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  1. Article ; Online: Correlates of Protection for Cholera.

    Iyer, Anita S / Harris, Jason B

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2021  Volume 224, Issue 12 Suppl 2, Page(s) S732–S737

    Abstract: A correlate of protection (CoP) is a measured adaptive immune response to vaccination or infection that is associated with protection against disease. However, the degree to which a CoP can serve as a surrogate end point for vaccine efficacy should ... ...

    Abstract A correlate of protection (CoP) is a measured adaptive immune response to vaccination or infection that is associated with protection against disease. However, the degree to which a CoP can serve as a surrogate end point for vaccine efficacy should depend on the robustness of this association. While cholera toxin is a dominant target of the human antibody response to Vibrio cholerae infection, antitoxin responses are not associated with long-term immunity, and are not effective CoPs for cholera. Instead, protection appears to be mediated by functional antibodies that target the O-polysaccharide coated V. cholerae outer membrane. Vibriocidal antibodies, which are complement-dependent bactericidal antibodies, remain the most accepted CoP for cholera and are used as surrogate end points in some vaccine studies. However, the association between vibriocidal antibody titers and immunity is not absolute, and they are unlikely to reflect a mechanistic correlate of protection against cholera.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptive Immunity ; Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology ; Cholera/prevention & control ; Cholera Toxin/immunology ; Cholera Vaccines/adverse effects ; Cholera Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Vibrio cholerae/immunology ; Vibrio cholerae O1/immunology
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Bacterial ; Cholera Vaccines ; Cholera Toxin (9012-63-9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiab497
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea.

    Singh, Anita / Majmudar, Tanmay / Iyer, Adi / Iyer, Diya / Balasubramanian, Sriram

    Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

    2022  , Issue 188

    Abstract: ... relaxation behavior of porcine trachea that were pre-stretched to 0% or 10% strain for 300 s, followed ...

    Abstract The biomechanical properties of the trachea directly affect the airflow and contribute to the biological function of the respiratory system. Understanding these properties is critical to understanding the injury mechanism in this tissue. This protocol describes an experimental approach to study the stress-relaxation behavior of porcine trachea that were pre-stretched to 0% or 10% strain for 300 s, followed by mechanical tensile loading until failure. This study provides details of the experimental design, data acquisition, analyses, and preliminary results from the porcine tracheae biomechanical testing. Using the detailed steps provided in this protocol and the data analysis MATLAB code, future studies can investigate the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of trachea tissue, which is critical to understanding its biomechanical responses during physiological, pathological, and traumatic conditions. Furthermore, in-depth studies of the biomechanical behavior of the trachea will critically aid in improving the design of related medical devices such as endotracheal implants that are widely used during surgeries.
    MeSH term(s) Swine ; Animals ; Trachea/surgery ; Trachea/physiology ; Tensile Strength ; Stress, Mechanical ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Elasticity ; Viscosity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2259946-0
    ISSN 1940-087X ; 1940-087X
    ISSN (online) 1940-087X
    ISSN 1940-087X
    DOI 10.3791/64245
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Perianal Complications in Puerperium and Associated Risk Factors

    Iyer, Sriranjani / Jadhav, Sarojini / Kandi, Anita / Soyam, Suraj

    Journal of Coloproctology

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 02, Page(s) 93–98

    Abstract: Introduction: Puerperium is defined as the period of about 6 weeks after childbirth during which the mother's reproductive organs return to their original nonpregnant condition. Perianal problems, including constipation, hemorrhoids, and fissure, are ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Puerperium is defined as the period of about 6 weeks after childbirth during which the mother's reproductive organs return to their original nonpregnant condition. Perianal problems, including constipation, hemorrhoids, and fissure, are among the most common digestive complications among women in puerperium, observed in about 30 to 50 percent of women. Considering this great prevalence and the paucity of similar research in this aspect in an Indian population, the present study was done to assess the prevalence of perianal problems seen in puerperium and the risk factors associated with it.
    Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study done over the span of 3 years on 902 puerperal women. A self-structured questionnaire covered detailed history and per-rectal and proctoscopy examination. Patients were followed up telephonically for regression of perianal problems post management.
    Results: The total prevalence of all the perianal problems in puerperium encountered in the present study, out of 902 subjects, was 36.3% (327 subjects). The perianal problems encountered were fissure in 185 patients (20.5%) followed by hemorrhoids in 110 patients (12.2%), perianal episiotomy infections in 25 patients (2.8%), and perineal tears in 7 patients (0.8%). On comparative analysis, positive family history, macrosomia, past history of perianal diseases, and second stage of labour > 50 minutes showed a higher prevalence in the perianal disease group as compared with the healthy group. Out of these, positive family history of perianal diseases ( p  = 0.015) and past history of perianal diseases ( p  = 0.016) were statistically significant. The percentage of multipara with hemorrhoids was more when compared to primipara ( p  = 0.01), patients who had a past history of any perianal disease have a higher chance of hemorrhoids during puerperium ( p  = 0.00). Patients with constipation in pregnancy have higher chance of hemorrhoids in pregnancy ( p  = 0.00). Patients who had a past history of any perianal disease had higher chance of fissure during puerperium ( p  = 0.00). A total of 27.74% of the study subjects with macrosomic babies had fissure in their puerperal period which on comparison with patients with non macrosomic babies was only 19.22%, which was statistically significant ( p  = 0.02).
    Conclusion: Constipation, hemorrhoids, and anal fissures are the most common perianal problems in postpartum period causing significant reduction in the quality of life of those afflicted with them.
    Keywords puerperium ; constipation ; haemorrhoids ; anal fissures
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01
    Publisher Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
    Publishing place Stuttgart ; New York
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2664477-0
    ISSN 2317-6423 ; 2237-9363 ; 2317-6423
    ISSN (online) 2317-6423
    ISSN 2237-9363 ; 2317-6423
    DOI 10.1055/s-0043-1769488
    Database Thieme publisher's database

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  4. Article ; Online: No Benefit to Delaying Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination in HIV-Positive Adults.

    Leggat, David J / Iyer, Anita S / Westerink, M A Julie

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2015  Volume 212, Issue 11, Page(s) 1851–1852

    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/adverse effects ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine ; Pneumococcal Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-12-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiv349
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Book ; Online: A Survey of Machine Learning Algorithms for 6G Wireless Networks

    Patil, Anita / Iyer, Sridhar / Pandya, Rahul Jashvantbhai

    2022  

    Abstract: The primary focus of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) integration within the wireless technology is to reduce capital expenditures, optimize network performance, and build new revenue streams. Replacing traditional algorithms with deep ... ...

    Abstract The primary focus of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) integration within the wireless technology is to reduce capital expenditures, optimize network performance, and build new revenue streams. Replacing traditional algorithms with deep learning AI techniques have dramatically reduced the power consumption and improved the system performance. Further, implementation of ML algorithms also enables the wireless network service providers to (i) offer high automation levels from distributed AI/ML architectures applicable at the network edge, (ii) implement application-based traffic steering across the access networks, (iii) enable dynamic network slicing for addressing different scenarios with varying quality of service requirements, and (iv) enable ubiquitous connectivity across the various 6G communication platforms. In this chapter, we review/survey the ML techniques which are applicable to the 6G wireless networks. and also list the open problems of research which require timely solutions.
    Keywords Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture
    Subject code 000
    Publishing date 2022-03-16
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Squamous cell carcinoma found in the mesorectum: an extremely rare pathology.

    Mahin, Humaira H / Iyer, Anita / Putnis, Soni

    ANZ journal of surgery

    2020  Volume 90, Issue 9, Page(s) 1789–1790

    MeSH term(s) Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery ; Humans ; Mesocolon ; Rectal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Rectal Neoplasms/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-07
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2050749-5
    ISSN 1445-2197 ; 1445-1433 ; 0004-8682
    ISSN (online) 1445-2197
    ISSN 1445-1433 ; 0004-8682
    DOI 10.1111/ans.15654
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Rasmussen's encephalitis: Imaging spectrum on simultaneous FDG-PET and MRI imaging correlation.

    Vivek S, Murumkar / Kulanthaivelu, Karthik / Nagaraj, Chandana / Raghavendra, K / Mhatre, Radhika / Mundlamuri, Ravindra / Asranna, Ajay / Mangalore, Sandhya / Iyer, Vishwantha / Mahadevan, Anita / Bharath, Rose Dawn / Saini, Jitender / Sadashiva, Nishanth / Rao, Malla Bhaskara / Arivazhagan, A / Sinha, Sanjib

    Clinical imaging

    2022  Volume 85, Page(s) 48–54

    Abstract: Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare, chronic, idiopathic, progressive, inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease process and typically seen in pediatric cohort. Although primarily a disease affecting children, adult cases with RE have also been reported. ...

    Abstract Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare, chronic, idiopathic, progressive, inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease process and typically seen in pediatric cohort. Although primarily a disease affecting children, adult cases with RE have also been reported. It manifests as drug refractory epilepsia partialis continua (EPC). Immunomodulation, although delays progression of disease, seldom influences outcome. Imaging is crucial for early diagnosis, and monitoring disease progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is mainstay of imaging with nuclear imaging being a complimentary tool for diagnosing RE. Typical imaging features of RE on MRI are hemispherical atrophy, caudate nucleus atrophy, ex vacuo dilatation of the ventricular system and sulci. We review 5 cases of RE who fulfilled diagnostic criteria proposed by Bien et al. in 2005. One patient had typical imaging pattern of RE while other four patients had atypical imaging features of RE on PET-MRI.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Atrophy ; Child ; Encephalitis/diagnostic imaging ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Neurodegenerative Diseases
    Chemical Substances Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 (0Z5B2CJX4D)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1028123-x
    ISSN 1873-4499 ; 0899-7071
    ISSN (online) 1873-4499
    ISSN 0899-7071
    DOI 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.02.006
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Predicting Vibrio cholerae infection and symptomatic disease: a systems serology study.

    Wiens, Kirsten E / Iyer, Anita S / Bhuiyan, Taufiqur R / Lu, Lenette L / Cizmeci, Deniz / Gorman, Matthew J / Yuan, Dansu / Becker, Rachel L / Ryan, Edward T / Calderwood, Stephen B / LaRocque, Regina C / Chowdhury, Fahima / Khan, Ashraful I / Levine, Myron M / Chen, Wilbur H / Charles, Richelle C / Azman, Andrew S / Qadri, Firdausi / Alter, Galit /
    Harris, Jason B

    The Lancet. Microbe

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) e228–e235

    Abstract: Background: Vibriocidal antibodies are currently the best characterised correlate of protection against cholera and are used to gauge immunogenicity in vaccine trials. Although other circulating antibody responses have been associated with a decreased ... ...

    Abstract Background: Vibriocidal antibodies are currently the best characterised correlate of protection against cholera and are used to gauge immunogenicity in vaccine trials. Although other circulating antibody responses have been associated with a decreased risk of infection, the correlates of protection against cholera have not been comprehensively compared. We aimed to analyse antibody-mediated correlates of protection from both V cholerae infection and cholera-related diarrhoea.
    Methods: We conducted a systems serology study that analysed 58 serum antibody biomarkers as correlates of protection against V cholerae O1 infection or diarrhoea. We used serum samples from two cohorts: household contacts of people with confirmed cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and cholera-naive volunteers who were recruited at three centres in the USA, vaccinated with a single dose of CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine, and then challenged with V cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain N16961. We measured antigen-specific immunoglobulin responses against antigens using a customised Luminex assay and used conditional random forest models to examine which baseline biomarkers were most important for classifying individuals who went on to develop infection versus those who remained uninfected or asymptomatic. V cholerae infection was defined as having a positive stool culture result on days 2-7 or day 30 after enrolment of the household's index cholera case and, in the vaccine challenge cohort, was the development of symptomatic diarrhoea (defined as two or more loose stools of ≥200 mL each, or a single loose stool of ≥300 mL over a 48-h period).
    Findings: In the household contact cohort (261 participants from 180 households), 20 (34%) of the 58 studied biomarkers were associated with protection against V cholerae infection. We identified serum antibody-dependent complement deposition targeting the O1 antigen as the most predictive correlate of protection from infection in the household contacts, whereas vibriocidal antibody titres ranked lower. A five-biomarker model predicted protection from V cholerae infection with a cross-validated area under the curve (cvAUC) of 79% (95% CI 73-85). This model also predicted protection against diarrhoea in unvaccinated volunteers challenged with V cholerae O1 after vaccination (n=67; area under the curve [AUC] 77%, 95% CI 64-90). Although a different five-biomarker model best predicted protection from the development of cholera diarrhoea in the challenged vaccinees (cvAUC 78%, 95% CI 66-91), this model did poorly at predicting protection against infection in the household contacts (AUC 60%, 52-67).
    Interpretation: Several biomarkers predict protection better than vibriocidal titres. A model based on protection against infection among household contacts was predictive of protection against both infection and diarrhoeal illness in challenged vaccinees, suggesting that models based on observed conditions in a cholera-endemic population might be more likely to identify broadly applicable correlates of protection than models trained on single experimental settings.
    Funding: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Cholera/epidemiology ; Cholera/prevention & control ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Vibrio cholerae ; Diarrhea/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Bacterial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2666-5247
    ISSN (online) 2666-5247
    DOI 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00391-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Age-related immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination: lessons for the clinic.

    Iyer, Anita S / Ohtola, Jennifer A / Westerink, M A Julie

    Expert review of vaccines

    2014  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 85–97

    Abstract: Due to distinct immunological limitations, both infants and elderly individuals are highly susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Routine immunization of children with the conjugate vaccine over the past decade has substantially reduced incidence of ... ...

    Abstract Due to distinct immunological limitations, both infants and elderly individuals are highly susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Routine immunization of children with the conjugate vaccine over the past decade has substantially reduced incidence of vaccine-serotype related invasive pneumococcal disease in both vaccinated and unvaccinated persons of all ages. However, disease burden remains high in the elderly despite the effects of herd protection and recommended use of polysaccharide vaccine in this population for over 30 years. An increase in drug resistance and incidence of infections caused by non-vaccine serotypes emphasize the need to improve current vaccination strategies. Recent efforts to identify age-associated defects in vaccine response and the use of conjugate vaccine and potential alternatives in adults are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Age Factors ; Humans ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology ; Vaccination/methods
    Chemical Substances Pneumococcal Vaccines ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2181284-6
    ISSN 1744-8395 ; 1476-0584
    ISSN (online) 1744-8395
    ISSN 1476-0584
    DOI 10.1586/14760584.2015.963058
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells possess capacity for B cell help.

    Bennett, Michael S / Trivedi, Shubhanshi / Iyer, Anita S / Hale, J Scott / Leung, Daniel T

    Journal of leukocyte biology

    2017  Volume 102, Issue 5, Page(s) 1261–1269

    Abstract: Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset, restricted by the nonclassic MHC class I-related protein MR1 and enriched at mucosal sites. Human studies have shown an association between MAIT cells and pathogen-specific ... ...

    Abstract Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset, restricted by the nonclassic MHC class I-related protein MR1 and enriched at mucosal sites. Human studies have shown an association between MAIT cells and pathogen-specific antibody responses. In this study, we investigate the effect of human MAIT cells on B cells ex vivo. We found that supernatants from microbe- or cytokine-stimulated MAIT cells, when added to purified autologous B cells, increase frequencies of plasmablasts and promote IgA, IgG, and IgM production. We found effects to be mostly MR1-dependent and that the increases in plasmablasts are likely a result of increased differentiation from memory B cells. Furthermore, microbe-activated MAIT cell supernatant contains multiple cytokines known to stimulate B cells, including IL-6, -10, and -21. This study thus provides the first direct evidence of a newly identified role of MAIT cells in providing help to B cells.
    MeSH term(s) B-Lymphocytes/cytology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Communication/immunology ; Cell Separation ; Coculture Techniques ; Escherichia coli/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/immunology ; Formaldehyde/chemistry ; Formaldehyde/toxicity ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis ; Immunologic Memory ; Interferon-gamma/genetics ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Interleukin-10/genetics ; Interleukin-10/immunology ; Interleukin-6/genetics ; Interleukin-6/immunology ; Interleukins/genetics ; Interleukins/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology ; Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/cytology ; Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology ; Polymers/chemistry ; Polymers/toxicity ; Primary Cell Culture ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
    Chemical Substances Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ; IL10 protein, human ; IL6 protein, human ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; MR1 protein, human ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens ; Polymers ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; interleukin-21 ; Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Formaldehyde (1HG84L3525) ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; paraform (Y19UC83H8E)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-08-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 605722-6
    ISSN 1938-3673 ; 0741-5400
    ISSN (online) 1938-3673
    ISSN 0741-5400
    DOI 10.1189/jlb.4A0317-116R
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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