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  1. Article: Pharmacotherapeutic Impact on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Histology: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

    Kovalic, Alexander J

    Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 1057–1068

    Abstract: Background: Due to lack of targeted treatment options and inconsistent utilization of histologic endpoints among clinical trials, identifying efficacious pharmacotherapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] has proven challenging.: Methods: A ... ...

    Abstract Background: Due to lack of targeted treatment options and inconsistent utilization of histologic endpoints among clinical trials, identifying efficacious pharmacotherapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] has proven challenging.
    Methods: A thorough systematic review and frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis was performed across all randomized clinical trials reporting a pharmacotherapeutic intervention on biopsy-proven NASH. Primary outcomes were based on the most current, up-to-date recommended histologic endpoints.
    Results: A total of 40 RCTs were identified including 6593 total patients. The most effective and statistically significant treatment interventions for minimum two-point improvement in NAFLD Activity Score were aldafermin 1 mg [RR 7.69, 95% CI 2.00; 29.57], vitamin E 800 IU in combination with pioglitazone 45 mg [RR 3.38, 95% CI 1.88; 6.07], pioglitazone 45 mg [RR 3.29, 95% CI 1.74; 6.22], vitamin E 800 IU [RR 2.06, 95% CI 1.33; 3.18], resmetirom 80 mg [RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.03; 2.94], obeticholic acid 25 mg [RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.32; 2.01], and obeticholic acid 10 mg [RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02; 1.67]). The most robust pharmacotherapies for NASH resolution without worsening fibrosis were found to be aldafermin 1 mg [RR 5.77, 95% CI 1.48; 22.51], pioglitazone 45 mg [RR 2.65, 95% CI 1.43; 4.91], vitamin E 800 IU in combination with pioglitazone 45 mg [RR 2.64, 95% CI 1.36; 5.12], pioglitazone 30 mg [RR 2.46, 95% CI 1.56; 3.88], vitamin E 800 IU [RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.20; 3.00], and obeticholic acid 25 mg [RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.03; 2.23]). Obeticholic acid had a significant improvement on fibrosis. Multiple interventions were found to improve individual histologic scores across secondary outcome analyses and are detailed below.
    Conclusion: This novel systematic review and network meta-analysis represents the most comprehensive investigation to date regarding the pharmacotherapeutic options for biopsy-proven NASH using current recommended histologic endpoints.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-01
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 0973-6883
    ISSN 0973-6883
    DOI 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.011
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  2. Article ; Online: Noninvasive assessment of fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD].

    Bernstein, David / Kovalic, Alexander J

    Metabolism open

    2022  Volume 13, Page(s) 100158

    Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] is a condition affecting a vast portion of the worldwide population. The presence of underlying fibrosis is the strongest predictor of long-term outcomes and mortality, with a graduated increase in liver-related ... ...

    Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] is a condition affecting a vast portion of the worldwide population. The presence of underlying fibrosis is the strongest predictor of long-term outcomes and mortality, with a graduated increase in liver-related morbidity and mortality with progression from moderate fibrosis tobiomarkers targeting collagen turnover and extracellular matrix remodeling FibroTest FAST™, Velacur™, MRE]. While many of these provide a robust, stand alone value, the accuracy of these noninvasive tests markedly increase when used in combination or in sequential order with one another. There is not a uniform consensus demonstrating superiority of any specific test. Given the growing role and accuracy of these tests, they should have an expanding role in the assessment of fibrosis across this patient population and obviate the need for liver biopsy in a large portion of patients. Future clinical studies should focus on validating these novel biomarkers, as well as optimizing the sequential or algorithmic testing when combining these noninvasive tests.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2589-9368
    ISSN (online) 2589-9368
    DOI 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100158
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  3. Article ; Online: Letter to the editor: l-ornithine l-aspartate in acute treatment of severe hepatic encephalopathy: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Lee, Tai-Ping / Da, Ben L

    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)

    2022  Volume 76, Issue 5, Page(s) E108–E109

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hepatic Encephalopathy/drug therapy ; Aspartic Acid ; Dipeptides/therapeutic use ; Ornithine ; Double-Blind Method ; Ammonia
    Chemical Substances Aspartic Acid (30KYC7MIAI) ; Dipeptides ; Ornithine (E524N2IXA3) ; Ammonia (7664-41-7)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 604603-4
    ISSN 1527-3350 ; 0270-9139
    ISSN (online) 1527-3350
    ISSN 0270-9139
    DOI 10.1002/hep.32643
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  4. Article ; Online: Peritransplant Renal Dysfunction in Liver Transplant Candidates.

    Heda, Rajiv / Kovalic, Alexander J / Satapathy, Sanjaya K

    Clinics in liver disease

    2022  Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 255–268

    Abstract: Renal function is intricately tied to Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and overall prognosis among patients with cirrhosis. The estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and etiology of renal impairment are even more magnified among cirrhotic ...

    Abstract Renal function is intricately tied to Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and overall prognosis among patients with cirrhosis. The estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and etiology of renal impairment are even more magnified among cirrhotic patients in the period surrounding liver transplantation. Novel biomarkers including cystatin C and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin have been demonstrated to more accurately assess renal dysfunction and aid in the diagnosis of competing etiologies. Accurately identifying the severity and chronicity of renal dysfunction among transplant candidates is an imperative component with respect to stratifying patients toward simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation versus liver transplantation alone.
    MeSH term(s) End Stage Liver Disease/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Liver Transplantation/adverse effects ; Male ; Severity of Illness Index
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1472315-3
    ISSN 1557-8224 ; 1089-3261
    ISSN (online) 1557-8224
    ISSN 1089-3261
    DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2022.01.010
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  5. Article ; Online: REPLY.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Huang, Glen / Thuluvath, Paul J / Satapathy, Sanjaya K

    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)

    2021  Volume 73, Issue 5, Page(s) 2080–2081

    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 604603-4
    ISSN 1527-3350 ; 0270-9139
    ISSN (online) 1527-3350
    ISSN 0270-9139
    DOI 10.1002/hep.31542
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  6. Article ; Online: Prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Satapathy, Sanjaya K / Thuluvath, Paul J

    Hepatology international

    2020  Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) 612–620

    Abstract: Abnormal liver enzymes are seen in 20% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The etiology of elevated liver enzymes is thought to be multifactorial including medications and underlying liver disease. The true prevalence and clinical significance of ... ...

    Abstract Abnormal liver enzymes are seen in 20% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The etiology of elevated liver enzymes is thought to be multifactorial including medications and underlying liver disease. The true prevalence and clinical significance of underlying chronic liver diseases (CLD) in COVID-19 remains poorly defined. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we included 74 clinical studies that were identified after a thorough literature search across three databases. The prevalence of CLD patients (73 studies, 24,299 patients) was 3% among all COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of CLD patients was similar in COVID-19 positive and negative population (pooled OR 0.79 [95% CI 0.60, 1.05], p = 0.10). The presence of CLD was significantly associated with more severe COVID-19 infection (pooled OR 1.48 [95% CI 1.17, 1.87], p = 0.001) and overall mortality (pooled OR 1.78 [95% CI 1.09, 2.93], p = 0.02). Additionally, there was a non-significant trend noted for increased ICU admissions and need for invasive mechanical ventilation among COVID-19 patients with CLD. To date, the clinical importance of chronic liver diseases among COVID-19 infection has remained undefined. In this novel systematic review and meta-analysis, the presence of underlying chronic liver disease was significantly associated with more severe COVID-19 infections and mortality.
    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; COVID-19 ; Comorbidity ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology ; Coronavirus Infections/therapy ; Critical Care/methods ; Critical Care/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Liver Diseases/diagnosis ; Liver Diseases/epidemiology ; Liver Function Tests/methods ; Mortality ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/therapy ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 2270316-0
    ISSN 1936-0541 ; 1936-0533
    ISSN (online) 1936-0541
    ISSN 1936-0533
    DOI 10.1007/s12072-020-10078-2
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  7. Article ; Online: Pharmacotherapeutic efficacy on noninvasive fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Gozar, Martin / Da, Ben L / Bernstein, David / Satapathy, Sanjaya K

    European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology

    2022  Volume 35, Issue 1, Page(s) 102–111

    Abstract: Background: Fibrosis impacts long-term outcomes among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to well-documented flaws associated with liver biopsy, there has been a recent emphasis on prioritizing noninvasive testing over liver ... ...

    Abstract Background: Fibrosis impacts long-term outcomes among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to well-documented flaws associated with liver biopsy, there has been a recent emphasis on prioritizing noninvasive testing over liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis.
    Methods: A comprehensive systematic review and frequentist random effects network meta-analysis was performed among randomized controlled trials reporting pharmacologic intervention in NAFLD. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in liver stiffness measurement (LSM) via elastography. Secondary endpoints included changes in noninvasive serologic tests including APRI, fibrosis-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score, enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) and FibroTest (FibroSure in the USA).
    Results: Forty-five randomized controlled trials enrolling 6932 patients were identified for this network meta-analysis. Across the primary endpoint, firsocostat, semaglutide, montelukast, cilofexor plus firsocostat, obeticholic acid and diacerein (change in LSM via vibration controlled transient elastography), in addition to lubiprostone and pemafibrate (change in LSM via magnetic resonance elastography) were found to be the most effective and statistically significant treatment interventions. Similarly, the following interventions were determined to be most effective as compared to placebo among secondary endpoints: saroglitazar, lubiprostone, and obeticholic acid (change in APRI); saroglitazar, semaglutide, firsocostat and cilofexor plus firsocostat (change in ELF); obeticholic acid and belapectin [change in FibroTest/FibroSure].
    Conclusion: This is the first systematic review and network meta-analysis reporting pharmacologic efficacy in the progression of fibrosis based on noninvasive testing among patients with NAFLD. Semaglutide, obeticholic acid, firsocostat, cilofexor plus firsocostat and lubiprostone were found to be the most effective treatments based on their consistent efficacy reproduced across multiple endpoints, both via elastography and noninvasive blood tests.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/drug therapy ; Lubiprostone ; Network Meta-Analysis ; Liver Cirrhosis/diagnostic imaging ; Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
    Chemical Substances firsocostat (XE10NJQ95M) ; cilofexor (YUN2306954) ; saroglitazar (E0YMX3S4JD) ; Lubiprostone (7662KG2R6K)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1034239-4
    ISSN 1473-5687 ; 0954-691X
    ISSN (online) 1473-5687
    ISSN 0954-691X
    DOI 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002463
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  8. Article ; Online: The Role of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Cardiovascular Manifestations and Outcomes.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Satapathy, Sanjaya K

    Clinics in liver disease

    2017  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 141–174

    Abstract: Cardiovascular disease has been postulated as the leading cause of mortality among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), rather than from sequalae of liver disease specifically. While there is ample evidence validating the association ... ...

    Abstract Cardiovascular disease has been postulated as the leading cause of mortality among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), rather than from sequalae of liver disease specifically. While there is ample evidence validating the association between NAFLD and increased cardiovascular comorbidities, events, and mortality, current data presents a challenge in attributing this effect solely due to NAFLD given the rampant presence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Endpoints of increased cardiovascular risk remains tightly linked to the concomitant presence of insulin resistance and T2DM. Prospective studies accentuating early detection of NAFLD are imperative to institute early intervention and prevent future cardiovascular events.
    MeSH term(s) Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality ; Atherosclerosis/epidemiology ; Heart Arrest/mortality ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology ; Heart Diseases/mortality ; Heart Diseases/physiopathology ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Myocardial Infarction/mortality ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/mortality ; Thromboembolism/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-10-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1472315-3
    ISSN 1557-8224 ; 1089-3261
    ISSN (online) 1557-8224
    ISSN 1089-3261
    DOI 10.1016/j.cld.2017.08.011
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  9. Article ; Online: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease: metabolic diseases with systemic manifestations.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Cholankeril, George / Satapathy, Sanjaya K

    Translational gastroenterology and hepatology

    2019  Volume 4, Page(s) 65

    Abstract: The progression of liver disease is portrayed by several common, overarching signs and symptoms. Classically, these include findings such as spider angiomata, jaundice, palmar erythema, and as cirrhosis decompensates, ascites, variceal hemorrhage (VH), ... ...

    Abstract The progression of liver disease is portrayed by several common, overarching signs and symptoms. Classically, these include findings such as spider angiomata, jaundice, palmar erythema, and as cirrhosis decompensates, ascites, variceal hemorrhage (VH), hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aside from these universal hallmarks among cirrhotics, patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) harbor their own distinct systemic associations and manifestations. NAFLD is tightly linked to metabolic syndrome, which appears to be a driving force for a multitude of comorbidities, such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as increased malignancy risk. ALD also maintains a variety of comorbidities congruent with systemic effects of chronic alcohol use. These findings are highlighted by cardiovascular conditions, neuronal damage, myopathy, nutritional deficiencies, chronic pancreatitis, in addition to increased malignancy risk. While a general, guideline-driven management for all cirrhotic patients remains imperative for minimizing risk of complications, a tailored treatment strategy is useful for patients with NAFLD and ALD who entertain their own constellation of unique systemic manifestations.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-03
    Publishing country China
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2415-1289
    ISSN (online) 2415-1289
    DOI 10.21037/tgh.2019.08.09
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  10. Article ; Online: Elevated Liver Biochemistries in Hospitalized Chinese Patients With Severe COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

    Kovalic, Alexander J / Huang, Glen / Thuluvath, Paul J / Satapathy, Sanjaya K

    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)

    2020  Volume 73, Issue 4, Page(s) 1521–1530

    Abstract: Background and aims: Several recent studies have reported an abnormal liver chemistry profile among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although its clinical significance remains unknown.: Approach and results: This systematic review ... ...

    Abstract Background and aims: Several recent studies have reported an abnormal liver chemistry profile among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although its clinical significance remains unknown.
    Approach and results: This systematic review and meta-analysis identified six studies of 586 patients delineating liver chemistries among patients with severe/critical illness versus mild cases of COVID-19 infection. Patients with severe/critical illness with COVID-19 infection have increased prevalence of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as compared with mild cases. A significant association between severe/critical COVID-19 infections with elevations in aspartate aminotransferase (pooled mean difference [MD], 11.70 U/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.97, 20.43; P = 0.009), elevated total bilirubin (pooled MD, 0.14 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.06, 0.22; P = 0.0005), and decreased albumin (pooled MD, -0.68 g/L; 95% CI, -0.81, -0.55; P < 0.00001) was noted. There was also a trend toward elevated alanine aminotransferase levels among these severe cases (pooled MD, 8.84 U/L; 95% CI, -2.28, 19.97; P = 0.12); however, this did not reach statistical significance. More severe/critically ill cases were associated with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, elevated creatinine kinase, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and elevated prothrombin time (PT).
    Conclusions: Comorbidities, including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are more prevalent in hospitalized Chinese patients with severe/critical illness from COVID-19, and these patients are more likely to manifest with abnormal liver chemistries. Further prospective studies are crucial to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the hepatic manifestations of the novel COVID-19 infection and its clinical significance.
    MeSH term(s) Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; Bilirubin/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; China ; Comorbidity ; Critical Illness/epidemiology ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Liver/physiopathology ; Liver Diseases/blood ; Liver Diseases/epidemiology ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; Severity of Illness Index
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; Serum Albumin ; Aspartate Aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.1) ; Alanine Transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2) ; Bilirubin (RFM9X3LJ49)
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 604603-4
    ISSN 1527-3350 ; 0270-9139
    ISSN (online) 1527-3350
    ISSN 0270-9139
    DOI 10.1002/hep.31472
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