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Article ; Online: Diseased lungs may hinder COVID-19 development: A possible reason for the low prevalence of COPD in COVID-19 patients.

Yong, Shin Jie

2021 Volume 153, Page(s) 110628

Abstract: Presently, it remains unclear why the prevalence of lung diseases, namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is much lower than other medical comorbidities and the general population among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). If ... ...

Abstract	Presently, it remains unclear why the prevalence of lung diseases, namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is much lower than other medical comorbidities and the general population among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). If COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, why is COPD not the leading risk factor for contracting COVID-19? The same odd phenomenon was also observed with other pathogenic human coronaviruses causing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), but not other respiratory viral infections such as influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. One commonly proposed reason for the low COPD rates among COVID-19 patients is the usage of inhaled corticosteroids or bronchodilators that may protect against COVID-19. However, another possible reason not discussed elsewhere is that lungs in a diseased state may not be conducive for the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to establish COVID-19. For one, COPD causes mucous plugging in large and small airways, which may hinder SARS-CoV-2 from reaching deeper parts of the lungs (i.e., alveoli). Thus, SARS-CoV-2 may only localize to the upper respiratory tract of persons with COPD, causing mild or asymptomatic infections requiring no hospital attention. Even if SARS-CoV-2 reaches the alveoli, cells therein are probably under a heavy burden of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and extensively damaged where it may not support efficient viral replication. As a result, limited SARS-CoV-2 virions would be produced in diseased lungs, preventing the development of COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Lung ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	193145-3
ISSN	1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
ISSN (online)	1532-2777
ISSN	0306-9877
DOI	10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110628
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Article ; Online: Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments.

Yong, Shin Jie

Infectious diseases (London, England)

2021 Volume 53, Issue 10, Page(s) 737–754

Abstract: Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome first gained widespread recognition among social support groups and later in scientific and medical communities. This illness is poorly understood as it affects COVID-19 survivors at all levels of disease severity, ... ...

Abstract	Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome first gained widespread recognition among social support groups and later in scientific and medical communities. This illness is poorly understood as it affects COVID-19 survivors at all levels of disease severity, even younger adults, children, and those not hospitalized. While the precise definition of long COVID may be lacking, the most common symptoms reported in many studies are fatigue and dyspnoea that last for months after acute COVID-19. Other persistent symptoms may include cognitive and mental impairments, chest and joint pains, palpitations, myalgia, smell and taste dysfunctions, cough, headache, and gastrointestinal and cardiac issues. Presently, there is limited literature discussing the possible pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments in long COVID, which the current review aims to address. In brief, long COVID may be driven by long-term tissue damage (e.g. lung, brain, and heart) and pathological inflammation (e.g. from viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity). The associated risk factors may include female sex, more than five early symptoms, early dyspnoea, prior psychiatric disorders, and specific biomarkers (e.g. D-dimer, CRP, and lymphocyte count), although more research is required to substantiate such risk factors. While preliminary evidence suggests that personalized rehabilitation training may help certain long COVID cases, therapeutic drugs repurposed from other similar conditions, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and mast cell activation syndrome, also hold potential. In sum, this review hopes to provide the current understanding of what is known about long COVID.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2839775-7
ISSN	2374-4243 ; 2374-4235
ISSN (online)	2374-4243
ISSN	2374-4235
DOI	10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397
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Article ; Online: Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis.

Yong, Shin Jie

ACS chemical neuroscience

2021 Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 573–580

Abstract: Long-COVID is a postviral illness that can affect survivors of COVID-19, regardless of initial disease severity or age. Symptoms of long-COVID include fatigue, dyspnea, gastrointestinal and cardiac problems, cognitive impairments, myalgia, and others. ... ...

Abstract	Long-COVID is a postviral illness that can affect survivors of COVID-19, regardless of initial disease severity or age. Symptoms of long-COVID include fatigue, dyspnea, gastrointestinal and cardiac problems, cognitive impairments, myalgia, and others. While the possible causes of long-COVID include long-term tissue damage, viral persistence, and chronic inflammation, the review proposes, perhaps for the first time, that persistent brainstem dysfunction may also be involved. This hypothesis can be split into two parts. The first is the brainstem tropism and damage in COVID-19. As the brainstem has a relatively high expression of ACE2 receptor compared with other brain regions, SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit tropism therein. Evidence also exists that neuropilin-1, a co-receptor of SARS-CoV-2, may be expressed in the brainstem. Indeed, autopsy studies have found SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins in the brainstem. The brainstem is also highly prone to damage from pathological immune or vascular activation, which has also been observed in autopsy of COVID-19 cases. The second part concerns functions of the brainstem that overlap with symptoms of long-COVID. The brainstem contains numerous distinct nuclei and subparts that regulate the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological processes, which can be linked to long-COVID. As neurons do not readily regenerate, brainstem dysfunction may be long-lasting and, thus, is long-COVID. Indeed, brainstem dysfunction has been implicated in other similar disorders, such as chronic pain and migraine and myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Brain Diseases/metabolism ; Brain Diseases/physiopathology ; Brain Diseases/virology ; Brain Stem/blood supply ; Brain Stem/metabolism ; Brain Stem/physiopathology ; Brain Stem/virology ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/metabolism ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; Humans ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Inflammation/virology ; Neuropilin-1/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Thrombosis/metabolism ; Thrombosis/physiopathology ; Thrombosis/virology ; Viral Tropism ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral ; Receptors, Coronavirus ; Neuropilin-1 (144713-63-3) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1948-7193
ISSN (online)	1948-7193
DOI	10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00793
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Article ; Online: Proposed subtypes of post-COVID-19 syndrome (or long-COVID) and their respective potential therapies.

Yong, Shin Jie / Liu, Shiliang

Reviews in medical virology

2021 Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) e2315

Abstract: The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly transmissible infectious respiratory disease that has initiated an ongoing pandemic since early 2020, do not always end in the acute phase. Depending on the study referred, about 10%-30% (or ... ...

Abstract	The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly transmissible infectious respiratory disease that has initiated an ongoing pandemic since early 2020, do not always end in the acute phase. Depending on the study referred, about 10%-30% (or more) of COVID-19 survivors may develop long-COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), characterised by persistent symptoms (most commonly fatigue, dyspnoea, and cognitive impairments) lasting for 3 months or more after acute COVID-19. While the pathophysiological mechanisms of PCS have been extensively described elsewhere, the subtypes of PCS have not. Owing to its highly multifaceted nature, this review proposes and characterises six subtypes of PCS based on the existing literature. The subtypes are non-severe COVID-19 multi-organ sequelae (NSC-MOS), pulmonary fibrosis sequelae (PFS), myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) and medical or clinical sequelae (MCS). Original studies supporting each of these subtypes are documented in this review, as well as their respective symptoms and potential interventions. Ultimately, the subtyping proposed herein aims to provide better clarity on the current understanding of PCS.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/complications ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/diagnosis ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/epidemiology ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/etiology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/diagnosis ; Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1086043-5
ISSN	1099-1654 ; 1052-9276
ISSN (online)	1099-1654
ISSN	1052-9276
DOI	10.1002/rmv.2315
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Article ; Online: Neuroprotective Effects of Lactoferrin in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Yong, Shin Jie / Veerakumarasivam, Abhimanyu / Lim, Wei Ling / Chew, Jactty

ACS chemical neuroscience

2023

Abstract: Recent advancements in lactoferrin research have uncovered that lactoferrin does function not only as an antimicrobial protein but also as an immunomodulatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective agent. Focusing on neuroprotection, this literature review ... ...

Abstract	Recent advancements in lactoferrin research have uncovered that lactoferrin does function not only as an antimicrobial protein but also as an immunomodulatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective agent. Focusing on neuroprotection, this literature review delineates how lactoferrin interacts in the brain, specifically its neuroprotective effects and mechanisms against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD), the two most common neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroprotective pathways involving surface receptors (heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and lactoferrin receptor (LfR)), signaling pathways (extracellular regulated protein kinase-cAMP response element-binding protein (ERK-CREB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt)), and effector proteins (A disintegrin and metalloprotease10 (ADAM10) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)) in cortical/hippocampal and dopaminergic neurons are described. These cellular effects of lactoferrin are likely responsible for attenuating cognitive and motor deficits, amyloid-β and α-synuclein accumulation, and neurodegeneration in animal and cellular models of AD and PD. This review also discusses the inconsistent findings related to the neuroprotective effects of lactoferrin against AD. Overall, this review contributes to the existing literature by clarifying the potential neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of lactoferrin in the context of AD and PD neuropathology.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1948-7193
ISSN (online)	1948-7193
DOI	10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00679
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Article ; Online: Association of maternal depression and hypothyroidism with infant gastroschisis: a population-based cohort study in Canada.

Liu, Shiliang / Claude, Hughes / Yong, Shin Jie / Chen, Dunjin

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 7540

Abstract: Gastroschisis has increased globally over recent decades, and this increase has not been explained by identified risk factors. We conducted a population-based study of infants born in Canada, 2004-2020. We used "winter" months (i.e., September through ... ...

Abstract	Gastroschisis has increased globally over recent decades, and this increase has not been explained by identified risk factors. We conducted a population-based study of infants born in Canada, 2004-2020. We used "winter" months (i.e., September through June) and northern areas of residence as indicators of less sunlight/less active lifestyle, while "summer" (i.e., July and August) and southern areas were considered as reference. Rate of gastroschisis for infants conceived in winter (3.4 per 10,000) was higher than for infants conceived in summer (2.2 per 10,000; p < 0.001). Exposure to winter, and northern area, hypothyroidism, substance or tobacco uses and depressive disorder were initially identified as risk factors for gastroschisis. There was a significant interaction between women < 24 years of age and 2-month conception intervals (rate ratio (RR): 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.70). The association of maternal depression (mean ratio 2.19, 95% CI 0.87-3.50, p = 0.001) with infant gastroschisis was mediated by hypothyroidism (mean ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07, p < 0.001), whereas substance use, hypothyroidism, tobacco smoking and gestational diabetes showed 5.5-, 3.1-, 2.7-, and 1.2-fold associations, respectively, with maternal depression. In contrast to the summer conception interval of low gastroschisis risk, an elevated risk of gastroschisis spans the other ten months in association with higher levels of stress adaptation, thermoregulation and metabolism, reproduction, and growth effector hormones. Our findings suggest that periconception depression with mediation by hypothyroidism, may play a causal role in offspring gastroschisis.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Infant ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Depression ; Gastroschisis/epidemiology ; Canada/epidemiology ; Hypothyroidism/complications ; Hypothyroidism/epidemiology ; Growth Hormone
Chemical Substances	Growth Hormone (9002-72-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-34090-2
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Article ; Online: Endoscopic Resection of Gastric Cancer Caused by Adenoma.

Shin, Seung Yong / Kim, Jie-Hyun

Gut and liver

2018 Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) 219–220

MeSH term(s)	Adenoma ; Gastroscopy ; Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-30
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2399010-7
ISSN	2005-1212 ; 1976-2283
ISSN (online)	2005-1212
ISSN	1976-2283
DOI	10.5009/gnl18161
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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to: External Validation of the eCura System for Undifferentiated-Type Early Gastric Cancer with Noncurative Endoscopic Resection.

Yang, Hyo-Joon / Kim, Young-Il / Ahn, Ji Yong / Choi, Kee Don / Kim, Sang Gyun / Jeon, Seong Woo / Kim, Jie-Hyun / Shin, Sung Kwan / Lee, Hyuk / Lee, Wan Sik / Kim, Gwang Ha / Park, Jae Myung / Shin, Woon Geon / Choi, Il Ju

Gut and liver

2023 Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) 825–827

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-30
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2399010-7
ISSN	2005-1212 ; 1976-2283
ISSN (online)	2005-1212
ISSN	1976-2283
DOI	10.5009/gnl220333.e
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Article ; Online: Homobifunctional imidoester-modified zinc nano-spindle attenuated hyphae growth of

Liu, Huifang / Zhang, KeLun / Jang, Yoon Ok / Qiao, Zhen / Jin, Jie / Thi Dao, Thuy Nguyen / Koo, Bonhan / Park, Chang Ook / Shin, Yong

iScience

2023 Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 105922

Abstract: Fungi cause various forms of invasive fungal disease (IFD), and fungal sensitization can contribute to the development of asthma, asthma severity, and other hypersensitivity diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we introduce a facile ... ...

Abstract	Fungi cause various forms of invasive fungal disease (IFD), and fungal sensitization can contribute to the development of asthma, asthma severity, and other hypersensitivity diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we introduce a facile and controllable approach, using homobifunctional imidoester-modified zinc nano-spindle (HINS), for attenuating hyphae growth of fungi and reducing the hypersensitivity response complications in fungi-infected mice. To extend the study of the specificity and immune mechanisms, we used HINS-cultured
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2022.105922
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Article ; Online: External Validation of the eCura System for Undifferentiated-Type Early Gastric Cancer with Noncurative Endoscopic Resection.

Gut and liver

2023 Volume 17, Issue 4, Page(s) 537–546

Abstract: Background/aims: The eCura system, a scoring model for stratifying the lymph node metastasis risk after noncurative endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer (EGC), has been internally validated, primarily for differentiated-type EGC. We aimed to ... ...

Abstract	Background/aims: The eCura system, a scoring model for stratifying the lymph node metastasis risk after noncurative endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer (EGC), has been internally validated, primarily for differentiated-type EGC. We aimed to externally validate this model for undifferentiated-type EGC. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study included 634 patients who underwent additional surgery (radical surgery group, n=270) or were followed up without additional treatment (no additional treatment group, n=364) after noncurative endoscopic resection for undifferentiated-type EGC between 2005 and 2015. The lymph node metastasis and survival rates were compared according to the risk categories. Results: For the radical surgery group, the lymph node metastasis rates were 2.6%, 10.9%, and 14.8% for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk eCura categories, respectively (p for trend=0.003). For the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories in the no additional treatment group, the overall survival (92.7%, 68.9%, and 80.0% at 5 years, respectively, p<0.001) and cancer-specific survival rates (99.7%, 94.7%, and 80.0% at 5 years, respectively, p<0.001) differed significantly. In the multivariate analysis, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) in the no additional treatment group relative to the radical surgery group were 3.18 (1.41 to 7.17; p=0.005) for overall mortality and 2.60 (0.46 to 14.66; p=0.280) for cancer-specific mortality in the intermediate-to-high risk category. No such differences were noted in the low-risk category. Conclusions: The eCura system can be applied to undifferentiated-type EGC. Close follow-up without additional treatment might be considered for low-risk patients, while additional surgery is recommended for intermediate- and high-risk patients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms/surgery ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Endoscopic Mucosal Resection ; Gastrectomy ; Gastric Mucosa/pathology ; Treatment Outcome ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-10
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2399010-7
ISSN	2005-1212 ; 1976-2283
ISSN (online)	2005-1212
ISSN	1976-2283
DOI	10.5009/gnl220333
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