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Article ; Online: Seasonal Variation and Association of Heavy Metals in the Vital Organs of Edible Fishes from the River Jhelum in Punjab, Pakistan.

Inayat, Iram / Batool, Aima Iram / Rehman, Muhammad Fayyaz Ur / Ahmad, Khawaja Raees / Kanwal, Muhammad Ali / Ali, Rabiyah / Khalid, Rameen / Habib, Syed Sikandar

Biological trace element research

2023 Volume 202, Issue 3, Page(s) 1203–1211

Abstract: ... collected from four different sites, i.e., Khushab, Muhammad Wala (M. Wala), 8.R.D and Rasool barrage during ...

Abstract	The toxic effects of heavy metals are drastic, including accumulation. Fish species are important bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution in aquatic bodies. The current study aimed to assess the seasonal variation of heavy metals in the vital organs of mostly consumed fishes in River Jhelum, Pakistan. Samples of fish, including Wallago attu (Malhi), Rita rita (Khagga), and Mystus seenghala (Singhari), were collected from four different sites, i.e., Khushab, Muhammad Wala (M. Wala), 8.R.D and Rasool barrage during summer and winter seasons. Heavy metals such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd) were estimated through acid digestion and spectrometric analysis. Results showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) amount of these metals in the liver, followed by the kidneys of fish species. There were seasonal variations in the absorption of these metals as well. Cr (11.71) and Fe (58.66) were detected in higher amounts in Khagga which showed the greatest affinity for certain metals in some cases. In contrast, Singhari showed the greatest affinity to other metals in other cases. Comparative analysis revealed that there was a highly significant (P < 0.05) difference for the accumulation of almost all metals in both seasons and summer had the highest concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr and Fe as compared to winter in all four sampling stations in the case of kidney and liver of all the three fishes. Elevated levels of heavy metals were detected in the summer due to increased temperature. Heavy metals found in the River Jhelum may demonstrate that metals can significantly affect the fish species.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Seasons ; Cadmium/analysis ; Pakistan ; Rivers/chemistry ; Lead/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Chromium/analysis ; Fishes ; Catfishes ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
Chemical Substances	Cadmium (00BH33GNGH) ; Lead (2P299V784P) ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Metals, Heavy ; Chromium (0R0008Q3JB)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	445336-0
ISSN	1559-0720 ; 0163-4984
ISSN (online)	1559-0720
ISSN	0163-4984
DOI	10.1007/s12011-023-03730-z
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Article ; Online: Mitochondrial COI based molecular identification of harvester termite, Anacanthotermes ochraceus (Burmeister, 1839) in Riyadh Region, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Mureed Husain / Khawaja G. Rasool / Mostafa R. Sharaf / Muhammad Tufail / Koko D. Sutanto / Waleed S. Al-Waneen / Abdulrahman S. Aldawood

Journal of King Saud University: Science, Vol 35, Iss 6, Pp 102782- (2023)

2023

Abstract: Objective: Termites are well known for being the most destructive pests of household commodities as well as agricultural crops around the globe. The termite fauna (Isoptera) has about 2650 described species worldwide. Several species are the pests of ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Termites are well known for being the most destructive pests of household commodities as well as agricultural crops around the globe. The termite fauna (Isoptera) has about 2650 described species worldwide. Several species are the pests of crops and cause damage to wood structures. Methods: In the present study, 29 specimens of termites collected from different localities of the Riyadh region were identified using mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. COI gene was PCR amplified using universal primers (LCO 1490 and HCO 2198). MEGA7 software was used for phylogenetic tree construction which showed that all 29 specimens grouped together in a single clade indicated close relatedness of all specimens. Results: All the obtained sequences were submitted into Genbank database and accession numbers were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all specimens of present research grouped together into a single monophyletic clade, were confirmed to be highly closely related to one another, and proved to be members of the same species. Pairwise nucleotide sequence divergence analysis showed that there was less divergence among all specimens ranging from 0% to 7.8%. Sequence analysis revealed the confirmed precise identification of 29 samples of Anacanthotermes ochraceus with COI barcode analysis. Conclusions: Molecular data analysis has confirmed morphological identification of all 29 studied samples of A. ochraceus. However, this technology offers strong support for identification of cryptic species which are difficult to identify on the basis of morphological features. Further studies of complete mitogenome can be helpful for accurate identification of termites at species level.
Keywords	Isoptera ; Blattodea ; DNA barcoding ; Anacanthotermes ochraceus ; Riyadh ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Exploring the typology of decision-makers, institutions, and incentives that shape health decisions in Pakistan and insulate decision makers from citizens feedback.

Khan, Adnan A / Khan, Romesa / Khawaja, Zainab / Ibrahim, Muhammad / Shaheen, Zarnab / Khan, Ayesha

Frontiers in public health

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 1253798

Abstract: Introduction: In developing countries such as Pakistan, program and policies underperform in providing public good as weak institutions lead to decisions that are unresponsive to citizens and are driven by personal motivations of the incumbents. We ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In developing countries such as Pakistan, program and policies underperform in providing public good as weak institutions lead to decisions that are unresponsive to citizens and are driven by personal motivations of the incumbents. We describe the decision-making processes in the health sector through the framework of "Public Choice" theory which posits how individual motives shape institutional performance and direction. Methods: We conducted 84 qualitative interviews with five types of stakeholders: politicians, senior and mid-level bureaucrats, donors, public health experts and media personnel spanning 2 periods over a decade. The initial interviews were conducted during 2013-2015 period and a case study on decision-making during the COVID-19 response was added in 2020-2022 period. Findings: Most new ideas originate from top political leadership, guided by personal agendas or political expediency. Senior bureaucrats implement politicians' agenda and mid-level officials maintain the status quo and follow established "authority." Since officials' performance, promotions, transfers, and the rare dismissals are based on tenure deviations rather than work performance, individuals and institutions are reluctant to take initiative without "consensus" among their colleagues often leading to inaction or delays that obviate initiative and reform. The public sector lacks institutional memory, formal information gathering, and citizen engagement, impacting public goods, health services, and policies. Media and donor personnel are important influencers. However, media mostly report only "hot issues" in health, with short publication and reader attention cycles. Donor personnel are the most likely to follow evidence for decision making, albeit while following their institutional priorities determined centrally. The COVID-19 response is presented as a contrast from usual practices, where evidence was used to guide decisions, as the pandemic was perceived as a national threat by the highest leadership. Conclusion: Absence of citizen feedback and formal systems for evidence gathering and processing leads to decisions that neglect the needs of those they serve, prioritizing personal or political gains and perpetuating the status quo. However, the COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the importance of evidence-based decision-making and offers valuable lessons for reforming decision-making processes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Motivation ; Feedback ; Pakistan ; Pandemics ; Decision Making ; COVID-19/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2023.1253798
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Article ; Online: Uninterrupted versus interrupted direct oral anticoagulation for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Asad, Zain Ul Abideen / Akhtar, Khawaja H / Jafry, Ali H / Khan, Muhammad Haris / Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb / Munir, Muhammad Bilal / Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya R / Gopinathannair, Rakesh

Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology

2021 Volume 32, Issue 7, Page(s) 1995–2004

Abstract: Introduction: To evaluate the safety of uninterrupted versus interrupted direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC) for patients undergoing catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF).: Methods: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: To evaluate the safety of uninterrupted versus interrupted direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC) for patients undergoing catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies comparing uninterrupted versus interrupted DOAC for patients undergoing CA of AF. Primary outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included minor bleeding, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) or thromboembolism (TE), silent cerebral ischemic events, and cardiac tamponade. Meta-analysis was stratified by study design. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random effects model and Mantel-Haenszel method was used to pool RR. Results: A total of 13 studies (7 randomized, 6 observational) comprising 3595 patients were included. The RCT restricted analysis did not show any difference in terms of major bleeding (risk ratio [RR] = 0.79; [0.35-1.79]), minor bleeding (RR = 0.99 [0.68-1.43]), stroke or TIA or TE (RR = 0.80 [0.19-3.32]), silent cerebral ischemic events (RR = 0.64 [0.32-1.28]), and cardiac tamponade (RR = 0.61 [0.20-1.92]). Observational study restricted analysis showed a protective effect of uninterrupted DOAC on silent cerebral ischemic events (RR = 0.45 [0.31-0.67]) and no difference in other outcomes. Conclusions: There is no difference in bleeding and thromboembolic outcomes with uninterrupted versus interrupted DOAC for CA of AF and observational data suggests that uninterrupted DOACs are protective against silent cerebral ischemic lesions.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Anticoagulants/adverse effects ; Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis ; Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy ; Atrial Fibrillation/surgery ; Catheter Ablation/adverse effects ; Humans ; Observational Studies as Topic ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk Factors
Chemical Substances	Anticoagulants
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	1025989-2
ISSN	1540-8167 ; 1045-3873
ISSN (online)	1540-8167
ISSN	1045-3873
DOI	10.1111/jce.15043
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Article: Multivariate Investigation of Toxic and Essential Metals in the Serum from Various Types and Stages of Colorectal Cancer Patients

Mahmood, Mian H. R. / Qayyum, Muhammad Abdul / Yaseen, Farhan / Farooq, Tahir / Farooq, Zahid / Yaseen, Muhammad / Irfan, Ahmad / Muddassir, Khawaja / Zafar, Muhammad Nadeem / Qamar, Muhammad Tariq / Abbasi, Arshad Mehmood / Liu, Hai-Yang

Biological trace element research. 2022 Jan., v. 200, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms, ranking 3rd in incidence and 2nd in mortality both in the USA and across the world. The pathogenesis of CRC is a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and ... ...

Abstract	Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms, ranking 3rd in incidence and 2nd in mortality both in the USA and across the world. The pathogenesis of CRC is a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors such as exposure to metals. Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the imbalances in the concentrations of selected essential/toxic elements (Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Se, Ni, and Hg) in the serum of newly diagnosed colorectal carcinoma patients (n = 165) in comparison with counterpart controls (n = 151) by atomic absorption spectrometry after wet-acid digestion method. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of the CRC patients was determined using immunoradiometric method. Body mass index (BMI) which is an established risk factor for CRC was also calculated for patients and healthy controls. Conversely, average Ni (2.721 μg/g), Cd (0.563 μg/g), As (0.539 μg/g), and Pb (1.273 μg/g) levels were significantly elevated in the serum of CRC patients compared to the healthy donors, while the average Se (7.052 μg/g), Fe (15.67 μg/g), Cu (2.033 μg/g), and Zn (8.059 μg/g) concentrations were elevated in controls. The correlation coefficients between the elements in the cancerous patients demonstrated significantly dissimilar communal relationships compared with the healthy subjects. Significant differences in the elemental levels were also showed for CRC types (primary colorectal lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and adenocarcinoma) and CRC stages (stage-I, stage-II, stage-III, and stage-IV) among the patients. Majority of the elements demonstrated perceptible disparities in their levels based on dietary, habitat, gender, and smoking habits of the malignant patients and healthy subjects. Multivariate methods revealed noticeably divergent apportionment among the toxic/essential elements in the cancerous patients than the healthy counterparts. Overall, the study showed significantly divergent distribution and associations of the essential and toxic elemental levels in the serum of the CRC patients in comparison with the healthy donors.
Keywords	adenocarcinoma ; antigens ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; blood serum ; body mass index ; colorectal neoplasms ; digestion ; gastrointestinal neoplasms ; gender ; habitats ; lymphoma ; mortality ; pathogenesis ; research ; risk factors ; toxicity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Size	p. 31-48.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	445336-0
ISSN	1559-0720 ; 0163-4984
ISSN (online)	1559-0720
ISSN	0163-4984
DOI	10.1007/s12011-021-02632-2
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Article ; Online: Taxonomy and distribution of termite fauna (Isoptera) in Riyadh Province, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with an updated list of termite species on the Arabian Peninsula

Mostafa R. Sharaf / Mureed Husain / Khawaja Ghulam Rasool / Muhammad Tufail / Abdulrahman S. Aldawood

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol 28, Iss 12, Pp 6795-

2021 Volume 6802

Abstract: The present study shows an updated synoptic list of the 30 known Isoptera of the Arabian Peninsula which are classified under four families and nine genera. Twenty-seven species are hitherto known from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The present ... ...

Abstract	The present study shows an updated synoptic list of the 30 known Isoptera of the Arabian Peninsula which are classified under four families and nine genera. Twenty-seven species are hitherto known from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The present inventory of the termites of Riyadh Province (KSA) indicated three species, Anacanthotermes ochraceous (Burmeister 1839), Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux, 1902 and a rare species, Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann 1902). We present an illustrated key to species based on the soldier caste. Anacanthotermes ochraceous, and P. hypostoma are widely distributed Palearctic species whereas C. heimi seems rare and is a new record for KSA. Distribution maps for the three species are provided based on recently collected material and literature records and remarks on species habitat preference are given.
Keywords	Anacanthotermes ochraceous ; Arabian Peninsula ; Blattodea ; Key ; New record ; Psammotermes hypostoma ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Taxonomy and distribution of termite fauna (Isoptera) in Riyadh Province, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with an updated list of termite species on the Arabian Peninsula.

Sharaf, Mostafa R / Husain, Mureed / Rasool, Khawaja Ghulam / Tufail, Muhammad / Aldawood, Abdulrahman S

Saudi journal of biological sciences

2021 Volume 28, Issue 12, Page(s) 6795–6802

Abstract	The present study shows an updated synoptic list of the 30 known Isoptera of the Arabian Peninsula which are classified under four families and nine genera. Twenty-seven species are hitherto known from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The present inventory of the termites of Riyadh Province (KSA) indicated three species,
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-24
Publishing country	Saudi Arabia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2515206-3
ISSN	2213-7106 ; 1319-562X
ISSN (online)	2213-7106
ISSN	1319-562X
DOI	10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.055
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Article ; Online: Prevalence and Predictors of Readmissions Among Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter.

Almani, Muhammad Usman / Talha, Khawaja Muhammad / Khan, Laibah Arhsad / Hameed, Ishaque / Asad, Zain Ul Abideen / Fudim, Marat / Krasuski, Richard / Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb

The American journal of cardiology

2024

Abstract: Atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) is the most common dysrhythmia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction are integral components of HCM pathology ... ...

Abstract	Atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) is the most common dysrhythmia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction are integral components of HCM pathology which can cause increased left atrial pressure and atrial myopathy contributing to the substrate for AF. Our aim was to determine the impact of AF on hospital readmissions in patients with HCM. We conducted a retrospective analysis using the 2015 - 2019 Nationwide Readmission Database to analyze the effect of AF on 30-day readmission and causes of 30-day readmission in patients with HCM. We also determined the hospital, patient and procedure-specific independent predictors of readmission in patients with HCM and AF. Among 191,235 index HCM hospitalizations, 81,390 (42.6%) had a secondary diagnosis of AF. A total of 16.9% patients with HCM and AF were readmitted within 30 days as compared with 14% of HCM patients without AF. The presence of AF was independently associated with a higher risk of all-cause 30-day readmission (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.17 - 1.25, p < 0.001). The foremost etiology of 30-day readmission in HCM patients with AF was hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease with heart failure, whereas, foremost etiology of 30-day readmission in HCM patients without AF was sepsis. Interventions aimed towards AF management (electrical cardioversion: aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82 - 1.01. p = 0.074, AF ablation: HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.74 - 1.13, p = 0.409, Watchman procedure: HR 1.50, 95% CI 0.16 - 14.6, p = 0.725) during index admission did not significantly impact the 30-day readmission in HCM patients with AF. Myectomy during index hospitalization (aHR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34 - 0.86, p = 0.010) was most strongly associated with a lower risk of 30-day readmission in HCM patients with AF. In conclusion, among patients hospitalized for HCM, presence of AF was associated with excess risk of 30-day all-cause readmission. Interventions aimed towards HCM management i.e. myectomy rather than interventions aimed towards AF management predicted lower readmission rate in this patient population.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80014-4
ISSN	1879-1913 ; 0002-9149
ISSN (online)	1879-1913
ISSN	0002-9149
DOI	10.1016/j.amjcard.2024.04.009
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Article ; Online: EEG-based emotion charting for Parkinson's disease patients using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks and cross dataset learning.

Dar, Muhammad Najam / Akram, Muhammad Usman / Yuvaraj, Rajamanickam / Gul Khawaja, Sajid / Murugappan, M

Computers in biology and medicine

2022 Volume 144, Page(s) 105327

Abstract: Electroencephalogram (EEG) based emotion classification reflects the actual and intrinsic emotional state, resulting in more reliable, natural, and meaningful human-computer interaction with applications in entertainment consumption behavior, interactive ...

Abstract	Electroencephalogram (EEG) based emotion classification reflects the actual and intrinsic emotional state, resulting in more reliable, natural, and meaningful human-computer interaction with applications in entertainment consumption behavior, interactive brain-computer interface, and monitoring of psychological health of patients in the domain of e-healthcare. Challenges of EEG-based emotion recognition in real-world applications are variations among experimental settings and cognitive health conditions. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, resulting in impaired recognition and expression of emotions. The deficit of emotional expression poses challenges for the healthcare services provided to PD patients. This study proposes 1D-CRNN-ELM architecture, which combines one-dimensional Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (1D-CRNN) with an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), robust for the emotion detection of PD patients, also available for cross dataset learning with various emotions and experimental settings. In the proposed framework, after EEG preprocessing, the trained CRNN can use as a feature extractor with ELM as the classifier, and again this trained CRNN can be used for learning of new emotions set with fine-tuning of other datasets. This paper also applied cross dataset learning of emotions by training with PD patients datasets and fine-tuning with publicly available datasets of AMIGOS and SEED-IV, and vice versa. Random splitting of train and test data with 80 - 20 ratio resulted in an accuracy of 97.75% for AMIGOS, 83.20% for PD, and 86.00% for HC with six basic emotion classes. Fine-tuning of trained architecture with four emotions of the SEED-IV dataset results in 92.5% accuracy. To validate the generalization of our results, leave one subject (patient) out cross-validation is also incorporated with mean accuracies of 95.84% for AMIGOS, 75.09% for PD, 77.85% for HC, and 84.97% for SEED-IV is achieved. Only a 1 - sec segment of EEG signal from 14 channels is enough to detect emotions with this performance. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art studies to classify EEG-based emotions with publicly available datasets, provide cross dataset learning, and validate the robustness of the deep learning framework for real-world application of psychological healthcare monitoring of Parkinson's disease patients.
MeSH term(s)	Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Electroencephalography ; Emotions ; Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Parkinson Disease
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	127557-4
ISSN	1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
ISSN (online)	1879-0534
ISSN	0010-4825
DOI	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105327
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Article ; Online: Multivariate Investigation of Toxic and Essential Metals in the Serum from Various Types and Stages of Colorectal Cancer Patients.

Mahmood, Mian H R / Qayyum, Muhammad Abdul / Yaseen, Farhan / Farooq, Tahir / Farooq, Zahid / Yaseen, Muhammad / Irfan, Ahmad / Muddassir, Khawaja / Zafar, Muhammad Nadeem / Qamar, Muhammad Tariq / Abbasi, Arshad Mehmood / Liu, Hai-Yang

Biological trace element research

2021 Volume 200, Issue 1, Page(s) 31–48

Abstract	Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms, ranking 3rd in incidence and 2nd in mortality both in the USA and across the world. The pathogenesis of CRC is a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors such as exposure to metals. Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the imbalances in the concentrations of selected essential/toxic elements (Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Se, Ni, and Hg) in the serum of newly diagnosed colorectal carcinoma patients (n = 165) in comparison with counterpart controls (n = 151) by atomic absorption spectrometry after wet-acid digestion method. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of the CRC patients was determined using immunoradiometric method. Body mass index (BMI) which is an established risk factor for CRC was also calculated for patients and healthy controls. Conversely, average Ni (2.721 μg/g), Cd (0.563 μg/g), As (0.539 μg/g), and Pb (1.273 μg/g) levels were significantly elevated in the serum of CRC patients compared to the healthy donors, while the average Se (7.052 μg/g), Fe (15.67 μg/g), Cu (2.033 μg/g), and Zn (8.059 μg/g) concentrations were elevated in controls. The correlation coefficients between the elements in the cancerous patients demonstrated significantly dissimilar communal relationships compared with the healthy subjects. Significant differences in the elemental levels were also showed for CRC types (primary colorectal lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and adenocarcinoma) and CRC stages (stage-I, stage-II, stage-III, and stage-IV) among the patients. Majority of the elements demonstrated perceptible disparities in their levels based on dietary, habitat, gender, and smoking habits of the malignant patients and healthy subjects. Multivariate methods revealed noticeably divergent apportionment among the toxic/essential elements in the cancerous patients than the healthy counterparts. Overall, the study showed significantly divergent distribution and associations of the essential and toxic elemental levels in the serum of the CRC patients in comparison with the healthy donors.
MeSH term(s)	Colorectal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Metals ; Smoking ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Trace Elements/analysis
Chemical Substances	Metals ; Trace Elements
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	445336-0
ISSN	1559-0720 ; 0163-4984
ISSN (online)	1559-0720
ISSN	0163-4984
DOI	10.1007/s12011-021-02632-2
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