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  1. Article ; Online: Sexual harassment and implicit gender-career biases negatively impact women's life expectancy in the US: a state-level analysis, 2011-2019.

    Cunningham, George B / Wicker, Pamela

    BMC public health

    2024  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 1115

    Abstract: Background: Despite some gains, women continue to have less access to work and poorer experiences in the workplace, relative to men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among women's life expectancy and two work-related factors, ... ...

    Abstract Background: Despite some gains, women continue to have less access to work and poorer experiences in the workplace, relative to men. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among women's life expectancy and two work-related factors, sexual harassment and gender-career biases.
    Method: We examined the associations at the state level of analysis (and District of Columbia) in the US from 2011 to 2019 (n = 459) using archival data from various sources. Measures of the ratio of population to primary health providers, year, the percent of adults who are uninsured, the percent of residents aged 65 or older, and percent of residents who are Non-Hispanic White all served as controls.
    Results: Results of linear regression models showed that, after accounting for the controls, sexual harassment and gender-career biases among people in the state held significant, negative associations with women's life expectancy.
    Conclusion: The study contributes to the small but growing literature showing that negative workplace experiences and bias against women in the workplace negatively impact women's health.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Sexual Harassment/statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Harassment/psychology ; Female ; Life Expectancy ; United States ; Sexism/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Adult ; Aged ; Workplace/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-024-18450-9
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  2. Article: Bias among managers: Its prevalence across a decade and comparison across occupations.

    Cunningham, George B / Cunningham, Harper R

    Frontiers in psychology

    2022  Volume 13, Page(s) 1034712

    Abstract: ... managers, financial managers, and distributions managers, among others) and (b) compare their biases ...

    Abstract Employees from minoritized and subjugated groups have poorer work experiences and fewer opportunities for advancement than do their peers. Biases among decision makers likely contributes to these patterns. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the explicit biases and implicit biases among people in management occupations (e.g., chief executives, operations managers, advertising and promotions managers, financial managers, and distributions managers, among others) and (b) compare their biases with people in 22 other occupations. The authors analyzed responses from visitors to the Project Implicit website, including assessments of their racial, gender, disability, and sexual orientation biases from 2012 to 2021. Results indicate that managers expressed moderate levels of explicit and implicit bias across all dimensions. Managers differed from people in other occupations in roughly one-third of the comparisons. The biggest differences came in their implicit biases, with managers expressing more bias than people in other occupations. The study's originality rests in the scope of the work (the authors analyzed data from over 5 million visitors representing 23 broad occupations); comparison of people in management occupations to those in other work settings; and empirically demonstrating the biases that managers have.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-11
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1034712
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  3. Article ; Online: Physical activity and its relationship with COVID-19 cases and deaths: Analysis of U.S. counties.

    Cunningham, George B

    Journal of sport and health science

    2021  Volume 10, Issue 5, Page(s) 570–576

    Abstract: Purpose: The study was to examine county-level associations of physical activity with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, per 100,000 county residents.: Methods: Data were collected from publicly available data sources for 3142 ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The study was to examine county-level associations of physical activity with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, per 100,000 county residents.
    Methods: Data were collected from publicly available data sources for 3142 counties and equivalents, including the District of Columbia. Subjective health ratings, percentage uninsured, percentage unemployed, median household income, percentage female residents, percentage White residents, percentage of residents 65 years of age or older, and rural designation served as controls.
    Results: The two-level random intercept regression showed that physical activity rates at the county level were statistically and negatively associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. Additional analyses showed that physical activity rates moderated the relationship between cases and deaths, such that the relationship was strongest when physical activity rates were low.
    Conclusion: The results presented here offer empirical evidence of the benefits of county-level physical activity during a pandemic. Implications for public health and physical activity provision are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/mortality ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-26
    Publishing country China
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2673028-5
    ISSN 2213-2961 ; 2095-2546
    ISSN (online) 2213-2961
    ISSN 2095-2546
    DOI 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.008
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  4. Article: Gender stereotypes and their correlates: the moderating role of voluntary sports club membership.

    Wicker, Pamela / Cunningham, George B

    Frontiers in psychology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1236439

    Abstract: Introduction: This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly have the opportunity to meet and play sport with such people, for example in a voluntary sports club.
    Methods: Survey data from the European Values Study are used for the analysis (
    Results: Regression results show that membership in a voluntary sports club, being a student, income, and living in a more gender equal country significantly reduce gender stereotypes. On the contrary, male gender, living in a partnership, having children, lower and medium education, part-time employment, self-employment, unemployment, being a home maker, and living in a small town are correlates of higher gender stereotypes. Interacting the latter correlates with sports club membership support its moderating effect in the sense that most correlates turn insignificant or have smaller coefficients. The only variables retaining their coefficient size are self-employment and living in a small town.
    Discussion: The findings support the contact hypothesis and suggest that sports clubs are places that lessen gender stereotypes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2563826-9
    ISSN 1664-1078
    ISSN 1664-1078
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236439
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  5. Article ; Online: Physical activity among Muslim women

    Umer Hussain / George B. Cunningham

    Cogent Social Sciences, Vol 9, Iss

    The roles of religious identity, health consciousness, and Muslim population density

    2023  Volume 2

    Abstract: AbstractWhile both the prevailing media discourse and extant scholarship commonly posit that the religious beliefs of Muslim women may inhibit their inclination towards physical activities, a fresh wave of critical scholarship has proposed an alternative ...

    Abstract AbstractWhile both the prevailing media discourse and extant scholarship commonly posit that the religious beliefs of Muslim women may inhibit their inclination towards physical activities, a fresh wave of critical scholarship has proposed an alternative narrative. The emergent critical perspective posits that Muslim women might extract from their religious beliefs the catalyst for their involvement in physical activity. This research aimed to explore these possibilities in greater depth by employing the social identity theory perspective. In Study 1, the authors collected data from Muslim women (N = 177) living in the US. Results indicate that religious identity was positively associated with physical activity intentions (β = 4.746, p = .010), and this relationship was bolstered among Muslim women with high levels of health consciousness (moderator) (β = 2.826, p < .001). In Study 2, the authors collected data from Muslim women (N = 322) from 34 different countries to explore the intersection of the interplay between the individual and their sociocultural milieu. Again, religious identity was positively associated with self-reported physical activity (β = 7.344, p < .001). This study contributes to the limited knowledge concerning the relationship between religious identity and physical activity participation among Muslim women.
    Keywords religion ; Islam ; sport ; exercise ; gender ; Social Sciences ; H
    Subject code 290
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension: the impact of sex hormones.

    Appiah, Cephas B / Gardner, Jennifer J / Farmer, George E / Cunningham, Rebecca L / Cunningham, J Thomas

    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology

    2024  Volume 326, Issue 5, Page(s) R333–R345

    Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea, a common form of sleep-disordered breathing, is characterized by intermittent cessations of breathing that reduce blood oxygen levels and contribute to the development of hypertension. Hypertension is a major complication of ... ...

    Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea, a common form of sleep-disordered breathing, is characterized by intermittent cessations of breathing that reduce blood oxygen levels and contribute to the development of hypertension. Hypertension is a major complication of obstructive sleep apnea that elevates the risk of end-organ damage. Premenopausal women have a lower prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease than men and postmenopausal women, suggesting that sex hormones play a role in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea-related hypertension. The lack of protection in men and postmenopausal women implicates estrogen and progesterone as protective agents but testosterone as a permissive agent in sleep apnea-induced hypertension. A better understanding of how sex hormones contribute to the pathophysiology of sleep apnea-induced hypertension is important for future research and possible hormone-based interventions. The effect of sex on the pathophysiology of sleep apnea and associated intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension is of important consideration in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease and its cardiovascular complications. This review summarizes our current understanding of the impact of sex hormones on blood pressure regulation in sleep apnea with a focus on sex differences.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Male ; Hypertension ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/complications ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/epidemiology ; Progesterone ; Hypoxia/complications
    Chemical Substances Progesterone (4G7DS2Q64Y)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 603839-6
    ISSN 1522-1490 ; 0363-6119
    ISSN (online) 1522-1490
    ISSN 0363-6119
    DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.00258.2023
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  7. Article ; Online: Physical activity and its relationship with COVID-19 cases and deaths

    George B. Cunningham

    Journal of Sport and Health Science, Vol 10, Iss 5, Pp 570-

    Analysis of U.S. counties

    2021  Volume 576

    Abstract: Purpose: The study was to examine county-level associations of physical activity with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, per 100,000 county residents. Methods: Data were collected from publicly available data sources for 3142 counties ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The study was to examine county-level associations of physical activity with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, per 100,000 county residents. Methods: Data were collected from publicly available data sources for 3142 counties and equivalents, including the District of Columbia. Subjective health ratings, percentage uninsured, percentage unemployed, median household income, percentage female residents, percentage White residents, percentage of residents 65 years of age or older, and rural designation served as controls. Results: The two-level random intercept regression showed that physical activity rates at the county level were statistically and negatively associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. Additional analyses showed that physical activity rates moderated the relationship between cases and deaths, such that the relationship was strongest when physical activity rates were low. Conclusion: The results presented here offer empirical evidence of the benefits of county-level physical activity during a pandemic. Implications for public health and physical activity provision are discussed.
    Keywords Coronavirus disease 2019 ; Deaths ; PA ; Sports ; GV557-1198.995 ; Sports medicine ; RC1200-1245
    Subject code 796
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Demographics, politics, and health factors predict mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

    Cunningham, George B / Nite, Calvin

    BMC public health

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 1403

    Abstract: Background: Wearing a protective face covering can reduce the spread of COVID-19, but Americans' compliance with wearing a mask is uneven. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between health determinants (Health Behaviors, Clinical ... ...

    Abstract Background: Wearing a protective face covering can reduce the spread of COVID-19, but Americans' compliance with wearing a mask is uneven. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between health determinants (Health Behaviors, Clinical Care, Social and Economic Conditions, and the Physical Environment) and mask wearing at the county level.
    Methods: Data were collected from publicly available sources, including the County Health Rankings and the New York Times. The dependent variable was the percent of county residents who reported frequently or always wearing a mask when in public. County demographics and voting patterns served as controls. Two-levels random effects regression models were used to examine the study hypotheses.
    Results: Results indicate that, after considering the effects of the controls, Health Behaviors were positively associated with mask wearing, the Physical Environment held a negative association, and Clinical Care and Social and Behavioral Factors were unrelated.
    Conclusions: Results indicate that patterns of healthy behaviors can help predict compliance with public health mandates that can help reduce the spread of COVID-19. From an instutitional theory perspective, the data suggest counties develop collective values and norms around health. Thus, public health officials can seek to alter governance structures and normative behaviors to improve healthy behaviors.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demography ; Humans ; Masks ; New York ; Pandemics ; Politics ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-021-11424-1
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  9. Article ; Online: Editorial: Gender and Racial Bias in Sport Organizations.

    Cunningham, George B / Wicker, Pamela / Walker, Nefertiti A

    Frontiers in sociology

    2021  Volume 6, Page(s) 684066

    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-31
    Document type Editorial
    ISSN 2297-7775
    ISSN (online) 2297-7775
    DOI 10.3389/fsoc.2021.684066
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  10. Article ; Online: Anti-transgender rights legislation and internet searches pertaining to depression and suicide.

    Cunningham, George B / Watanabe, Nicholas M / Buzuvis, Erin

    PloS one

    2022  Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) e0279420

    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine whether anti-transgender rights legislation among state legislators is associated with increased suicide- and depression-related Internet searches. Employing a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group ... ...

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether anti-transgender rights legislation among state legislators is associated with increased suicide- and depression-related Internet searches. Employing a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design, we focused on bills that were introduced to state legislatures from July 2019 to July 2020. As our panel is constructed of 51 states/territories over a 52-week time frame, our final dataset is composed of 2,652 observations. Results showed that states' passing of anti-transgender rights bills were linked with suicide- and depression-related Internet searches. Second, introducing or debating the bills did not have an association with Internet searches. Third, the defeat of anti-transgender bills was linked with fewer depression-related searches. Finally, the LGBT context in the state affected the results: anti-transgender legislation had a particularly strong association with suicide-related Internet searches when the state had a high LGBT population density.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0279420
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