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  1. Article ; Online: Polarized protein transport and lumen formation during epithelial tissue morphogenesis.

    Blasky, Alex J / Mangan, Anthony / Prekeris, Rytis

    Annual review of cell and developmental biology

    2015  Volume 31, Page(s) 575–591

    Abstract: One of the major challenges in biology is to explain how complex tissues and organs arise from the collective action of individual polarized cells. The best-studied model of this process is the cross talk between individual epithelial cells during their ... ...

    Abstract One of the major challenges in biology is to explain how complex tissues and organs arise from the collective action of individual polarized cells. The best-studied model of this process is the cross talk between individual epithelial cells during their polarization to form the multicellular epithelial lumen during tissue morphogenesis. Multiple mechanisms of apical lumen formation have been proposed. Some epithelial lumens form from preexisting polarized epithelial structures. However, de novo lumen formation from nonpolarized cells has recently emerged as an important driver of epithelial tissue morphogenesis, especially during the formation of small epithelial tubule networks. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the mechanisms and regulation of de novo lumen formation in vitro and in vivo.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Polarity/physiology ; Epithelial Cells/physiology ; Humans ; Morphogenesis/physiology ; Protein Transport/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1293750-2
    ISSN 1530-8995 ; 1081-0706
    ISSN (online) 1530-8995
    ISSN 1081-0706
    DOI 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125323
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: miR-219 regulates neural precursor differentiation by direct inhibition of apical par polarity proteins.

    Hudish, Laura I / Blasky, Alex J / Appel, Bruce

    Developmental cell

    2013  Volume 27, Issue 4, Page(s) 387–398

    Abstract: Asymmetric self-renewing division of neural precursors is essential for brain development. Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins promote self-renewal, and their asymmetric distribution provides a mechanism for asymmetric division. Near the end of neural ... ...

    Abstract Asymmetric self-renewing division of neural precursors is essential for brain development. Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins promote self-renewal, and their asymmetric distribution provides a mechanism for asymmetric division. Near the end of neural development, most asymmetric division ends and precursors differentiate. This correlates with Par protein disappearance, but mechanisms that cause downregulation are unknown. MicroRNAs can promote precursor differentiation but have not been linked to Par protein regulation. We tested a hypothesis that microRNA miR-219 promotes precursor differentiation by inhibiting Par proteins. Neural precursors in zebrafish larvae lacking miR-219 function retained apical proteins, remained in the cell cycle, and failed to differentiate. miR-219 inhibited expression via target sites within the 3' untranslated sequence of pard3 and prkci mRNAs, which encode Par proteins, and blocking miR-219 access to these sites phenocopied loss of miR-219 function. We propose that negative regulation of Par protein expression by miR-219 promotes cell-cycle exit and differentiation.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Polarity ; Cell Proliferation ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; In Situ Hybridization ; Luciferases/metabolism ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Neurogenesis/genetics ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Stem Cells/metabolism ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics ; Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances MicroRNAs ; RNA, Messenger ; Zebrafish Proteins ; Luciferases (EC 1.13.12.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-11-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2054967-2
    ISSN 1878-1551 ; 1534-5807
    ISSN (online) 1878-1551
    ISSN 1534-5807
    DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Pard3 regulates contact between neural crest cells and the timing of Schwann cell differentiation but is not essential for neural crest migration or myelination.

    Blasky, Alex J / Pan, Luyuan / Moens, Cecilia B / Appel, Bruce

    Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists

    2014  Volume 243, Issue 12, Page(s) 1511–1523

    Abstract: Background: Schwann cells, which arise from the neural crest, are the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system. During development neural crest and their Schwann cell derivatives engage in a sequence of events that comprise delamination from ... ...

    Abstract Background: Schwann cells, which arise from the neural crest, are the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system. During development neural crest and their Schwann cell derivatives engage in a sequence of events that comprise delamination from the neuroepithelium, directed migration, axon ensheathment, and myelin membrane synthesis. At each step neural crest and Schwann cells are polarized, suggesting important roles for molecules that create cellular asymmetries. In this work we investigated the possibility that one polarity protein, Pard3, contributes to the polarized features of neural crest and Schwann cells that are associated with directed migration and myelination.
    Results: We analyzed mutant zebrafish embryos deficient for maternal and zygotic pard3 function. Time-lapse imaging revealed that neural crest delamination was normal but that migrating cells were disorganized with substantial amounts of overlapping membrane. Nevertheless, neural crest cells migrated to appropriate peripheral targets. Schwann cells wrapped motor axons and, although myelin gene expression was delayed, myelination proceeded to completion.
    Conclusions: Pard3 mediates contact inhibition between neural crest cells and promotes timely myelin gene expression but is not essential for neural crest migration or myelination.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Axons/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Cell Polarity/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology ; Motor Neurons/cytology ; Motor Neurons/metabolism ; Neural Crest/cytology ; Neural Crest/embryology ; Schwann Cells/cytology ; Schwann Cells/metabolism ; Zebrafish/embryology ; Zebrafish/genetics ; Zebrafish Proteins/biosynthesis ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
    Chemical Substances Carrier Proteins ; Zebrafish Proteins ; pard3ab protein, zebrafish
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1102541-4
    ISSN 1097-0177 ; 1058-8388
    ISSN (online) 1097-0177
    ISSN 1058-8388
    DOI 10.1002/dvdy.24172
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  4. Article ; Online: Riding the crest of the wave: parallels between the neural crest and cancer in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration.

    Powell, Davalyn R / Blasky, Alex J / Britt, Steven G / Artinger, Kristin B

    Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine

    2013  Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) 511–522

    Abstract: The neural crest (NC) is first induced as an epithelial population of cells at the neural plate border requiring complex signaling between bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factors to differentiate the neural and NC fate from the ... ...

    Abstract The neural crest (NC) is first induced as an epithelial population of cells at the neural plate border requiring complex signaling between bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factors to differentiate the neural and NC fate from the epidermis. Remarkably, following induction, these cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), delaminate from the neural tube, and migrate through various tissue types and microenvironments before reaching their final destination where they undergo terminal differentiation. This process is mirrored in cancer metastasis, where a primary tumor will undergo an EMT before migrating and invading other cell populations to create a secondary tumor site. In recent years, as our understanding of NC EMT and migration has deepened, important new insights into tumorigenesis and metastasis have also been achieved. These discoveries have been driven by the observation that many cancers misregulate developmental genes to reacquire proliferative and migratory states. In this review, we examine how the NC provides an excellent model for studying EMT and migration. These data are discussed from the perspective of the gene regulatory networks that control both NC and cancer cell EMT and migration. Deciphering these processes in a comparative manner will expand our knowledge of the underlying etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and promote the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.
    MeSH term(s) Cell Adhesion ; Cell Movement ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Neural Crest/cytology ; Neural Crest/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Transcription Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-04-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2503323-2
    ISSN 1939-005X ; 1939-5094
    ISSN (online) 1939-005X
    ISSN 1939-5094
    DOI 10.1002/wsbm.1224
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: miR-219 Regulates Neural Precursor Differentiation by Direct Inhibition of Apical Par Polarity Proteins

    Hudish, Laura I / Blasky, Alex J / Appel, Bruce

    Developmental cell. 2013 Nov. 25, v. 27, no. 4

    2013  

    Abstract: Asymmetric self-renewing division of neural precursors is essential for brain development. Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins promote self-renewal, and their asymmetric distribution provides a mechanism for asymmetric division. Near the end of neural ... ...

    Abstract Asymmetric self-renewing division of neural precursors is essential for brain development. Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins promote self-renewal, and their asymmetric distribution provides a mechanism for asymmetric division. Near the end of neural development, most asymmetric division ends and precursors differentiate. This correlates with Par protein disappearance, but mechanisms that cause downregulation are unknown. MicroRNAs can promote precursor differentiation but have not been linked to Par protein regulation. We tested a hypothesis that microRNA miR-219 promotes precursor differentiation by inhibiting Par proteins. Neural precursors in zebrafish larvae lacking miR-219 function retained apical proteins, remained in the cell cycle, and failed to differentiate. miR-219 inhibited expression via target sites within the 3′ untranslated sequence of pard3 and prkci mRNAs, which encode Par proteins, and blocking miR-219 access to these sites phenocopied loss of miR-219 function. We propose that negative regulation of Par protein expression by miR-219 promotes cell-cycle exit and differentiation.
    Keywords Danio rerio ; brain ; cell cycle ; larvae ; messenger RNA ; microRNA ; neurodevelopment ; protein synthesis ; proteins
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2013-1125
    Size p. 387-398.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2054967-2
    ISSN 1878-1551 ; 1534-5807
    ISSN (online) 1878-1551
    ISSN 1534-5807
    DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.015
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article: Rapid high-resolution MHC class I genotyping of Chinese rhesus macaques by capillary reference strand-mediated conformational analysis.

    Blasky, Alex J / Karl, Julie A / Wiseman, Roger W / Read, Daniel S / O'Connor, David H

    Immunogenetics

    2008  Volume 60, Issue 10, Page(s) 575–584

    Abstract: Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant ... ...

    Abstract Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant of these differences is the complement of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I sequences expressed by each animal. Although previous studies have reported strong associations between MHC expression and disease outcome, a rapid, cost-effective method for high-resolution MHC genotyping in macaques is lacking. In this study, we adapted a modified heteroduplex assay, reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer for macaque MHC class I genotyping. For validation, we investigated the concordance of RSCA genotyping for 14 MHC class I sequences in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques whose genotypes were established through complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of MHC class I sequences. We observed a concordance greater than 98% between RSCA and the cloning and sequencing data. Furthermore, RSCA confirmed the presence of MHC haplotype sharing between three macaques as predicted previously by microsatellite analysis. RSCA genotyping of an additional 25 Chinese rhesus macaques demonstrated that the frequency of these 14 MHC class I sequences ranged from 5% to 32%, with the Mamu-A1*2601 sequence being most common in this cohort. Capillary RSCA genotyping has the potential to enable researchers to rapidly evaluate MHC class I genotypes in rhesus macaques and associate specific MHC sequences with disease susceptibility.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; Genes, MHC Class I/genetics ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics ; Macaca mulatta/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
    Chemical Substances Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-07-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 186560-2
    ISSN 1432-1211 ; 0093-7711
    ISSN (online) 1432-1211
    ISSN 0093-7711
    DOI 10.1007/s00251-008-0315-1
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  7. Article: Rapid high-resolution MHC class I genotyping of Chinese rhesus macaques by capillary reference strand-mediated conformational analysis

    Blasky, Alex J / Karl, Julie A / Wiseman, Roger W / Read, Daniel S / O'Connor, David H

    Immunogenetics. 2008 Oct., v. 60, no. 10

    2008  

    Abstract: Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant ... ...

    Abstract Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant of these differences is the complement of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I sequences expressed by each animal. Although previous studies have reported strong associations between MHC expression and disease outcome, a rapid, cost-effective method for high-resolution MHC genotyping in macaques is lacking. In this study, we adapted a modified heteroduplex assay, reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer for macaque MHC class I genotyping. For validation, we investigated the concordance of RSCA genotyping for 14 MHC class I sequences in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques whose genotypes were established through complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of MHC class I sequences. We observed a concordance greater than 98% between RSCA and the cloning and sequencing data. Furthermore, RSCA confirmed the presence of MHC haplotype sharing between three macaques as predicted previously by microsatellite analysis. RSCA genotyping of an additional 25 Chinese rhesus macaques demonstrated that the frequency of these 14 MHC class I sequences ranged from 5% to 32%, with the Mamu-A1*2601 sequence being most common in this cohort. Capillary RSCA genotyping has the potential to enable researchers to rapidly evaluate MHC class I genotypes in rhesus macaques and associate specific MHC sequences with disease susceptibility.
    Keywords Macaca mulatta
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2008-10
    Size p. 575-584.
    Publisher Springer-Verlag
    Publishing place Berlin/Heidelberg
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 186560-2
    ISSN 1432-1211 ; 0093-7711
    ISSN (online) 1432-1211
    ISSN 0093-7711
    DOI 10.1007/s00251-008-0315-1
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  8. Article ; Online: Allogeneic lymphocytes persist and traffic in feral MHC-matched mauritian cynomolgus macaques.

    Greene, Justin M / Burwitz, Benjamin J / Blasky, Alex J / Mattila, Teresa L / Hong, Jung Joo / Rakasz, Eva G / Wiseman, Roger W / Hasenkrug, Kim J / Skinner, Pamela J / O'Connor, Shelby L / O'Connor, David H

    PloS one

    2008  Volume 3, Issue 6, Page(s) e2384

    Abstract: Background: Thus far, live attenuated SIV has been the most successful method for vaccinating macaques against pathogenic SIV challenge; however, it is not clear what mechanisms are responsible for this protection. Adoptive transfer studies in mice have ...

    Abstract Background: Thus far, live attenuated SIV has been the most successful method for vaccinating macaques against pathogenic SIV challenge; however, it is not clear what mechanisms are responsible for this protection. Adoptive transfer studies in mice have been integral to understanding live attenuated vaccine protection in models like Friend virus. Previous adoptive transfers in primates have failed as transferred cells are typically cleared within hours after transfer.
    Methodology/ principal findings: Here we describe adoptive transfer studies in Mauritian origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM), a non-human primate model with limited MHC diversity. Cells transferred between unrelated MHC-matched macaques persist for at least fourteen days but are rejected within 36 hours in MHC-mismatched macaques. Cells trafficked from the blood to peripheral lymphoid tissues within 12 hours of transfer.
    Conclusions/significance: MHC-matched MCM provide the first viable primate model for adoptive transfer studies. Because macaques infected with SIV are the best model for HIV/AIDS pathogenesis, we can now directly study the correlates of protective immune responses to AIDS viruses. For example, plasma viral loads following pathogenic SIV challenge are reduced by several orders of magnitude in macaques previously immunized with attenuated SIV. Adoptive transfer of lymphocyte subpopulations from vaccinated donors into SIV-naïve animals may define the immune mechanisms responsible for protection and guide future vaccine development.
    MeSH term(s) Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Base Sequence ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; DNA Primers ; Haplotypes ; Macaca fascicularis ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Microsatellite Repeats/genetics ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
    Chemical Substances DNA Primers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-06-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0002384
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  9. Article: MHC class I characterization of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques.

    Pendley, Chad J / Becker, Ericka A / Karl, Julie A / Blasky, Alex J / Wiseman, Roger W / Hughes, Austin L / O'Connor, Shelby L / O'Connor, David H

    Immunogenetics

    2008  Volume 60, Issue 7, Page(s) 339–351

    Abstract: Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are quickly becoming a useful model for infectious disease and transplantation research. Even though cynomolgus macaques from different geographic regions are used for these studies, there has been limited ... ...

    Abstract Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are quickly becoming a useful model for infectious disease and transplantation research. Even though cynomolgus macaques from different geographic regions are used for these studies, there has been limited characterization of full-length major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I immunogenetics of distinct geographic populations. Here, we identified 48 MHC class I cDNA nucleotide sequences in eleven Indonesian cynomolgus macaques, including 41 novel Mafa-A and Mafa-B sequences. We found seven MHC class I sequences in Indonesian macaques that were identical to MHC class I sequences identified in Malaysian or Mauritian macaques. Sharing of nucleotide sequences between these geographically distinct populations is also consistent with the hypothesis that Indonesia was a source of the Mauritian macaque population. In addition, we found that the Indonesian cDNA sequence Mafa-B7601 is identical throughout its peptide binding domain to Mamu-B03, an allele that has been associated with control of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viremia in Indian rhesus macaques. Overall, a better understanding of the MHC class I alleles present in Indonesian cynomolgus macaques improves their value as a model for disease research, and it better defines the biogeography of cynomolgus macaques throughout Southeast Asia.
    MeSH term(s) Alleles ; Animals ; Genes, MHC Class I ; Genetics, Population ; Indonesia ; Macaca fascicularis/genetics ; Macaca fascicularis/immunology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-05-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 186560-2
    ISSN 1432-1211 ; 0093-7711
    ISSN (online) 1432-1211
    ISSN 0093-7711
    DOI 10.1007/s00251-008-0292-4
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  10. Article ; Online: Characterization of 47 MHC class I sequences in Filipino cynomolgus macaques.

    Campbell, Kevin J / Detmer, Ann M / Karl, Julie A / Wiseman, Roger W / Blasky, Alex J / Hughes, Austin L / Bimber, Benjamin N / O'Connor, Shelby L / O'Connor, David H

    Immunogenetics

    2008  Volume 61, Issue 3, Page(s) 177–187

    Abstract: Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) provide increasingly common models for infectious disease research. Several geographically distinct populations of these macaques from Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius are available for ... ...

    Abstract Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) provide increasingly common models for infectious disease research. Several geographically distinct populations of these macaques from Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius are available for pathogenesis studies. Though host genetics may profoundly impact results of such studies, similarities and differences between populations are often overlooked. In this study we identified 47 full-length MHC class I nucleotide sequences in 16 cynomolgus macaques of Filipino origin. The majority of MHC class I sequences characterized (39 of 47) were unique to this regional population. However, we discovered eight sequences with perfect identity and six sequences with close similarity to previously defined MHC class I sequences from other macaque populations. We identified two ancestral MHC haplotypes that appear to be shared between Filipino and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, notably a Mafa-B haplotype that has previously been shown to protect Mauritian cynomolgus macaques against challenge with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV(89.6P). We also identified a Filipino cynomolgus macaque MHC class I sequence for which the predicted protein sequence differs from Mamu-B*17 by a single amino acid. This is important because Mamu-B*17 is strongly associated with protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge in Indian rhesus macaques. These findings have implications for the evolutionary history of Filipino cynomolgus macaques as well as for the use of this model in SIV/SHIV research protocols.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; DNA, Complementary ; Genes, MHC Class I ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry ; Macaca fascicularis/genetics ; Philippines ; Phylogeny
    Chemical Substances DNA, Complementary ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-12-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 186560-2
    ISSN 1432-1211 ; 0093-7711
    ISSN (online) 1432-1211
    ISSN 0093-7711
    DOI 10.1007/s00251-008-0351-x
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