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Article ; Online: Molecular perspectives on age-related resistance of plants to (viral) pathogens.

DeMell, April / Alvarado, Veria / Scholthof, Herman B

2023 Volume 240, Issue 1, Page(s) 80–91

Abstract: Age-related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age-dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward ... ...

Abstract	Age-related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age-dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward cataloging an understanding of underlying mechanisms, this review explores recent molecular studies and their relevance to the concept. Examples describe differences in genetic background, transcriptomics, hormonal balances, protein-mediated events, and the contribution by short RNA-controlled gene silencing events. Throughout, recent findings with viral systems are highlighted as an illustration of the complexity of the interactions. It will become apparent that instead of uncovering a unifying explanation, we unveiled only trends. Nevertheless, with a degree of confidence, we propose that the process of plant age-related defenses is actively regulated at multiple levels. The overarching goal of this control for plants is to avoid a constitutive waste of resources, especially at crucial metabolically draining early developmental stages.
MeSH term(s)	Plants/genetics ; RNA Interference ; Gene Silencing ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.19131
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Article ; Online: Molecular perspectives on age‐related resistance of plants to (viral) pathogens

DeMell, April / Alvarado, Veria / Scholthof, Herman B.

New Phytologist. 2023 Oct., v. 240, no. 1 p.80-91

2023

Abstract: Age‐related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age‐dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward ... ...

Abstract	Age‐related resistance to microbe invasion is a commonly accepted concept in plant pathology. However, the impact of such age‐dependent interactive phenomena is perhaps not yet sufficiently recognized by the broader plant science community. Toward cataloging an understanding of underlying mechanisms, this review explores recent molecular studies and their relevance to the concept. Examples describe differences in genetic background, transcriptomics, hormonal balances, protein‐mediated events, and the contribution by short RNA‐controlled gene silencing events. Throughout, recent findings with viral systems are highlighted as an illustration of the complexity of the interactions. It will become apparent that instead of uncovering a unifying explanation, we unveiled only trends. Nevertheless, with a degree of confidence, we propose that the process of plant age‐related defenses is actively regulated at multiple levels. The overarching goal of this control for plants is to avoid a constitutive waste of resources, especially at crucial metabolically draining early developmental stages.
Keywords	genes ; genetic background ; plant pathology ; transcriptomics ; wastes
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-10
Size	p. 80-91.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.19131
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Article ; Online: AGO2: A New Argonaute Compromising Plant Virus Accumulation.

Alvarado, Veria Y / Scholthof, Herman B

Frontiers in plant science

2012 Volume 2, Page(s) 112

Abstract: Plant viruses use several strategies to transport their nucleic acid genomes throughout the plants. Regardless of the movement mechanism, a universal major block to uninterrupted viral trafficking is the induction of antiviral silencing that degrades ... ...

Abstract	Plant viruses use several strategies to transport their nucleic acid genomes throughout the plants. Regardless of the movement mechanism, a universal major block to uninterrupted viral trafficking is the induction of antiviral silencing that degrades viral RNA. To counteract this defense, viruses encode suppressors that block certain steps in the RNA silencing pathway, and consequently these proteins allow viral spread to proceed. There is a constant battle between plants and viruses and sometimes viruses will succeed and invade the plants and in other cases the RNA silencing mechanism will override the virus. A key role in the silencing versus suppression conflict between plants and viruses is played by one or more members of the Argonaute protein (AGO) family encoded by plants. Here we review the mechanisms and effects of antiviral silencing with an emphasis on the contribution of AGOs, especially the recently discovered role of AGO2.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2613694-6
ISSN	1664-462X ; 1664-462X
ISSN (online)	1664-462X
ISSN	1664-462X
DOI	10.3389/fpls.2011.00112
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Article ; Online: Plant responses against invasive nucleic acids: RNA silencing and its suppression by plant viral pathogens.

Alvarado, Veria / Scholthof, Herman B

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

2009 Volume 20, Issue 9, Page(s) 1032–1040

Abstract: RNA silencing is a common strategy shared by eukaryotic organisms to regulate gene expression, and also operates as a defense mechanism against invasive nucleic acids such as viral transcripts. The silencing pathway is quite sophisticated in higher ... ...

Abstract	RNA silencing is a common strategy shared by eukaryotic organisms to regulate gene expression, and also operates as a defense mechanism against invasive nucleic acids such as viral transcripts. The silencing pathway is quite sophisticated in higher eukaryotes but the distinct steps and nature of effector complexes vary between and even within species. To counteract this defense mechanism viruses have evolved the ability to encode proteins that suppress silencing to protect their genomes from degradation. This review focuses on our current understanding of how individual components of the plant RNA silencing mechanism are directed against viruses, and how in turn virus-encoded suppressors target one or more key events in the silencing cascade.
MeSH term(s)	Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/virology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Gene Silencing ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Plants/virology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/metabolism ; Viruses/metabolism
Chemical Substances	RNA, Small Interfering ; RNA, Viral ; Viral Proteins ; Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-06-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1312473-0
ISSN	1096-3634 ; 1084-9521
ISSN (online)	1096-3634
ISSN	1084-9521
DOI	10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.06.001
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Article ; Online: Transgenic down-regulation of ARGONAUTE2 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana interferes with several layers of antiviral defenses.

Odokonyero, Denis / Mendoza, Maria R / Alvarado, Veria Y / Zhang, Jiantao / Wang, Xiaofeng / Scholthof, Herman B

Virology

2015 Volume 486, Page(s) 209–218

Abstract: The present study aimed to analyze the contribution of Nicotiana benthamiana ARGONAUTE2 (NbAGO2) to its antiviral response against different viruses. For this purpose, dsRNA hairpin technology was used to reduce NbAGO2 expression in transgenic plants as ... ...

Abstract	The present study aimed to analyze the contribution of Nicotiana benthamiana ARGONAUTE2 (NbAGO2) to its antiviral response against different viruses. For this purpose, dsRNA hairpin technology was used to reduce NbAGO2 expression in transgenic plants as verified with RT-PCR. This reduction was specific because the expression of other NbAGOs was not affected, and did not cause obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. Inoculation of transgenic plants with an otherwise silencing-sensitive GFP-expressing Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) variant resulted in high GFP accumulation because antiviral silencing was compromised. These transgenic plants also exhibited accelerated spread and/or enhanced susceptibility and symptoms for TBSV mutants defective for P19 or coat protein expression, other tombusviruses, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Potato virus X; but not noticeably for Foxtail mosaic virus. These findings support the notion that NbAGO2 in N. benthamiana can contribute to antiviral defense at different levels.
MeSH term(s)	Argonaute Proteins/genetics ; Argonaute Proteins/immunology ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Plant Diseases/immunology ; Plant Diseases/virology ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plant Proteins/immunology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/virology ; Potexvirus/physiology ; Nicotiana/genetics ; Nicotiana/immunology ; Nicotiana/virology ; Tombusvirus/physiology
Chemical Substances	Argonaute Proteins ; Plant Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	200425-2
ISSN	1096-0341 ; 0042-6822
ISSN (online)	1096-0341
ISSN	0042-6822
DOI	10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.008
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Article: A cis regulatory element in the TAPNAC promoter directs tapetal gene expression

Alvarado, Veria Y / Tag, Andrew / Thomas, Terry L

Plant molecular biology. 2011 Jan., v. 75, no. 1-2

2011

Abstract: ... production of pollen grains, studies on promoter gene regulation of tapetal expressed genes are very few and ...

Abstract	The tapetum is a single cell layer surrounding the anther locule and its major function is to provide nutrients for pollen development. The ablation of tapetal cells interferes with pollen production and results in plant male sterility. In spite of the importance of this tissue in the quality and production of pollen grains, studies on promoter gene regulation of tapetal expressed genes are very few and there are no reports on specific cis regulatory sequences that control tapetal gene expression. We have identified a NAC gene, TAPNAC (At1g61110), specifically expressed in the Arabidopsis tapetum via transcriptional profiling. The TAPNAC promoter was studied in detail to identify cis regulatory sequences that confer tapetal specific expression. For this purpose, TAPNAC promoter elements were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and spatial and temporal GUS expression was monitored. The results showed that TAPNAC promoter-driven GUS expression emulates the expression of TAPNAC mRNA in anthers. A conserved TCGTGT motif was identified in the TAPNAC promoter and other tapetal expressed promoters. The TCGTGT motif enhances GUS expression in anthers of transgenic plants but only in the context of the TAPNAC promoter proximal region.
Keywords	Arabidopsis ; anthers ; gene expression ; messenger RNA ; nutrients ; pollen ; promoter regions ; reporter genes ; transcription (genetics) ; transgenic plants
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-01
Size	p. 129-139.
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publishing place	Dordrecht
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	778032-1
ISSN	1573-5028 ; 0167-4412
ISSN (online)	1573-5028
ISSN	0167-4412
DOI	10.1007/s11103-010-9713-5
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Article ; Online: A cis regulatory element in the TAPNAC promoter directs tapetal gene expression.

Alvarado, Veria Y / Tag, Andrew / Thomas, Terry L

Plant molecular biology

2010 Volume 75, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 129–139

Abstract: ... production of pollen grains, studies on promoter gene regulation of tapetal expressed genes are very few and ...

Abstract	The tapetum is a single cell layer surrounding the anther locule and its major function is to provide nutrients for pollen development. The ablation of tapetal cells interferes with pollen production and results in plant male sterility. In spite of the importance of this tissue in the quality and production of pollen grains, studies on promoter gene regulation of tapetal expressed genes are very few and there are no reports on specific cis regulatory sequences that control tapetal gene expression. We have identified a NAC gene, TAPNAC (At1g61110), specifically expressed in the Arabidopsis tapetum via transcriptional profiling. The TAPNAC promoter was studied in detail to identify cis regulatory sequences that confer tapetal specific expression. For this purpose, TAPNAC promoter elements were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and spatial and temporal GUS expression was monitored. The results showed that TAPNAC promoter-driven GUS expression emulates the expression of TAPNAC mRNA in anthers. A conserved TCGTGT motif was identified in the TAPNAC promoter and other tapetal expressed promoters. The TCGTGT motif enhances GUS expression in anthers of transgenic plants but only in the context of the TAPNAC promoter proximal region.
MeSH term(s)	Arabidopsis/cytology ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Arabidopsis/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Flowers/cytology ; Flowers/genetics ; Flowers/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Glucuronidase/genetics ; Glucuronidase/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
Chemical Substances	Arabidopsis Proteins ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-11-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	778032-1
ISSN	1573-5028 ; 0167-4412
ISSN (online)	1573-5028
ISSN	0167-4412
DOI	10.1007/s11103-010-9713-5
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Article: Transgenic down-regulation of ARGONAUTE2 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana interferes with several layers of antiviral defenses

Odokonyero, Denis / Mendoza, Maria R / Alvarado, Veria Y / Zhang, Jiantao / Wang, Xiaofeng / Scholthof, Herman B

Virology. 2015 Dec., v. 486

2015

Abstract	The present study aimed to analyze the contribution of Nicotiana benthamiana ARGONAUTE2 (NbAGO2) to its antiviral response against different viruses. For this purpose, dsRNA hairpin technology was used to reduce NbAGO2 expression in transgenic plants as verified with RT-PCR. This reduction was specific because the expression of other NbAGOs was not affected, and did not cause obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. Inoculation of transgenic plants with an otherwise silencing-sensitive GFP-expressing Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) variant resulted in high GFP accumulation because antiviral silencing was compromised. These transgenic plants also exhibited accelerated spread and/or enhanced susceptibility and symptoms for TBSV mutants defective for P19 or coat protein expression, other tombusviruses, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Potato virus X; but not noticeably for Foxtail mosaic virus. These findings support the notion that NbAGO2 in N. benthamiana can contribute to antiviral defense at different levels.
Keywords	Foxtail mosaic virus ; Nicotiana benthamiana ; Potato virus X ; Tobacco mosaic virus ; Tomato bushy stunt virus ; coat proteins ; double-stranded RNA ; gene expression regulation ; mutants ; protein synthesis ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; transgenic plants ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-12
Size	p. 209-218.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	200425-2
ISSN	1096-0341 ; 0042-6822
ISSN (online)	1096-0341
ISSN	0042-6822
DOI	10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.008
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Article ; Online: Molecular and physiological properties associated with zebra complex disease in potatoes and its relation with Candidatus Liberibacter contents in psyllid vectors.

Veria Y Alvarado / Denis Odokonyero / Olivia Duncan / T Erik Mirkov / Herman B Scholthof

PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 5, p e

2012 Volume 37345

Abstract: Zebra complex (ZC) disease on potatoes is associated with Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLs), an α-proteobacterium that resides in the plant phloem and is transmitted by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). The name ZC originates ... ...

Abstract	Zebra complex (ZC) disease on potatoes is associated with Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLs), an α-proteobacterium that resides in the plant phloem and is transmitted by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). The name ZC originates from the brown striping in fried chips of infected tubers, but the whole plants also exhibit a variety of morphological features and symptoms for which the physiological or molecular basis are not understood. We determined that compared to healthy plants, stems of ZC-plants accumulate starch and more than three-fold total protein, including gene expression regulatory factors (e.g. cyclophilin) and tuber storage proteins (e.g., patatins), indicating that ZC-affected stems are reprogrammed to exhibit tuber-like physiological properties. Furthermore, the total phenolic content in ZC potato stems was elevated two-fold, and amounts of polyphenol oxidase enzyme were also high, both serving to explain the ZC-hallmark rapid brown discoloration of air-exposed damaged tissue. Newly developed quantitative and/or conventional PCR demonstrated that the percentage of psyllids in laboratory colonies containing detectable levels of CLs and its titer could fluctuate over time with effects on colony prolificacy, but presumed reproduction-associated primary endosymbiont levels remained stable. Potato plants exposed in the laboratory to psyllid populations with relatively low-CLs content survived while exposure of plants to high-CLs psyllids rapidly culminated in a lethal collapse. In conclusion, we identified plant physiological biomarkers associated with the presence of ZC and/or CLs in the vegetative potato plant tissue and determined that the titer of CLs in the psyllid population directly affects the rate of disease development in plants.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Male ductal carcinoma in situ: diagnosis and management of a rare disease in men.

Tian, Changtai / Alvarado, Rosalinda / Kim, Thomas / Slostad, Jessica

BMJ case reports

2024 Volume 17, Issue 3

Abstract: Ductal carcinoma in situ is very rare in male patients, accounting for approximately 5%-7 ...

Abstract	Ductal carcinoma in situ is very rare in male patients, accounting for approximately 5%-7% of all male breast cancers. We present a case of a man in his early 70s who presented with bloody nipple discharge and gynaecomastia and was subsequently diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We discuss his management with surgical resection and the consideration of adjuvant treatment. We also review the existing literature on the presentation, diagnosis and management of DCIS in men.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Breast Neoplasms/surgery ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/surgery ; Gynecomastia ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Nipple Discharge ; Rare Diseases/surgery ; Aged
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ISSN	1757-790X
ISSN (online)	1757-790X
DOI	10.1136/bcr-2023-256608
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