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Article: Multimodal analysis of disinformation and misinformation.

Wilson, Anna / Wilkes, Seb / Teramoto, Yayoi / Hale, Scott

2023 Volume 10, Issue 12, Page(s) 230964

Abstract: The use of disinformation and misinformation campaigns in the media has attracted much attention from academics and policy-makers. Multimodal analysis or the analysis of two or more semiotic systems-language, gestures, images, sounds, among others-in ... ...

Abstract	The use of disinformation and misinformation campaigns in the media has attracted much attention from academics and policy-makers. Multimodal analysis or the analysis of two or more semiotic systems-language, gestures, images, sounds, among others-in their interrelation and interaction is essential to understanding dis-/misinformation efforts because most human communication goes beyond just words. There is a confluence of many disciplines (e.g. computer science, linguistics, political science, communication studies) that are developing methods and analytical models of multimodal communication. This literature review brings research strands from these disciplines together, providing a map of the multi- and interdisciplinary landscape for multimodal analysis of dis-/misinformation. It records the substantial growth starting from the second quarter of 2020-the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Western Europe-in the number of studies on multimodal dis-/misinformation coming from the field of computer science. The review examines that category of studies in more detail. Finally, the review identifies gaps in multimodal research on dis-/misinformation and suggests ways to bridge these gaps including future cross-disciplinary research directions. Our review provides scholars from different disciplines working on dis-/misinformation with a much needed bird's-eye view of the rapidly emerging research of multimodal dis-/misinformation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2787755-3
ISSN	2054-5703
ISSN	2054-5703
DOI	10.1098/rsos.230964
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Multimodal analysis of disinformation and misinformation

Anna Wilson / Seb Wilkes / Yayoi Teramoto / Scott Hale

Royal Society Open Science, Vol 10, Iss

2023 Volume 12

Abstract: The use of disinformation and misinformation campaigns in the media has attracted much attention from academics and policy-makers. Multimodal analysis or the analysis of two or more semiotic systems—language, gestures, images, sounds, among others—in ... ...

Abstract	The use of disinformation and misinformation campaigns in the media has attracted much attention from academics and policy-makers. Multimodal analysis or the analysis of two or more semiotic systems—language, gestures, images, sounds, among others—in their interrelation and interaction is essential to understanding dis-/misinformation efforts because most human communication goes beyond just words. There is a confluence of many disciplines (e.g. computer science, linguistics, political science, communication studies) that are developing methods and analytical models of multimodal communication. This literature review brings research strands from these disciplines together, providing a map of the multi- and interdisciplinary landscape for multimodal analysis of dis-/misinformation. It records the substantial growth starting from the second quarter of 2020—the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Western Europe—in the number of studies on multimodal dis-/misinformation coming from the field of computer science. The review examines that category of studies in more detail. Finally, the review identifies gaps in multimodal research on dis-/misinformation and suggests ways to bridge these gaps including future cross-disciplinary research directions. Our review provides scholars from different disciplines working on dis-/misinformation with a much needed bird's-eye view of the rapidly emerging research of multimodal dis-/misinformation.
Keywords	literature review ; multimodal dis-/misinformation ; qualitative analysis ; machine learning ; Science ; Q
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Royal Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The first consultation for low mood in general practice: what do patients find helpful?

Morgan, Ian / Dowrick, Chris / Macdonald, Sara / Wilkes, Scott / Watson, Stuart

Family practice

2023

Abstract: Background: Recent evidence suggests that the first consultation with a general practitioner (GP) for symptoms of depression may be more than just a vehicle for assessment and management planning (as current guidelines imply).: Objectives: To ... ...

Abstract	Background: Recent evidence suggests that the first consultation with a general practitioner (GP) for symptoms of depression may be more than just a vehicle for assessment and management planning (as current guidelines imply). Objectives: To identify what patients find helpful, or otherwise, in their first consultation for low mood with a GP. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire and interview study of patients with low mood who had recently consulted their GP, in the North of England. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the consultation, and a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), within 2 weeks. They were also invited to take part in a face-face interview with a researcher. Both sources of data were subjected to qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Thirty-seven questionnaires were returned; 5 interviews took place. The majority of participants felt better after consulting a GP for the first time for low mood. The factors most commonly cited as helpful were "being listened to" and "understanding or empathy from the GP." Others included "admitting the problem," "being reassured of normality," and "being provided with optimism or hope for change." The most commonly reported difficulty was the patients' struggle to express themselves. Patients often felt that GP follow-up was inadequate. Conclusions: These results suggest that the therapeutic benefit of the GP consultation is under-recognized in current guidelines. The results of our study will provide crucial information as to how such consultations can be tailored to improve patient satisfaction.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605939-9
ISSN	1460-2229 ; 0263-2136
ISSN (online)	1460-2229
ISSN	0263-2136
DOI	10.1093/fampra/cmad016
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Article: Assessing the cardiovascular effects of levothyroxine use in an ageing United Kingdom population (ACEL-UK) protocol: a cohort and target trial emulation study.

Holley, Mia / Razvi, Salman / Dew, Rosie / Maxwell, Ian / Wilkes, Scott

Thyroid research

2023 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 43

Abstract: Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism is diagnosed when serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels are higher whilst free thyroxine levels remain within their respective reference ranges. These reference ranges are uniformly applied in all adults, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism is diagnosed when serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels are higher whilst free thyroxine levels remain within their respective reference ranges. These reference ranges are uniformly applied in all adults, despite serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels naturally increasing with age. Research has found that mildly elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels may be associated with some benefits in ageing patients, including reduced mortality and better cardiorespiratory fitness. Levothyroxine is typically prescribed to patients with hypothyroidism, but no conclusive evidence exists on whether levothyroxine therapy is beneficial or detrimental in older subclinical hypothyroid patients. Despite this, prescriptions for levothyroxine are increasing year-on-year. This study aims to determine if receiving levothyroxine affects the cardiovascular and bone health outcomes of subclinical patients in primary care aged 50 years and over. Methods: This project includes a retrospective cohort analysis and a target trial emulation study using electronic patient records collected between 2006 and 2021 and recorded in The Health Improvement Network database. The primary outcome of this study is to compare the cardiovascular outcomes of subclinical hypothyroid patients aged over 50 years treated with levothyroxine compared to those untreated. Secondary outcomes are bone health and all-cause mortality outcomes. Descriptive and inferential statistics will both be employed to analyse the data. Secondary analysis will explore confounding factors, including age, sex, smoking status, body mass index, co-morbidities, and levothyroxine dosage. Discussion: There needs to be a greater understanding of the potential risks of the current treatment for older patients with subclinical hypothyroidism in a primary care setting. We will investigate the clinical importance of this issue and whether older subclinical hypothyroid patients have poorer outcomes when treated. Clarifying this concern may help address the healthcare resource implications of ageing patients being misclassified as having mild hypothyroidism, as these patients are more likely to repeat their blood tests. This could reduce prescription wastage and improve patient outcomes and quality of life in the ageing population. Trial registration: Not applicable.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2454440-1
ISSN	1756-6614
ISSN	1756-6614
DOI	10.1186/s13044-023-00186-0
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Article ; Online: Knowledge and barriers of out of hospital cardiac arrest bystander intervention and public access automated external defibrillator use in the Northeast of England: a cross-sectional survey study.

Dew, Rosie / Norton, Michael / Aitken-Fell, Paul / Blance, Phil / Miles, Steven / Potts, Sean / Wilkes, Scott

Internal and emergency medicine

2024

Abstract: Intervention by members of the public during an out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHAC) including resuscitation attempts and accessible automated external defibrillator (AED) has been shown to improve survival. This study aimed to investigate the OHCA and ... ...

Abstract	Intervention by members of the public during an out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHAC) including resuscitation attempts and accessible automated external defibrillator (AED) has been shown to improve survival. This study aimed to investigate the OHCA and AED knowledge and confidence, and barriers to intervention, of the public of North East England, UK. This study used a face-to-face cross-sectional survey on a public high street in Newcastle, UK. Participants were asked unprompted to explain what they would do when faced with an OHCA collapse. Chi-Square analysis was used to test the association of the independent variables sex and first aid trained on the participants' responses. Of the 421 participants recruited to our study, 82.9% (n = 349) reported that they would know what to do during an OHCA collapse. The most frequent OHCA action mentioned was call 999 (64.1%, n = 270/421) and 58.2% (n = 245/421) of participants reported that they would commence CPR. However, only 14.3% (n = 60/421) of participants spontaneously mentioned that they would locate an AED, while only 4.5% (n = 19/421) recounted that they would apply the AED. Just over half of participants (50.8%, n = 214/421) were first aid trained, with statistically more females (57.3%, n = 126/220) than males (43.9%, n = 87/198) being first aiders (p = 0.01 χ
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-04
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2454173-4
ISSN	1970-9366 ; 1828-0447
ISSN (online)	1970-9366
ISSN	1828-0447
DOI	10.1007/s11739-024-03549-z
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Article ; Online: Long-acting reversible contraception.

Wilkes, Scott

The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

2013 Volume 63, Issue 614, Page(s) 463

MeSH term(s)	Contraceptive Agents, Female ; Female ; Humans ; Intrauterine Devices, Medicated/statistics & numerical data ; Levonorgestrel ; Students/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Contraceptive Agents, Female ; Levonorgestrel (5W7SIA7YZW)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1043148-2
ISSN	1478-5242 ; 0035-8797 ; 0960-1643
ISSN (online)	1478-5242
ISSN	0035-8797 ; 0960-1643
DOI	10.3399/bjgp13X671560
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Article ; Online: NICE CG156: fertility update. What it means for general practitioners.

Wilkes, Scott

The journal of family planning and reproductive health care

2013 Volume 39, Issue 4, Page(s) 241–243

MeSH term(s)	Female ; General Practitioners ; Humans ; Infertility/etiology ; Infertility/therapy ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2113221-5
ISSN	2045-2098 ; 1471-1893
ISSN (online)	2045-2098
ISSN	1471-1893
DOI	10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100721
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Article ; Online: Multiple pregnancy rate in patients undergoing treatment with clomifene citrate for WHO group II ovulatory disorders: a systematic review.

Garthwaite, Heather / Stewart, Jane / Wilkes, Scott

Human fertility (Cambridge, England)

2021 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 618–624

Abstract: Clomifene citrate has long been associated with a multiple pregnancy rate of up to 8-10%. Studies from which these figures originated have largely included patients who received clomifene outside of current national and international treatment guidelines. ...

Abstract	Clomifene citrate has long been associated with a multiple pregnancy rate of up to 8-10%. Studies from which these figures originated have largely included patients who received clomifene outside of current national and international treatment guidelines. In January 2020, a systematic review of MEDLINE and relevant reference lists was conducted. Studies were included that reported multiple pregnancy rate in a cohort of patients undergoing treatment with single agent clomifene citrate for WHO group II dysovulatory subfertility. Twelve studies were included in the analysis, with a total sample size of 1,387 patients. The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 3.8% (3.6% twins/0.2% triplets); this dropped to 2.4% (all twins) when studies with a mean BMI ≥35kg/m
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Ovulation Induction/methods ; Infertility, Female/drug therapy ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications ; Clomiphene/therapeutic use ; Pregnancy Rate ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Citrates/therapeutic use ; World Health Organization ; Fertility Agents, Female/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Clomiphene (1HRS458QU2) ; Citrates ; Fertility Agents, Female
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2086960-5
ISSN	1742-8149 ; 1464-7273
ISSN (online)	1742-8149
ISSN	1464-7273
DOI	10.1080/14647273.2021.1872803
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Article ; Online: Influencing medication taking behaviors using automated two-way digital communication: A narrative synthesis systematic review informed by the Behavior Change Wheel.

Donovan, Gemma / Hall, Nicola / Ling, Jonathan / Smith, Felicity / Wilkes, Scott

British journal of health psychology

2022 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 861–890

Abstract: Purpose: Around half of prescribed medications for long-term conditions are not taken as directed. Automated two-way digital communication, such as text messaging and interactive voice response technology, could deliver interventions to improve ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Around half of prescribed medications for long-term conditions are not taken as directed. Automated two-way digital communication, such as text messaging and interactive voice response technology, could deliver interventions to improve medication adherence, and subsequently health. However, exploration of how such interventions may improve medication adherence is limited. This review aimed to explore how automated two-way digital communication can improve medication taking with or without using non-digital intervention components, such as phone calls with healthcare professionals. Methods: A theory-informed narrative synthesis systematic review. Several databases were searched including CINAHL, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science using key words relating to 'medication adherence' and digital communication technologies. The Behavior Change Technique (BCT) coding using the BCT Taxonomy V1 and the Behavior Change Wheel were used to identify BCTs delivered within the included interventions. Results: A total of 3,018 records were screened with 43 study reports included in the review. Four medication-taking behaviors: taking medication, obtaining medication, self-testing, and asking for support were identified as targets for behavior change within the included interventions. Most BCTs within the digital communication component aimed to increase motivation for medication adherence, with non-digital intervention components included to address other medication taking barriers, such as physical and psychological capability. Conclusion: Automated two-way digital communication can detect barriers to medication adherence by monitoring performance of the taking medication behavior. Monitoring outcomes from taking medication may increase reflective motivation to take medicines. Addressing physical opportunity to taking medication by facilitating the behavior obtaining medication may also increase adherence.
MeSH term(s)	Behavior Therapy/methods ; Communication ; Humans ; Medication Adherence ; Telephone ; Text Messaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2026500-1
ISSN	2044-8287 ; 1359-107X
ISSN (online)	2044-8287
ISSN	1359-107X
DOI	10.1111/bjhp.12580
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of the referral management systems (RMS) used by GP practices in Northumberland: a qualitative study.

Dew, Rosie / Wilkes, Scott

BMJ open

2019 Volume 9, Issue 7, Page(s) e028436

Abstract: Objective: Exploring the views of stakeholders to the referral management systems (RMS) used by GP practices in Northumberland, UK to evaluate its perceived effectiveness.: Design: This was an in-depth qualitative semi-structured interview study.: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Exploring the views of stakeholders to the referral management systems (RMS) used by GP practices in Northumberland, UK to evaluate its perceived effectiveness. Design: This was an in-depth qualitative semi-structured interview study. Participants and setting: 32 participants (GPs, hospital consultants, referral support, hospital managers, Clinical Commissioning Group manager) in the North East of England, UK. Method: Interviews using a grounded theory approach and thematic analysis. Results: The main benefit of RMS mentioned by participants was that it allowed for unnecessary referrals to be vetted by consultants, and helps ensure patients are sent to the correct clinic. Generally, the consultants in our study felt that RMS did not significantly help them reject referrals. Some GPs experienced that RMS undermined GP autonomy and did not help when they had exhausted their abilities to manage a patient in primary care, and it was suggested that in some cases RMS may delay rather than prevent a referral. The main perceived disadvantage of RMS was the additional workload for GPs and consultants, and RMS was felt to be a barrier to commutation between GPs and consultants. Frustration with the system design and lack of knowledge of its cost-effectiveness were articulated. Conclusion: Although RMS was reported to reduce some unnecessary referrals, the effect of referral delay and rejection is unknown. Although there were some positive attributes described, RMS was mostly received negatively by the stakeholders.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Colorectal Surgery ; Consultants ; England ; Female ; Gastroenterologists ; General Practice/methods ; General Practitioners ; Grounded Theory ; Hospital Administrators ; Humans ; Male ; Medical Overuse/prevention & control ; Middle Aged ; Orthopedic Surgeons ; Pulmonologists ; Qualitative Research ; Referral and Consultation/organization & administration ; Rheumatologists ; State Medicine ; Triage/organization & administration ; Workload
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028436
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