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Article ; Online: Increasing prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis in Victoria, Australia.

French, Janine / van der Mei, Ingrid / Simpson, Steve / Ng, Justin / Angus, Peter / Lubel, John / Nicoll, Amanda / Sood, Siddharth / Roberts, Stuart K / Kemp, William / Arachchi, Niranjan / Dev, Anouk / Thompson, Alexander / Gow, Paul J

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology

2019 Volume 35, Issue 4, Page(s) 673–679

Abstract: ... of this study was to determine the 2013 prevalence of PBC in Victoria, Australia, and to determine the time ... methods were used to identify cases of PBC in Victoria: (1) physicians' survey; (2) tertiary hospital ... Results: The prevalence of PBC in Victoria, Australia, is 189.0 per million using all four methods ...

Abstract	Background and aim: The prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) reported in different countries varies significantly and in some parts of the world appears to be increasing. The aim of this study was to determine the 2013 prevalence of PBC in Victoria, Australia, and to determine the time trend by comparing it with previous studies undertaken in 1991 and 2002. Methods: Four case-finding methods were used to identify cases of PBC in Victoria: (1) physicians' survey; (2) tertiary hospital search; (3) liver transplant database search; and (4) private pathology antimitochondrial antibody search. Results: The prevalence of PBC in Victoria, Australia, is 189.0 per million using all four methods. The average annual increase in prevalence from 1991 to 2013 was 7.7 per million per year. Using the same case-finding methods as the 1991 Victorian prevalence study (methods 1 and 2), the prevalence of PBC increased from 19.1 per million in 1991 to 49.4 per million in 2002 (P < 0.001) and to 80.7 per million in 2013 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The current prevalence of PBC in Victoria is significantly higher than previously reported. The use of private pathology-based case-finding methods is important in identifying the maximum number of PBC cases.
MeSH term(s)	Australia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology ; Male ; Prevalence ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-28
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632882-9
ISSN	1440-1746 ; 0815-9319
ISSN (online)	1440-1746
ISSN	0815-9319
DOI	10.1111/jgh.14924
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Article ; Online: Issues and Challenges Confronting the Achievement of Zero Plastic Waste in Victoria, Australia

Anne W. M. Ng / Srenghang Ly / Nitin Muttil / Cuong Ngoc Nguyen

Recycling, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 9-

2021

Abstract: ... at only about 9.4% (in 2017–2018). The state of Victoria (in Australia) has proposed an ambitious 10-year ... development. The model was run in 4 scenarios including one for Victoria’s current 10-year plan. Outcomes ... of this study point out that Victoria’s current plan for achieving an 80% diversion rate by 2030 is possible ...

Abstract	Despite the increase in popularity of the zero waste (ZW) concept, the successful implementation of this concept in waste management is still facing many challenges. The plastic recycling rate in Australia is at only about 9.4% (in 2017–2018). The state of Victoria (in Australia) has proposed an ambitious 10-year plan to upgrade its waste and recycling system and to divert about 80% of waste from landfills by 2030. The aim of this research is to study this currently proposed waste management plan and to develop a simulation model to assess the feasibility of achieving 80% diversion rate by 2030. The feasibility of achieving zero plastic waste by 2035 has also been assessed. In this direction, the existing knowledge of global ZW implementation has been reviewed to gain understanding of the challenges, obstacles, and uncertainties in achieving the ZW target. A simulation model is established using a method called double baselines. This method was developed to address the limitation of data availability for the model development. The model was run in 4 scenarios including one for Victoria’s current 10-year plan. Outcomes from the model are produced using six key considerations, including the rate of plastic consumption, waste to landfill, diversion rate, recycling rate, relative accumulative effort, and cost. The findings of this study point out that Victoria’s current plan for achieving an 80% diversion rate by 2030 is possible. On the other hand, the study results also suggest that achieving zero plastic waste by 2035 is less likely to happen. Hence, opportunities for improvement especially towards achieving the zero plastic waste are also presented.
Keywords	zero waste ; plastic waste ; circular economy ; recycling performance ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	710
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Incidence and Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Singapore and Victoria: A Collaborative Study.

Lim, Shir Lynn / Smith, Karen / Dyson, Kylie / Chan, Siew Pang / Earnest, Arul / Nair, Resmi / Bernard, Stephen / Leong, Benjamin Sieu-Hon / Arulanandam, Shalini / Ng, Yih Yng / Ong, Marcus Eng Hock

Journal of the American Heart Association

2020 Volume 9, Issue 21, Page(s) e015981

Abstract: ... Victoria. Methods and Results Using the prospective Singapore Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study and ... OHCAs (overall mean age±SD 65.5±17.2; 67.4% males) in Singapore and Victoria respectively, 11 054 (99.9 ... and 5595 (37.7%) were transported, and 440 (4.0%) and 2009 (13.6%) survived. Compared with Victoria ...

Abstract	Background Incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary between communities. We aimed to examine differences in patient characteristics, prehospital care, and outcomes in Singapore and Victoria. Methods and Results Using the prospective Singapore Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study and Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry, we identified 11 061 and 32 003 emergency medical services-attended adult OHCAs between 2011 and 2016 respectively. Incidence and survival rates were directly age adjusted using the World Health Organization population. Survival was analyzed with logistic regression, with model selection via backward elimination. Of the 11 061 and 14 834 emergency medical services-treated OHCAs (overall mean age±SD 65.5±17.2; 67.4% males) in Singapore and Victoria respectively, 11 054 (99.9%) and 5595 (37.7%) were transported, and 440 (4.0%) and 2009 (13.6%) survived. Compared with Victoria, people with OHCA in Singapore were older (66.7±16.5 versus 64.6±17.7), had less shockable rhythms (17.7% versus 30.3%), and received less bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (45.7% versus 58.5%) and defibrillation (1.3% versus 2.5%) (all
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Electric Countershock ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/diagnosis ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/epidemiology ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy ; Singapore/epidemiology ; Survival Rate ; Victoria/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2653953-6
ISSN	2047-9980 ; 2047-9980
ISSN (online)	2047-9980
ISSN	2047-9980
DOI	10.1161/JAHA.119.015981
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Article ; Online: Long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LLINs) ownership, use and coverage following mass distribution campaign in Lake Victoria basin, Western Kenya.

Ng'ang'a, Peter N / Aduogo, Polycarp / Mutero, Clifford M

BMC public health

2021 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 1046

Abstract: Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most widely used malaria prevention and control intervention in Africa. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on their local geographic coverage, ownership and use at household level. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most widely used malaria prevention and control intervention in Africa. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on their local geographic coverage, ownership and use at household level. This study aimed at assessing LLINs ownership and use following mass distribution campaign in western Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2017. A total of 160 households were randomly selected from 16 villages. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on households' knowledge on malaria, LLINs ownership, utilization and their perceived benefits. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 for windows. Variables were presented as proportions and associations between variables tested using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: Malaria was reported to be the most frequently occurring disease (87.5%) in the area. Children under 5 years of age were reported to be at higher risks of malaria infection (28.6%). Around 31% of the respondents reported to have at least one member of the household sick with malaria a week before the interview. Commonly cited signs and symptoms of malaria were; fever (24.1%), headache (17.7%), vomiting (14.5%) feeling cold (12.6%) and loss of appetite (10%). There were 382 reported LLINs among 753 occupants in the 160 households surveyed. The average LLIN ownership was 2.4 nets per household and 1.97 persons per LLIN. Among the surveyed households, 96.9% owned at least one LLIN and 64.1% owned at least one LLIN for every two people. Among those who owned LLINs, 98.1% reported using them the previous night. Ownership per household ranged from 0 to 6 with a mean of 2.39. More than three quarter of the nets were acquired through free mass distribution campaigns and 80% were acquired less than 6 months prior to the survey. Conclusion: Despite high net coverage and use, a number of households experienced malaria episodes in the study area. There is need to investigate the likelihood of outdoor malaria transmission and assess the physical integrity of the existing LLINs and their insecticidal effectiveness in protecting household members against malaria.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Insecticide-Treated Bednets ; Insecticides ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Lakes ; Mosquito Control ; Ownership
Chemical Substances	Insecticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-021-11062-7
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Article: Respiration, thermogenesis, and thermoregulation of Victoria cruziana flowers

Schimpf, Natalie G / John S. Terblanche / Martin F. Smit / Philip G.D. Matthews

Aquatic botany. 2017 Feb., v. 138

2017

Abstract: The flowers of Victoria cruziana bloom over two consecutive nights, during which time ...

Abstract	The flowers of Victoria cruziana bloom over two consecutive nights, during which time they dramatically increase their metabolic rate (MR) to raise their internal temperature by 7–10°C above air temperature. To investigate the metabolic cost of thermogenesis in V. cruziana and determine the role of ambient temperature and developmental phase on floral temperature, flowers growing in an outdoor pond were measured in situ by placing them within a temperature-controlled, flow-through respirometry chamber. The flower’s metabolic rate and temperature were recorded simultaneously over the 40h of their two-night flowering cycle. During this time, flowers were exposed to either a normal (cool nights, warm days) or an inverted (cool days, warm nights) thermal regime. V. cruziana flowers exposed to normal daily temperature variation showed a large increase in MR on the first evening that declined steadily over the subsequent days. Exposure to experimentally-manipulated cooler daytime temperatures did not stimulate flowers to increase their MR, indicating a lack of thermoregulatory capacity. However, rewarming a cooled flower on the second evening caused a large increase in MR, but not in temperature. This increase appeared to arise due to the delayed consumption of energy reserves that would otherwise have been used over the course of the preceding day, coupled with a more open, and less insulated, floral chamber. The pattern of thermogenesis shown by V. cruziana is unlike that of its closest relative, V. amazonica, which shows large increases in MR and temperature over both nights of flowering.
Keywords	air temperature ; ambient temperature ; energy ; flowering ; heat production ; internal temperature ; metabolism ; thermoregulation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-02
Size	p. 37-44.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	390388-6
ISSN	0304-3770
ISSN	0304-3770
DOI	10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.11.014
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Shared responsibility and community engagement: Community narratives Ofbushfire risk information in Victoria, Australia

Cooper, V. / Fairbrother, P. / Elliott, G. / Walker, M. / Ch'ng, H.-Y.

Journal of rural studies

2020 Volume 80, Issue -, Page(s) 259

Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	252458-2
ISSN	0743-0167
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article: Shared responsibility and community engagement: Community narratives of bushfire risk information in Victoria, Australia

Cooper, Vanessa / Fairbrother, Peter / Elliott, Glenn / Walker, Matthew / Ch'ng, Huck-Ying

Journal of rural studies. 2020 Dec., v. 80

2020

Abstract: Bushfires (wildfires) present an increasing threat to rural Australia. Effective messaging about planning and preparing for bushfires is essential, as is the provision of accurate and timely information to residents when they come under bushfire threat. ... ...

Abstract	Bushfires (wildfires) present an increasing threat to rural Australia. Effective messaging about planning and preparing for bushfires is essential, as is the provision of accurate and timely information to residents when they come under bushfire threat. We argue that an understanding of the ways in which collective narratives about disaster events are developed at a locality level is required, and that these narratives are influenced by features of locality, community and rural life which act as filters that enable residents to shape their perceptions of bushfire risk and views on what constitutes “good information”. This process eventually drives their choice of bushfire information sources and communication pathways. The outcome is a preference for local sources of information and a level of mistrust of information provided by centrally orchestrated bushfire information sources. This conclusion raises challenging questions about the idea of shared responsibility in relation to disaster events between agencies and communities. We propose that bushfire safety initiatives must be tailored to take into consideration locality and community features. Of note, these processes are likely to be ineffective unless they are also tailored in relation to the narratives and understandings of these communities within the localities that define specific populations confronted by the prospect of bushfire events. We present three case studies of contrasting rural towns in Australia to identify how locality and community features inform resident perceptions of bushfire risk and preferences for bushfire information.
Keywords	case studies ; disasters ; filters ; information sources ; journals ; planning ; risk perception ; rural communities ; towns ; wildfires ; Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-12
Size	p. 259-272.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NALT-AP-4-rerunAP2-fuzzy
ZDB-ID	252458-2
ISSN	0743-0167
ISSN	0743-0167
DOI	10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.015
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Article ; Online: Abstracts of presentations to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Association of General Surgeons Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons Canadian Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Society Canadian Society of Surgical Oncology Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons: Victoria, BC Sept. 10-13, 2009.

Nenshi, R / Kennedy, E / Baxter, N N / Saskin, R / Sutradhar, R / Urbach, D R / Sroka, G / Feldman, L S / Vassiliou, M C / Kaneva, P A / Fayez, R / Fried, G M / Krajewski, S A / Brown, C J / Hur, C / McCrea, P H / Mitchell, A / Porter, G / Grushka, J /

Razek, T / Khwaja, K / Fata, P / Martel, G / Moloo, H / Picciano, G / Boushey, R P / Poulin, E C / Mamazza, J / Haas, B / Xiong, W / Brennan-Barnes, M / Gomez, D / Nathens, A B / Yang, I / Forbes, S S / Stephen, W J / Loeb, M / Smith, R / Christoffersen, E P / McLean, R F / Westerholm, J / Garcia-Osogobio, S / Farrokhyar, F / Cadeddu, M / Anvari, M / Ponton-Carss, A / Hutchison, C / Violato, C / Segedi, M / Mittleman, M / Fisman, D / Kinlin, L / Rousseau, M / Saleh, W / Ferri, L E / Stanbridge, D D / Mayrand, S / Pandya, A / Gagliardi, A / Nathens, A / Ahmed, N / Tran, T / Demyttenaere, S V / Polyhronopoulos, G / Seguin, C / Artho, G P / Kaneva, P / Bergman, S / Anderson, J / Mikami, D J / Melvin, W S / Racz, J M / Dubois, L / Katchky, A / Wall, W J / Faryniuk, A / Hochman, D / Clarkson, C A / Rubiano, A M / Boone, D / Ball, C G / Dixon, E / Kirkpatrick, A W / Sutherland, F R / Feliciano, D V / Wyrzykowski, A D / Nicholas, J M / Dente, C J / Ullah, S M / McAlister, V C / Malik, S / Ramsey, D / Pooler, S / Teague, B / Misra, M / Kaminsky, M / Vergis, A / Gillman, L M / Altaf, A / Ellsmere, J / Bonjer, H J / Klassen, D / Orzech, N / Palter, V / Aggarwal, R / Okrainec, A / Grantcharov, T P / Ghaderi, I / Shlomovitz, E / Reznick, R K / Kucharczyk, W / Lee, L / Iqbal, S / Barayan, H / Lu, Y / Boora, P S / White, J S / Vogt, K N / Charyk-Stewart, T / Minuk, L / Eckert, K / Chin-Yee, I / Gray, D / Parry, N / Humphrey, R J / Bütter, A / Schmidt, J / Grieci, T / Gagnon, R / Han, V / Duhaime, S / Pitt, D F / Davies, W / Schlachta, C M / Shi, X / Birch, D W / Gu, Y / Moser, M A / Swanson, T W / Schaeffer, D F / Tang, B Q / Rusnak, C H / Amson, B J / Hobbs, A / Etemad-Rezai, R / Claydon, E / McAlister, V / Sur, W / Laberge, J-M / Tchervenkov, J / Bell, L / Flageole, H / Labidi, S / Gagné, J P / Gowing, R / Kahnamoui, K / McAlister, C C / Marble, A / Coughlin, S / Karanicolas, P / Emmerton-Coughlin, H / Kanbur, B / Kanbur, S / Colquhoun, P / Trottier, D C / Doucette, S / Huynh, H / Soto, C M / Jamal, M H / Meterissian, S / Snell, L / Davies, E / Aminazadeh, N / Reid, S / Naeeni, A / Naeeni, M / Kashfi, A / Martin, K / Weir, M / Taylor, B / Martin, K M / Girotti, M J / Parry, N G / Hanna, W C / Fraser, S / Weissglas, I / Ghitulescu, G / Bilek, A / Marek, J / Galatas, C / Chiu, C G / Nguyen, N H / Bloom, S W / Wiebe, S / Bonjer, J / Lawlor, D / Plowman, J / Ransom, T / Vallis, M / Menezes, A C / Karmali, S / Eskicioglu, C / Brenneman, F D / McLeod, R S / Fraser, S A / Garzon, J / Lawless, B / Lumb, K J / Harkness, L / Williamson, J / Malthaner, R A / Van Koughnett, J A / Gray, D K / Swain, P / Chackungal, S / Yoshy, C / Cunningham, I / Scott, L / Vinden, C / Henao, O / Azzie, G / Deen, S / Hameed, M / Ramirez, V / Veillette, C / Bray, P / Jewett, M / Pagliarello, G / Brenneman, F / Buczkowski, A / Widder, S / Anderson, I / Saadia, R / Johner, A / Hameed, S M / Qureshi, A P / Jimenez, C M / Green, J / Pryor, A D / Perri, M T / Trejos, A L / Naish, M D / Patel, R V / Stanger, J / Stewart, K / Yasui, Y / Cass, C / Damaraju, S / Graham, K / Bharadwaj, S / Srinathan, S / Tan, L / Unruh, H / Finley, C / Miller, L / Darling, G / Spicer, J / Ergun, S / McDonald, B / Andalib, A / Benay, C / Kushner, Y / Marcus, V / Hunt, I / Gazala, S / Razzak, R / Chuck, A / Valji, A / Tsuyuki, R / Bédard, E L R / Bottoni, D A / Campbell, G / Guevremont, P / Chasen, M / Eckert, E / Alcindor, T / Ades, S / McGory, R / Nagpal, D / Fortin, D / Inculet, R I / Ko, M / Shargall, Y / Compeau, C / Veenstra, J / Davis, P J / Mancuso, M / Mujoomdar, A A / Robineau, C / Sirois, C / Mulder, D / Cools-Lartigue, J / Chang, S-Y / Perry, T / Allegretto, M / Maguire, C / Abele, J / Williams, D / Grover, H S / Basi, S / Chiasson, P / Gregory, W / Irshad, K / Schieman, C / MacGregor, J H / Kelly, E / Gelfand, G / Graham, A J / McFadden, S P / Grondin, S C / Croome, K P / Chudzinski, R / Hanto, D W / Doi, S A / Barkun, J S / Wong, S L / Kwan, A H L / Yang, S / Law, C / Luo, Y / Spiers, J / Forse, A / Taylor, W / Apriasz, I / Mysliwiec, B / Sarin, N / Gregor, J / Moulton, C E / Barnett, H / Nhan, C / Gallinger, S / Nau, P / Muscarella, P / Ellison, E C / Wiseman, S M / Melck, A L / Davidge, K M / Lipa, J / Ferguson, P / Swallow, C J / Wright, F C / Edwards, J P / Kelly, E J / Lin, Y / Lenders, T / Ghali, W A / Graham, A / Francescutti, V / Tozer, R / Heller, B / Lovrics, P / Jansz, G / Spiegle, G / Schmocker, S / Huang, H / Victor, C / Kennedy, E D / McCart, J A / Aslani, N / Swanson, T / Kennecke, H / Woods, R / Davis, N / Klevan, A E / Ramsay, J A / Smith, M / Plourde, M / Johnson, P M / Yaffe, P / Walsh, M / Hoskin, D / Huynh, H P / Soto, C / Auer, R / Driman, D K / Smith, A J / Hunter, A / Fenech, D S / Sabri, E / Scheer, A / Zolfaghari, S / Hallet, J / Guénette-Lemieux, M / Bouchard, A / Grégoire, R C / Thibault, C / Dionne, G / Côté, F / Langis, P / Gagné, J-P / Raval, M J / Phang, P T / Kuzmanovic, A / Planting, A / Friedlich, M / Stern, H S / Bleier, J / Goldberg, S M / Alsharif, J / Ramsay, C R / Richardson, D / Johnson, P / Al-Sukhni, E / Ridgway, P F / O'Connor, B / Paszat, L / Rabeneck, L / Chung, W / Ko, D / Sun, C / Raval, M / Pao, J S / Power, A / Kelly, S / Stephen, W / Simunovic, M / Coates, A / Goldsmith, C H / Thabane, L / Reeson, D / DeNardi, F / Whelan, T J / Levine, M N / Al-Khayal, K A / Buie, W D / Wallace, L / Sigalet, D

Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie

2022 Volume 52, Issue Suppl, Page(s) S1–S48

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-07
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	410651-9
ISSN	1488-2310 ; 0008-428X
ISSN (online)	1488-2310
ISSN	0008-428X
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Article: Monitoring measles elimination in Victoria.

Becker, Niels G / Li, Zhengfeng / Hsu, Edmond / Andrews, Ross M / Lambert, Stephen B

Australian and New Zealand journal of public health

2005 Volume 29, Issue 1, Page(s) 58–63

Abstract: Objectives: To weigh the evidence from outbreak data that Victoria has achieved, and is ... adequately.: Methods: Data on observed measles outbreaks in Victoria since the start of 1998 are used ... by those in the first and second year of life.: Conclusions: The data provide strong evidence that Victoria has ...

Abstract	Objectives: To weigh the evidence from outbreak data that Victoria has achieved, and is maintaining, elimination of measles. To identify age groups that measles vaccination has not protected adequately. Methods: Data on observed measles outbreaks in Victoria since the start of 1998 are used to estimate the reproduction number of cases, and the probability that it is maintained below unity, its threshold value for elimination. The relative susceptibility to measles is estimated as a function of age, with confidence intervals. Results: Seventeen measles introductions led to secondary cases, while 22 were single-case introductions. From these, the probability that the reproduction number for cases exceeds unity is estimated to be 0.044, or less, depending on assumptions made. There is no evidence that the reproduction number increased over time. Those aged between 19 and 32 years were most susceptible, followed by those in the first and second year of life. Conclusions: The data provide strong evidence that Victoria has maintained elimination of measles over the period 1998 to mid-2003. There is scope to improve the immunisation coverage. It is not clear how much outbreak intervention is contributing to the success in achieving apparent elimination. Implications: To prevent importations from causing a major epidemic of measles, Victoria must maintain its immunisation coverage and outbreak control at current levels, or better. It is important to monitor the control of measles even when elimination is achieved.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Immunization Schedule ; Male ; Measles/epidemiology ; Measles/prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage ; Population Surveillance ; Risk Assessment ; Sex Factors ; Vaccination/standards ; Vaccination/trends ; Victoria/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Measles Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-03-15
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1323548-5
ISSN	1326-0200
ISSN	1326-0200
DOI	10.1111/j.1467-842x.2005.tb00750.x
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Article ; Online: Long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LLINs) ownership, use and coverage following mass distribution campaign in Lake Victoria basin, Western Kenya

Peter N. Ng’ang’a / Polycarp Aduogo / Clifford M. Mutero

BMC Public Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 13

Abstract: Abstract Background Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most widely used malaria prevention and control intervention in Africa. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on their local geographic coverage, ownership and use at household ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the most widely used malaria prevention and control intervention in Africa. However, their effectiveness may vary depending on their local geographic coverage, ownership and use at household level. This study aimed at assessing LLINs ownership and use following mass distribution campaign in western Kenya. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2017. A total of 160 households were randomly selected from 16 villages. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on households’ knowledge on malaria, LLINs ownership, utilization and their perceived benefits. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 for windows. Variables were presented as proportions and associations between variables tested using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results Malaria was reported to be the most frequently occurring disease (87.5%) in the area. Children under 5 years of age were reported to be at higher risks of malaria infection (28.6%). Around 31% of the respondents reported to have at least one member of the household sick with malaria a week before the interview. Commonly cited signs and symptoms of malaria were; fever (24.1%), headache (17.7%), vomiting (14.5%) feeling cold (12.6%) and loss of appetite (10%). There were 382 reported LLINs among 753 occupants in the 160 households surveyed. The average LLIN ownership was 2.4 nets per household and 1.97 persons per LLIN. Among the surveyed households, 96.9% owned at least one LLIN and 64.1% owned at least one LLIN for every two people. Among those who owned LLINs, 98.1% reported using them the previous night. Ownership per household ranged from 0 to 6 with a mean of 2.39. More than three quarter of the nets were acquired through free mass distribution campaigns and 80% were acquired less than 6 months prior to the survey. Conclusion Despite high net coverage and use, a number of households experienced malaria episodes in the study area. There is need to investigate the likelihood of outdoor malaria transmission and assess the physical integrity of the existing LLINs and their insecticidal effectiveness in protecting household members against malaria.
Keywords	LLINs ; Coverage ; Usage ; Households ; Malaria ; Control ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	338
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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