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Article ; Online: Caution With Casual Causal Language.

Leung, Michael / Weisskopf, Marc G

2024 Volume 81, Issue 3, Page(s) 318–319

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Language ; Causality ; Sexual Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2701203-7
ISSN	2168-6238 ; 2168-622X
ISSN (online)	2168-6238
ISSN	2168-622X
DOI	10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5241
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Article ; Online: Misclassification Bias in the Assessment of Gene-by-Environment Interactions.

Weisskopf, Marc G / Leung, Michael

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

2023 Volume 34, Issue 5, Page(s) 673–680

Abstract: Background: Misclassification bias is a common concern in epidemiologic studies. Despite strong bias on main effects, gene-environment interactions have been shown to be biased towards the null under gene-environment independence. In the context of a ... ...

Abstract	Background: Misclassification bias is a common concern in epidemiologic studies. Despite strong bias on main effects, gene-environment interactions have been shown to be biased towards the null under gene-environment independence. In the context of a recent article examining the interaction between nerve agent exposure and paraoxonase-1 gene on Gulf War Illness, we aimed to assess the impact of recall bias-a common misclassfication bias-on the identification of gene-environment interactions when the independence assumption is violated. Methods: We derive equations to quantify the bias of the interaction, and numerically illustrate these results by simulating a case-control study of 1000 cases and 1000 controls. Simulation input parameters included exposure prevalence, strength of gene-environment dependence, strength of the main effect, exposure specificity among cases, and strength of the gene-environment interaction. Results: We show that, even if gene-environment independence is violated, we can bound possible gene-environment interactions by knowing the strength and direction of the gene-environment dependence ( ) and the observed gene-environment interaction ( )-thus often still allowing for the identification of such interactions. Depending on whether is larger or smaller than the inverse of , is a lower (if ) or upper (if ) bound for the true interaction. In addition, the bias magnitude is somewhat predictable by examining other characteristics such as exposure prevalence, the strength of the exposure main effect, and directions of the recall bias and gene-environment dependence. Conclusions: Even if gene-environment dependence exists, we may still be able to identify gene-environment interactions even when misclassification bias is present.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Bias ; Computer Simulation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1053263-8
ISSN	1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
ISSN	1044-3983
DOI	10.1097/EDE.0000000000001635
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Article ; Online: Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Wilker, Elissa H / Osman, Marwa / Weisskopf, Marc G

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

2023 Volume 381, Page(s) e071620

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the role of air pollutants in risk of dementia, considering differences by study factors that could influence findings.: Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.: Data sources: EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Psycinfo, ...

Abstract	Objective: To investigate the role of air pollutants in risk of dementia, considering differences by study factors that could influence findings. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Psycinfo, and OVID Medline from database inception through July 2022. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Studies that included adults (≥18 years), a longitudinal follow-up, considered US Environmental Protection Agency criteria air pollutants and proxies of traffic pollution, averaged exposure over a year or more, and reported associations between ambient pollutants and clinical dementia. Two authors independently extracted data using a predefined data extraction form and assessed risk of bias using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Exposures (ROBINS-E) tool. A meta-analysis with Knapp-Hartung standard errors was done when at least three studies for a given pollutant used comparable approaches. Results: 2080 records identified 51 studies for inclusion. Most studies were at high risk of bias, although in many cases bias was towards the null. 14 studies could be meta-analysed for particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM Conclusion: PM Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021277083.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution ; Dementia ; Environmental Exposure
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj-2022-071620
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Article ; Online: Bone lead variability in bone repository skeletal samples measured with portable x-ray fluorescence.

Specht, Aaron J / Steadman, Dawnie W / Davis, Mary / Bartell, Scott M / Weisskopf, Marc G

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 880, Page(s) 163197

Abstract: ... On average, bone lead in the repository samples was measured to be 21.6 ± 21.3 μg/g with an XRF ... detection limit of 2.1 ± 0.5 μg/g. Cumulative lead exposure can be effectively measured using the portable XRF ...

Abstract	Bone lead serves as a better, more accessible biomarker to many communities experiencing chronic exposure to lead. A new method using low energy x-ray fluorescence in a handheld device (portable XRF) allows us to measure this chronic biomarker in only a few minutes. However, many unknowns remain about this biomarker measured using a new low energy x-ray technique. The low energy of the new method was theorized to measure a slightly different portion of the bone than previous techniques, which could influence measurements at different bone sites and types. We tested how bone measurements varied across five bone sites: mid-tibial shaft, proximal tibia, distal tibia (ankle), ilium, and cranium. We found bone lead measurements are not significantly different between skeletal elements when measured using a portable XRF. On average, bone lead in the repository samples was measured to be 21.6 ± 21.3 μg/g with an XRF detection limit of 2.1 ± 0.5 μg/g. Cumulative lead exposure can be effectively measured using the portable XRF on a variety of bone types, but the tibia should be preferentially measured to compare between studies and individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Lead/analysis ; X-Rays ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Radiography ; Bone and Bones/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163197
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Article ; Online: Associations between solar and geomagnetic activity and cognitive function in the Normative Aging study.

Liddie, Jahred M / Vieira, Carolina L Z / Coull, Brent A / Sparrow, David / Koutrakis, Petros / Weisskopf, Marc G

Environment international

2024 Volume 187, Page(s) 108666

Abstract: Background: Studies show that changes in solar and geomagnetic activity (SGA) influence melatonin secretion and the autonomic nervous system. We evaluated associations between solar and geomagnetic activity and cognitive function in the Normative Aging ... ...

Abstract	Background: Studies show that changes in solar and geomagnetic activity (SGA) influence melatonin secretion and the autonomic nervous system. We evaluated associations between solar and geomagnetic activity and cognitive function in the Normative Aging Study from 1992 to 2013. Methods: We used logistic and linear generalized estimating equations and regressions to evaluate the associations between moving averages of sunspot number (SSN) and K Results: A one-IQR increase in same-day SSN and K Conclusions: Periods of high SGA were associated with cognitive function. SGA may not equally impact all aspects of cognitive function, as evidenced by differences in associations observed for the MMSE, global cognitive score, and individual cognitive tests. Given that much of the pathology of cognitive decline in the elderly remains unexplained, studies specifically targeting decline and with longer follow-up periods are warranted.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2024.108666
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Article ; Online: The "replication crisis" in the public eye: Germans' awareness and perceptions of the (ir)reproducibility of scientific research.

Mede, Niels G / Schäfer, Mike S / Ziegler, Ricarda / Weißkopf, Markus

Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)

2020 Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 91–102

Abstract: Several meta-analytical attempts to reproduce results of empirical research have failed in recent years, prompting scholars and news media to diagnose a "replication crisis" and voice concerns about science losing public credibility. Others, in contrast, ...

Abstract	Several meta-analytical attempts to reproduce results of empirical research have failed in recent years, prompting scholars and news media to diagnose a "replication crisis" and voice concerns about science losing public credibility. Others, in contrast, hoped replication efforts could improve public confidence in science. Yet nationally representative evidence backing these concerns or hopes is scarce. We provide such evidence, conducting a secondary analysis of the German "Science Barometer" ("Wissenschaftsbarometer") survey. We find that most Germans are not aware of the "replication crisis." In addition, most interpret replication efforts as indicative of scientific quality control and science's self-correcting nature. However, supporters of the populist right-wing party AfD tend to believe that the "crisis" shows one cannot trust science, perhaps using it as an argument to discredit science. But for the majority of Germans, hopes about reputational benefits of the "replication crisis" for science seem more justified than concerns about detrimental effects.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mass Media ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trust
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1421272-9
ISSN	1361-6609 ; 0963-6625
ISSN (online)	1361-6609
ISSN	0963-6625
DOI	10.1177/0963662520954370
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Article ; Online: In vivo quantification of strontium in bone among adults using portable x-ray fluorescence.

Zhang, Xinxin / Wells, Ellen M / Specht, Aaron J / Weisskopf, Marc G / Weuve, Jennifer / Nie, Linda H

Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)

2022 Volume 74, Page(s) 127077

Abstract: ... tissue thickness overlying bone, and it ranged from 1.0 ug/g dry bone (ppm) to 2.4 ppm with thickness ...

Abstract	Background and objective: Bone strontium (Sr) is a reliable biomarker for studying related bone health outcomes and the effectiveness of Sr supplements in osteoporosis disease treatment. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology for in vivo bone Sr quantification among adults. Materials and methods: Sr-doped bone-equivalent phantoms were used for system calibration. Using the portable XRF, we measured bone Sr levels in vivo in mid-tibia bone in 76 adults, 38-95 years of age, living in Indiana, US; we also analyzed bone data of 29 adults, 53-82 years of age, living in Shanghai, China. The same portable XRF device and system settings were used in measuring their mid-tibia bone. We compared bone Sr concentrations by sex, age, and recruitment site. We also used multiple linear regression model to estimate the association of age with bone Sr concentration, adjusting for sex and recruitment site. Results: The uncertainty of in vivo individual measurement increased with higher soft tissue thickness overlying bone, and it ranged from 1.0 ug/g dry bone (ppm) to 2.4 ppm with thickness ranging from 2 to 7 mm, with a measurement time of 5 min. Geometric mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) of the bone Sr concentration was 79.1 (70.1, 89.3) ppm. After adjustment for recruitment site and sex, an increase in five years of age was associated with a 8.9% (95% CI: 2.5%, 15.6%) increase in geometric mean bone Sr concentration. Discussion and conclusion: Sr concentrations were consistently well above detection limits of the portable XRF, and exhibited an expected increase with age. These data suggest that the portable XRF can be a valuable technology to quantify Sr concentration in bone, and in the study of Sr-related health outcomes among adults, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone fracture risk.
MeSH term(s)	Bone and Bones/chemistry ; China ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Strontium/analysis ; X-Rays
Chemical Substances	Strontium (YZS2RPE8LE)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1236267-0
ISSN	1878-3252 ; 1611-602X ; 0946-672X
ISSN (online)	1878-3252 ; 1611-602X
ISSN	0946-672X
DOI	10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127077
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Article ; Online: Feasibility of Lead Exposure Assessment in Blood Spots using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence.

Specht, Aaron J / Obrycki, John F / Mazumdar, Maitreyi / Weisskopf, Marc G

Environmental science & technology

2021 Volume 55, Issue 8, Page(s) 5050–5055

Abstract: Collecting blood spots from newborns is a common procedure used to diagnose multiple health conditions. Fingerstick blood samples are routinely collected from children to diagnose elevated blood lead levels. In our study, we wanted to test the ... ...

Abstract	Collecting blood spots from newborns is a common procedure used to diagnose multiple health conditions. Fingerstick blood samples are routinely collected from children to diagnose elevated blood lead levels. In our study, we wanted to test the feasibility of using a high-power energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) device to accurately measure the concentration of lead in blood spots. We created spotted standards of a known concentration of lead on a filter paper at different volumes and concentrations. We determined the detection limit for lead through repeated measurements of our standards and calibration line slopes. We also tested the variability of the measured lead concentration across procedures and spotted blood volumes and found no significant additions to uncertainty in measurements. Finally, we compared blood lead concentrations measured by EDXRF and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and found EDXRF to be a significant predictor of blood lead (
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lead ; Multimorbidity ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; X-Rays
Chemical Substances	Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.0c06622
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Article ; Online: Bias due to Selection on Live Births in Studies of Environmental Exposures during Pregnancy: A Simulation Study.

Leung, Michael / Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna / Raz, Raanan / Weisskopf, Marc G

Environmental health perspectives

2021 Volume 129, Issue 4, Page(s) 47001

Abstract: Background: Studies of the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on postnatal outcomes are particularly vulnerable to live birth bias; i.e., the bias that arises from the necessary restriction of the analysis to live births when that is influenced ...

Abstract	Background: Studies of the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on postnatal outcomes are particularly vulnerable to live birth bias; i.e., the bias that arises from the necessary restriction of the analysis to live births when that is influenced by both the exposure under study Objectives: In the context of a recent publication of nitrogen dioxide ( Methods: We simulated the magnitude of bias under two selection mechanisms and when both mechanisms co-occur, assuming a true null effect. Simulation input parameters were based on characteristics of the original study and a range of plausible values for the prevalence of unmeasured factor Results: We found that the magnitude of bias was small when Discussion: Our simulations illustrate that live birth bias may lead to exposure-outcome associations that are biased downward, where the extent of the bias depends on the fetal selection mechanism, the strength of that selection, and the prevalence of
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Bias ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Live Birth ; Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis ; Pregnancy
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Nitrogen Dioxide (S7G510RUBH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	195189-0
ISSN	1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
ISSN (online)	1552-9924
ISSN	0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
DOI	10.1289/EHP7961
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Zs.B 1360: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 379: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Statin Medications and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Incidence and Mortality.

Weisskopf, Marc G / Levy, Joseph / Dickerson, Aisha S / Paganoni, Sabrina / Leventer-Roberts, Maya

American journal of epidemiology

2022 Volume 191, Issue 7, Page(s) 1248–1257

Abstract: Studies of statins and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence and survival have had conflicting findings possibly related to difficulties with confounding by indication. We considered potency of statins used and duration of use to explore ... ...

Abstract	Studies of statins and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) incidence and survival have had conflicting findings possibly related to difficulties with confounding by indication. We considered potency of statins used and duration of use to explore confounding by indication. Within the Clalit Health Services in Israel, we identified 948 ALS case patients from 2004 through 2017 and matched them with 1,000 control subjects each. Any statin use up to 3 years before ALS onset was not associated with ALS incidence but was associated with a reduced hazard ratio (HR) for death. Odds of ALS did not vary by statin potency, but use of only lower-potency statins was associated with longer survival (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98), whereas the association with higher-potency statins was null compared with those case patients who did not use statins. However, duration of statin use appeared to account for these findings. Those who used statins only up to 3 years had longer survival (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.96) than did case patients who did not use statins, but those who used statins for >3 years did not. Although other explanations are possible, these findings could suggest a protective effect of statins on ALS survival that is partially masked by a worse prognosis from underlying reasons for taking statins that deserves further exploration.
MeSH term(s)	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Incidence ; Israel/epidemiology ; Proportional Hazards Models
Chemical Substances	Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwac054
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