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  1. Article ; Online: Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals.

    Canavan, Sofija V / Margoliash, Daniel

    PLoS biology

    2020  Volume 18, Issue 11, Page(s) e3000929

    Abstract: Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features ... ...

    Abstract Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study-and commonly used in older bird studies-dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture observed in mammals, songbirds, and now budgerigars, alongside recent work in reptiles and basal birds, provide support for the hypothesis that a common amniote ancestor possessed the precursors that gave rise to REM and SWS at one or more loci in the parallel evolution of sleep in higher vertebrates. We discuss this hypothesis in terms of the common plan of forebrain organization shared by reptiles, birds, and mammals.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; Electroencephalography/veterinary ; Electrooculography/veterinary ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/physiology ; Melopsittacus/physiology ; Photoperiod ; Polysomnography/veterinary ; Sleep/physiology ; Sleep, REM/physiology ; Sleep, Slow-Wave/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Ultradian Rhythm/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000929
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals.

    Sofija V Canavan / Daniel Margoliash

    PLoS Biology, Vol 18, Iss 11, p e

    2020  Volume 3000929

    Abstract: Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features ... ...

    Abstract Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study-and commonly used in older bird studies-dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture ...
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Preliminary evidence for normalization of risk taking by modafinil in chronic cocaine users.

    Canavan, Sofija V / Forselius, Erica L / Bessette, Andrew J / Morgan, Peter T

    Addictive behaviors

    2014  Volume 39, Issue 6, Page(s) 1057–1061

    Abstract: Modafinil, a wake-promoting agent used to treat sleep disorders, is thought to enhance cognition. Although modafinil has shown promise as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence, it is unknown to what extent cognitive effects may play a ...

    Abstract Modafinil, a wake-promoting agent used to treat sleep disorders, is thought to enhance cognition. Although modafinil has shown promise as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence, it is unknown to what extent cognitive effects may play a role in such treatment. We examined the effect of modafinil on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a behavioral measure in which higher scores are purported to reflect a greater propensity for risk-taking. Thirty cocaine dependent individuals, enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of modafinil 400mg (n=12) versus placebo (n=18), were administered the BART during the second week of inpatient treatment for cocaine dependence. A comparison cohort of healthy participants (n=19) performed the BART under similar conditions. Modafinil treatment was associated with significantly higher BART scores (p=0.01), which were comparable to scores in healthy persons. BART scores in placebo treated participants were much lower than previously reported in healthy participants, and lower than those observed in the comparison cohort. As propensity toward risk taking is typically associated with higher BART scores as well as increased risk for substance use, our findings may reflect a novel aspect of cognitive impairment related to chronic cocaine use. Notably, the low BART scores reflect highly suboptimal performance on the task, and the observed effect of modafinil may indicate a normalization of this impairment and have implications for treatment outcome.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use ; Chronic Disease ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology ; Cognition/drug effects ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Modafinil ; Risk-Taking ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Benzhydryl Compounds ; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents ; Modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-03-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 197618-7
    ISSN 1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
    ISSN (online) 1873-6327
    ISSN 0306-4603
    DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 1214: Show issues Location:
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  4. Article ; Online: Changes in maternal gene expression in olfactory circuits in the immediate postpartum period.

    Canavan, Sofija V / Mayes, Linda C / Treloar, Helen B

    Frontiers in psychiatry

    2011  Volume 2, Page(s) 40

    Abstract: Regulation of maternal behavior in the immediate postpartum period involves neural circuits in reward and homeostasis systems responding to cues from the newborn. Our aim was to assess one specific regulatory mechanism: the role that olfaction plays in ... ...

    Abstract Regulation of maternal behavior in the immediate postpartum period involves neural circuits in reward and homeostasis systems responding to cues from the newborn. Our aim was to assess one specific regulatory mechanism: the role that olfaction plays in the onset and modulation of parenting behavior. We focused on changes in gene expression in olfactory brain regions, examining nine genes found in previous knockout studies to be necessary for maternal behavior. Using a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based approach, we assessed changes in gene expression in response to exposure to pups in 11 microdissected olfactory brain regions. Over the first postpartum days, all nine genes were detected in all 11 regions (at differing levels) and their expression changed in response to pup exposure. As a general trend, five genes (Dbh, Esr1, FosB, Foxb1, and Oxtr) were found to decrease their expression in most of the olfactory regions examined, while two genes (Mest and Prlr) were found to increase expression. Nos1 and Peg3 levels remained relatively stable except in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), where greater than fourfold increases in expression were observed. The largest magnitude expression changes in this study were found in the AOB, which mediates a variety of olfactory cues that elicit stereotypic behaviors such as mating and aggression as well as some non-pheromone odors. Previous analyses of null mice for the nine genes assessed here have rarely examined olfactory function. Our data suggest that there may be olfactory effects in these null mice which contribute to the observed maternal behavioral phenotypes. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that olfactory processing is an important sensory regulator of maternal behavior.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-07-01
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2564218-2
    ISSN 1664-0640 ; 1664-0640
    ISSN (online) 1664-0640
    ISSN 1664-0640
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00040
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Correlates of polysomnographic sleep changes in cocaine dependence: self-administration and clinical outcomes.

    Angarita, Gustavo A / Canavan, Sofija V / Forselius, Erica / Bessette, Andrew / Morgan, Peter T

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2014  Volume 143, Page(s) 173–180

    Abstract: Background: Abstinence from chronic cocaine use is associated with abnormal sleep architecture. As sleep abnormalities are associated with clinical outcome in alcohol dependence, we hypothesized a similar relationship in cocaine dependence.: Methods: ...

    Abstract Background: Abstinence from chronic cocaine use is associated with abnormal sleep architecture. As sleep abnormalities are associated with clinical outcome in alcohol dependence, we hypothesized a similar relationship in cocaine dependence.
    Methods: We report data from a cocaine self-administration study (N=12) and the placebo arm of a randomized clinical trial (N=20). Self-administration participants underwent three cocaine self-administration sessions during a three-week inpatient stay. Treatment participants underwent two weeks of inpatient followed by six weeks of outpatient treatment including once-weekly cognitive behavioral therapy. Measurements included polysomnography from early and late in abstinence during the inpatient stays. Clinical outcomes included amount of cocaine self-administered, urine tests, and self-reported use and withdrawal symptoms.
    Results: Change in slow-wave sleep from early to late abstinence (ΔSWS; p=0.05), late abstinence rapid eye movement sleep (REM; p=0.002), and late abstinence total sleep time (p=0.02) were negatively correlated with the amount of cocaine self-administered. Early abstinence REM was positively correlated with withdrawal symptoms (p=0.02). Late abstinence REM was positively correlated with percent negative urines and maximum consecutive number of days abstinent (both p<0.001). ΔSWS was positively correlated with percent negative urines (p=0.03) and participants with increased SWS had greater percent negative urines (p=0.008) and maximum consecutive number of days abstinent (p=0.009).
    Conclusions: Correlations between sleep deficits and amount of cocaine self-administered, clinical outcomes, and severity of withdrawal symptoms underscore the relevance of sleep in clinical outcomes in the treatment of cocaine dependence.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anesthetics, Local/adverse effects ; Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology ; Cocaine/adverse effects ; Cocaine/pharmacology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/rehabilitation ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polysomnography/drug effects ; Self Administration ; Sleep Wake Disorders/chemically induced ; Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology ; Substance Abuse Detection ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology
    Chemical Substances Anesthetics, Local ; Cocaine (I5Y540LHVR)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-07-30
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.025
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 1310: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Modafinil and sleep architecture in an inpatient-outpatient treatment study of cocaine dependence.

    Morgan, Peter T / Angarita, Gustavo A / Canavan, Sofija / Pittman, Brian / Oberleitner, Lindsay / Malison, Robert T / Mohsenin, Vahid / Hodges, Sarah / Easton, Caroline / McKee, Sherry / Bessette, Andrew / Forselius, Erica

    Drug and alcohol dependence

    2016  Volume 160, Page(s) 49–56

    Abstract: Objective: To determine whether the increase in slow-wave sleep associated with modafinil treatment in chronic cocaine users mediates improved clinical outcomes.: Method: 57 cocaine dependent participants were randomized to receive modafinil 400mg or ...

    Abstract Objective: To determine whether the increase in slow-wave sleep associated with modafinil treatment in chronic cocaine users mediates improved clinical outcomes.
    Method: 57 cocaine dependent participants were randomized to receive modafinil 400mg or placebo daily during a period of inpatient treatment followed by six weeks of outpatient treatment. Participants underwent polysomnographic sleep recording during inpatient treatment prior to and after starting modafinil. Outpatient treatment consisted of weekly cognitive behavioral therapy. Contingency management was used to promote participation in treatment and research demands, including thrice weekly visits during the outpatient phase for urine toxicology screens and other assessments. The primary clinical outcome was the percent of urine toxicology screens that were negative for cocaine.
    Results: Modafinil treatment was associated with a higher mean percentage (52% vs. 26%) of cocaine-free urine screens (p=0.02) and an increase in N3 sleep time (p=0.002). The change in N3 sleep time mediated the higher rate of cocaine-free urine screens. Modafinil treatment was also associated with more consecutive days abstinent during outpatient treatment, greater survival of abstinence, higher daily rates of abstinence, and less sleep degradation typically associated with abstinence from chronic cocaine use.
    Conclusions: Morning-dosed modafinil improves slow-wave sleep in abstinent cocaine users in the inpatient setting, and this effect is a statistical mediator of improved clinical outcomes associated with continued modafinil treatment. The high rates of abstinence achieved in this trial suggest that promoting healthy sleep physiology in an inpatient setting may be important in the effective treatment of cocaine dependence.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology ; Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/psychology ; Cognitive Therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; Sleep/drug effects ; Sleep Wake Disorders/complications ; Sleep Wake Disorders/drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents/pharmacology ; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances Benzhydryl Compounds ; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents ; modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-01
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 519918-9
    ISSN 1879-0046 ; 0376-8716
    ISSN (online) 1879-0046
    ISSN 0376-8716
    DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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