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  1. Article ; Online: What happens after debriefing? The effectiveness and benefits of postexperimental debriefing.

    Greenspan, Rachel Leigh / Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Memory & cognition

    2021  Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 696–709

    Abstract: After participating in an experiment, people are routinely debriefed. How effective is debriefing when the experiments involve deception, as occurs in studies of misinformation and memory? We conducted two studies addressing this question. In Study 1, ... ...

    Abstract After participating in an experiment, people are routinely debriefed. How effective is debriefing when the experiments involve deception, as occurs in studies of misinformation and memory? We conducted two studies addressing this question. In Study 1, participants (N = 373) watched a video, were exposed to misinformation or not, and completed a memory test. Participants were either debriefed or not and then were interviewed approximately one week later. Results revealed that, after debriefing, some participants continued to endorse misinformation. Notably, however, debriefing had positive effects; participants exposed to misinformation reported learning significantly more from their study participation than control participants. In Study 2 (N = 439), we developed and tested a novel, enhanced debriefing. The enhanced debriefing included more information about the presence of misinformation in the study and how memory errors occur. This enhanced debriefing outperformed typical debriefing. Specifically, when the enhanced debriefing explicitly named and described the misinformation, the misinformation effect postdebriefing was eliminated. Enhanced debriefing also resulted in a more positive participant experience than typical debriefing. These results have implications for the design and use of debriefing in deception studies.
    MeSH term(s) Communication ; Deception ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 185691-1
    ISSN 1532-5946 ; 0090-502X
    ISSN (online) 1532-5946
    ISSN 0090-502X
    DOI 10.3758/s13421-021-01223-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 4560: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
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  2. Article ; Online: Eyewitness confidence malleability: Misinformation as post-identification feedback.

    Greenspan, Rachel Leigh / Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Law and human behavior

    2020  Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s) 194–208

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Communication ; Crime/psychology ; Facial Recognition ; Feedback ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Recall ; Middle Aged ; Recognition, Psychology ; Self Concept
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2017882-7
    ISSN 1573-661X ; 0147-7307
    ISSN (online) 1573-661X
    ISSN 0147-7307
    DOI 10.1037/lhb0000369
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Eavesdropping on Memory.

    Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Annual review of psychology

    2017  Volume 68, Page(s) 1–18

    Abstract: For more than four decades, I have been studying human memory. My research concerns the malleable nature of memory. Information suggested to an individual about an event can be integrated with the memory of the event itself, so that what actually ... ...

    Abstract For more than four decades, I have been studying human memory. My research concerns the malleable nature of memory. Information suggested to an individual about an event can be integrated with the memory of the event itself, so that what actually occurred, and what was discussed later about what may have occurred, become inextricably interwoven, allowing distortion, elaboration, and even total fabrication. In my writings, classes, and public speeches, I've tried to convey one important take-home message: Just because someone tells you something in great detail, with much confidence, and with emotion, it doesn't mean that it is true. Here I describe my professional life as an experimental psychologist, in which I've eavesdropped on this process, as well as many personal experiences that may have influenced my thinking and choices.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Memory
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Autobiography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207937-9
    ISSN 1545-2085 ; 0066-4308 ; 0547-1567
    ISSN (online) 1545-2085
    ISSN 0066-4308 ; 0547-1567
    DOI 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044138
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1743: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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  4. Article ; Online: Pandemics and infodemics: Research on the effects of misinformation on memory.

    Greenspan, Rachel Leigh / Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Human behavior and emerging technologies

    2020  Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 8–12

    Abstract: On social media and in everyday life, people are often exposed to misinformation. Decades of research have shown that exposure to misinformation can have significant impacts on people's thoughts, actions, and memories. During global pandemics like COVID- ... ...

    Abstract On social media and in everyday life, people are often exposed to misinformation. Decades of research have shown that exposure to misinformation can have significant impacts on people's thoughts, actions, and memories. During global pandemics like COVID-19, people are likely exposed to heightened quantities of misinformation as they search for and are exposed to copious amounts of information about the disease and its effects. This media environment, with an abundance of both accurate and inaccurate information, is often called an "infodemic." In the current essay, we discuss the consequences of exposure to misinformation during this infodemic, particularly in the domain of memory. We review existing research demonstrating how inaccurate, postevent information impacts a person's memory for a previously witnessed event. We discuss various factors that strengthen the impact of misinformation, including repetition and whether the misinformation is consistent with people's pre-existing attitudes or beliefs. We conclude by describing how social media companies and individual users can help prevent the spread of misinformation and the ways in which cognitive science research can inform these approaches.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2578-1863
    ISSN (online) 2578-1863
    DOI 10.1002/hbe2.228
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  5. Article ; Online: Repressed Memories (of Sexual Abuse Against Minors) and Statutes of Limitations in Europe: Status Quo and Possible Alternatives.

    Deferme, Driek / Otgaar, Henry / Dodier, Olivier / Körner, André / Mangiulli, Ivan / Merckelbach, Harald / Sauerland, Melanie / Panzavolta, Michele / Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Topics in cognitive science

    2024  

    Abstract: One of the most heated debates in psychological science concerns the concept of repressed memory. We discuss how the debate on repressed memories continues to surface in legal settings, sometimes even to suggest avenues of legal reform. In the past years, ...

    Abstract One of the most heated debates in psychological science concerns the concept of repressed memory. We discuss how the debate on repressed memories continues to surface in legal settings, sometimes even to suggest avenues of legal reform. In the past years, several European countries have extended or abolished the statute of limitations for the prosecution of sexual crimes. Such statutes force legal actions (e.g., prosecution of sexual abuse) to be applied within a certain period of time. One of the reasons for the changes in statutes of limitations concerns the idea of repressed memory. We argue that from a psychological standpoint, these law reforms can be detrimental, particularly when they are done to endorse unfounded psychological theories. The validity of testimonies is compromised many years after the alleged facts, and abolishing the statute of limitations increases the chance that even more (false) recovered memories of abuse might enter the courtroom. We propose solutions to these changes such as establishing an independent expert committee evaluating claims of sexual abuse.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2482883-X
    ISSN 1756-8765 ; 1756-8757
    ISSN (online) 1756-8765
    ISSN 1756-8757
    DOI 10.1111/tops.12715
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Book: Die therapierte Erinnerung

    Loftus, Elizabeth F. / Ketcham, Katherine

    vom Mythos der Verdrängung bei Anklagen wegen sexuellen Mißbrauchs

    1995  

    Title translation The myth of repressed memory
    Author's details Elizabeth Loftus ; Katherine Ketcham
    Keywords Child Abuse, Sexual ; Memory ; Repression ; Recall ; Sexueller Missbrauch ; Verdrängung ; Erinnerung ; Fehlleistung
    Subject Fehlhandlung ; Handlung ; Erinnern ; Repression ; Sexuelle Ausbeutung
    Language German
    Size 360 S.
    Publisher Klein
    Publishing place Hamburg
    Document type Book
    Note Aus dem Engl. übers.
    HBZ-ID HT006749440
    ISBN 3-89521-028-5 ; 978-3-89521-028-0
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    1996 A 4908 order for loan Magazin

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  7. Article ; Online: Cross-stage neural pattern similarity in the hippocampus predicts false memory derived from post-event inaccurate information.

    Shao, Xuhao / Li, Ao / Chen, Chuansheng / Loftus, Elizabeth F / Zhu, Bi

    Nature communications

    2023  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 2299

    Abstract: The misinformation effect occurs when people's memory of an event is altered by subsequent inaccurate information. No study has systematically tested theories about the dynamics of human hippocampal representations during the three stages of ... ...

    Abstract The misinformation effect occurs when people's memory of an event is altered by subsequent inaccurate information. No study has systematically tested theories about the dynamics of human hippocampal representations during the three stages of misinformation-induced false memory. This study replicates behavioral results of the misinformation effect, and investigates the cross-stage pattern similarity in the hippocampus and cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results show item-specific hippocampal pattern similarity between original-event and post-event stages. During the memory-test stage, hippocampal representations of original information are weakened for true memory, whereas hippocampal representations of misinformation compete with original information to create false memory. When false memory occurs, this conflict is resolved by the lateral prefrontal cortex. Individuals' memory traces of post-event information in the hippocampus predict false memory, whereas original information in the lateral parietal cortex predicts true memory. These findings support the multiple-trace model, and emphasize the reconstructive nature of human memory.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Memory ; Hippocampus/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Cortex ; Prefrontal Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Communication ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Brain Mapping ; Mental Recall
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-38046-y
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  8. Article ; Online: Who is susceptible in three false memory tasks?

    Nichols, Rebecca M / Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Memory (Hove, England)

    2019  Volume 27, Issue 7, Page(s) 962–984

    Abstract: Decades of research show that people are susceptible to developing false memories. But if they do so in one task, are they likely to do so in a different one? The answer: "No". In the current research, a large number of participants took part in three ... ...

    Abstract Decades of research show that people are susceptible to developing false memories. But if they do so in one task, are they likely to do so in a different one? The answer: "No". In the current research, a large number of participants took part in three well-established false memory paradigms (a misinformation task, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott [DRM] list learning paradigm, and an imagination inflation exercise) as well as completed several individual difference measures. Results indicate that many correlations between false memory variables in all three inter-paradigm comparisons are null, though some small, positive, significant correlations emerged. Moreover, very few individual difference variables significantly correlated with false memories, and any significant correlations were rather small. It seems likely, therefore, that there is no false memory "trait". In other words, no one type of person seems especially prone, or especially resilient, to the ubiquity of memory distortion.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; California ; Cognition ; Communication ; Female ; Humans ; Imagination ; Male ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Suggestion ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1147478-6
    ISSN 1464-0686 ; 0965-8211
    ISSN (online) 1464-0686
    ISSN 0965-8211
    DOI 10.1080/09658211.2019.1611862
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 5983: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  9. Article ; Online: Nevertheless, partisanship persisted: fake news warnings help briefly, but bias returns with time.

    Grady, Rebecca Hofstein / Ditto, Peter H / Loftus, Elizabeth F

    Cognitive research: principles and implications

    2021  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 52

    Abstract: Politically oriented "fake news"-false stories or headlines created to support or attack a political position or person-is increasingly being shared and believed on social media. Many online platforms have taken steps to address this by adding a warning ... ...

    Abstract Politically oriented "fake news"-false stories or headlines created to support or attack a political position or person-is increasingly being shared and believed on social media. Many online platforms have taken steps to address this by adding a warning label to articles identified as false, but past research has shown mixed evidence for the effectiveness of such labels, and many prior studies have looked only at either short-term impacts or non-political information. This study tested three versions of fake news labels with 541 online participants in a two-wave study. A warning that came before a false headline was initially very effective in both discouraging belief in false headlines generally and eliminating a partisan congruency effect (the tendency to believe politically congenial information more readily than politically uncongenial information). In the follow-up survey two weeks later, however, we found both high levels of belief in the articles and the re-emergence of a partisan congruency effect in all warning conditions, even though participants had known just two weeks ago the items were false. The new pre-warning before the headline showed some small improvements over other types, but did not stop people from believing the article once seen again without a warning. This finding suggests that warnings do have an important immediate impact and may work well in the short term, though the durability of that protection is limited.
    MeSH term(s) Deception ; Humans ; Politics ; Social Media ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2365-7464
    ISSN (online) 2365-7464
    DOI 10.1186/s41235-021-00315-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Test a Witness's Memory of a Suspect Only Once.

    Wixted, John T / Wells, Gary L / Loftus, Elizabeth F / Garrett, Brandon L

    Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society

    2021  Volume 22, Issue 1_suppl, Page(s) 1S–18S

    Abstract: Eyewitness misidentifications are almost always made with high confidence in the courtroom. The courtroom is where eyewitnesses make ... ...

    Abstract Eyewitness misidentifications are almost always made with high confidence in the courtroom. The courtroom is where eyewitnesses make their
    MeSH term(s) Crime ; Humans ; Mental Recall ; Police ; Recognition, Psychology ; Research Personnel
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2160-0031
    ISSN (online) 2160-0031
    DOI 10.1177/15291006211026259
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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