorder/physiopathology ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Cognition/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Pattern Recognition, Physiological ; Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-06-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2009.0001
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