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  1. Article ; Online: Investigating Racial Differences among Men in COVID-19 Diagnosis, and Related Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors: Data from the Michigan Men's Health Event.

    Hawkins, Jaclynn / Gilcher, Karen / Schwenzer, Claudia / Lutz, Michael

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2021  Volume 18, Issue 6

    Abstract: Extant research is growing in its ability to explain sex differences in novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis and mortality. Moving beyond comparisons based on biological sex is now warranted to capture a more nuanced picture of disparities in ... ...

    Abstract Extant research is growing in its ability to explain sex differences in novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis and mortality. Moving beyond comparisons based on biological sex is now warranted to capture a more nuanced picture of disparities in COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality specifically among men who are more likely to die of the illness. The objective of this study was to investigate racial disparities in COVID-19-related psychosocial, behavior and health variables among men. The present study utilizes a sample of 824 men who participated in a free health event held in a Midwestern state. Chi-square analysis showed that African American men were more likely to report an adverse impact of COVID-19 based on several factors including experiencing more COVID-19-related medical issues (χ
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Coronavirus ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men's Health ; Michigan/epidemiology ; Race Factors ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2175195-X
    ISSN 1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    ISSN 1661-7827
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph18063284
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Best practice & research in anaesthesiology issue on new approaches in clinical research ethics in clinical research.

    Schwenzer, Karen J

    Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology

    2011  Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 569–582

    Abstract: The history of ethics in clinical research parallels the history of abuse of human beings. The Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report laid the foundations for modern research ethics. In the United States, the OHRP and the FDA ... ...

    Abstract The history of ethics in clinical research parallels the history of abuse of human beings. The Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report laid the foundations for modern research ethics. In the United States, the OHRP and the FDA provide guidelines for the ethical conduct of research. Investigators should be familiar with regulations concerning informed consent, doing research in vulnerable populations, and protection of privacy.
    MeSH term(s) Anesthesiology/ethics ; Anesthesiology/standards ; Biomedical Research/ethics ; Confidentiality/ethics ; Ethics, Research ; Human Experimentation/ethics ; Humans ; Informed Consent/ethics ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct/ethics ; United States ; Vulnerable Populations
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1499424-0
    ISSN 1521-6896
    ISSN 1521-6896
    DOI 10.1016/j.bpa.2011.08.003
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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  3. Article: Protecting vulnerable subjects in clinical research: children, pregnant women, prisoners, and employees.

    Schwenzer, Karen J

    Respiratory care

    2008  Volume 53, Issue 10, Page(s) 1342–1349

    Abstract: The federal government has established guidelines and regulations for the protection of vulnerable research subjects, especially children, pregnant women, cognitively impaired persons, and prisoners. In addition, students, residents, and employees are ... ...

    Abstract The federal government has established guidelines and regulations for the protection of vulnerable research subjects, especially children, pregnant women, cognitively impaired persons, and prisoners. In addition, students, residents, and employees are recognized as special research populations. Clinical investigators need to be aware of and use these federal guidelines appropriately. This article provides practical guidance for respiratory therapists who conduct research with these patient populations and solutions to the barriers investigators commonly encounter when studying these patient populations.
    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/organization & administration ; Child ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Federal Government ; Female ; Guidelines as Topic ; Human Experimentation/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Prisoners ; United States ; Vulnerable Populations/legislation & jurisprudence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 603252-7
    ISSN 0020-1324 ; 0098-9142
    ISSN 0020-1324 ; 0098-9142
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  4. Article: Practical tips for working effectively with your institutional review board.

    Schwenzer, Karen J

    Respiratory care

    2008  Volume 53, Issue 10, Page(s) 1354–1361

    Abstract: The federal government regulates human research with a local institutional review board (IRB) at your institution. Your IRB's main responsibility is to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in research. The IRB is ... ...

    Abstract The federal government regulates human research with a local institutional review board (IRB) at your institution. Your IRB's main responsibility is to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in research. The IRB is responsible for reviewing and approving all research protocols that involve human subjects. The IRB evaluates your study design to ensure that it has the possibility of answering your research hypothesis. The IRB focuses on the risks and benefits of your research. The IRB wants to know that research subjects are recruited fairly and that the potential for benefit is distributed equitably. They also want to know how you plan to protect research subjects from the risks of research and how you will manage the data, especially protected health information. Though the Code of Federal Regulations is extensive, this article provides information to help you navigate your research protocol through the layers of regulations, including the Privacy Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Whether conducting a simple chart review or participating in a multi-site randomized placebo-controlled trial, if you follow tried-and-true scientific methods and good clinical practice, you will be able to work effectively with your IRB.
    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Biomedical Research/standards ; Ethics Committees, Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Ethics Committees, Research/standards ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 603252-7
    ISSN 0020-1324 ; 0098-9142
    ISSN 0020-1324 ; 0098-9142
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Habitability and Biosignature Formation in Simulated Martian Aqueous Environments.

    Macey, Michael C / Ramkissoon, Nisha K / Cogliati, Simone / Toubes-Rodrigo, Mario / Stephens, Ben P / Kucukkilic-Stephens, Ezgi / Schwenzer, Susanne P / Pearson, Victoria K / Preston, Louisa J / Olsson-Francis, Karen

    Astrobiology

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 2, Page(s) 144–154

    Abstract: Water present on early Mars is often assumed to have been habitable. In this study, experiments were performed to investigate the habitability of well-defined putative martian fluids and to identify the accompanying potential formation of biosignatures. ... ...

    Abstract Water present on early Mars is often assumed to have been habitable. In this study, experiments were performed to investigate the habitability of well-defined putative martian fluids and to identify the accompanying potential formation of biosignatures. Simulated martian environments were developed by combining martian fluid and regolith simulants based on the chemistry of the Rocknest sand shadow at Gale Crater. The simulated chemical environment was inoculated with terrestrial anoxic sediment from the Pyefleet mudflats (United Kingdom). These enrichments were cultured for 28 days and subsequently subcultured seven times to ensure that the microbial community was solely grown on the defined, simulated chemistry. The impact of the simulated chemistries on the microbial community was assessed by cell counts and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene profiles. Associated changes to the fluid and precipitate chemistries were established by using ICP-OES, IC, FTIR, and NIR. The fluids were confirmed as habitable, with the enriched microbial community showing a reduction in abundance and diversity over multiple subcultures relating to the selection of specific metabolic groups. The final community comprised sulfate-reducing, acetogenic, and other anaerobic and fermentative bacteria. Geochemical characterization and modeling of the simulant and fluid chemistries identified clear differences between the biotic and abiotic experiments. These differences included the elimination of sulfur owing to the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria and more general changes in pH associated with actively respiring cells that impacted the mineral assemblages formed. This study confirmed that a system simulating the fluid chemistry of Gale Crater could support a microbial community and that variation in chemistries under biotic and abiotic conditions can be used to inform future life-detection missions.
    MeSH term(s) Extraterrestrial Environment/chemistry ; Exobiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Mars ; Water
    Chemical Substances RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2047736-3
    ISSN 1557-8070 ; 1531-1074
    ISSN (online) 1557-8070
    ISSN 1531-1074
    DOI 10.1089/ast.2021.0197
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Habitability of Hydrothermal Systems at Jezero and Gusev Craters as Constrained by Hydrothermal Alteration of a Terrestrial Mafic Dike.

    Costello, Lacey J / Filiberto, Justin / Crandall, Jake R / Potter-McIntyre, Sally L / Schwenzer, Susanne P / Miller, Michael A / Hummer, Daniel R / Olsson-Francis, Karen / Perl, Scott

    Chemie der Erde : Beitrage zur chemischen Mineralogie, Petrographie und Geologie

    2020  Volume 80, Issue 2

    Abstract: NASA's search for habitable environments has focused on alteration mineralogy of the Martian crust and the formation of hydrous minerals, because they reveal information about the fluid and environmental conditions from which they precipitated. Extensive ...

    Abstract NASA's search for habitable environments has focused on alteration mineralogy of the Martian crust and the formation of hydrous minerals, because they reveal information about the fluid and environmental conditions from which they precipitated. Extensive work has focused on the formation of alteration minerals at low temperatures, with limited work investigating metamorphic or high-temperature alteration. We have investigated such a site as an analog for Mars: a mafic dike on the Colorado Plateau that was hydrothermally altered from contact with groundwater as it was emplaced in the porous and permeable Jurassic Entrada sandstone. Our results show evidence for fluid mobility removing Si and K but adding S, Fe, Ca, and possibly Mg to the system as alteration progresses. Mineralogically, all samples contain calcite, hematite, and kaolinite; with most samples containing minor anatase, barite, halite, and dolomite. The number of alteration minerals increase with alteration. The hydrothermal system that formed during interaction of the magma (heat source) and groundwater would have been a habitable environment once the system cooled below ~120° C. The mineral assemblage is similar to alteration minerals seen within the Martian crust from orbit, including those at Gusev and Jezero Craters. Therefore, based on our findings, and extrapolating them to the Martian crust, these sites may represent habitable environments which would call for further exploration and sample return of such hydrothermally altered igneous materials.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-02
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1505-2
    ISSN 0009-2819
    ISSN 0009-2819
    DOI 10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125613
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  7. Article: Nitrate-Dependent Iron Oxidation: A Potential Mars Metabolism.

    Price, Alex / Pearson, Victoria K / Schwenzer, Susanne P / Miot, Jennyfer / Olsson-Francis, Karen

    Frontiers in microbiology

    2018  Volume 9, Page(s) 513

    Abstract: This work considers the hypothetical viability of microbial nitrate-dependent ... ...

    Abstract This work considers the hypothetical viability of microbial nitrate-dependent Fe
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03-20
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2587354-4
    ISSN 1664-302X
    ISSN 1664-302X
    DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00513
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  8. Article: Assessing moral distress in respiratory care practitioners.

    Schwenzer, Karen J / Wang, Lijuan

    Critical care medicine

    2006  Volume 34, Issue 12, Page(s) 2967–2973

    Abstract: Objective: To test the reliability and validity of a modified moral distress tool, originally developed for the nursing profession, on respiratory care practitioners. To describe the relationship between moral distress, career dissatisfaction, and job ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To test the reliability and validity of a modified moral distress tool, originally developed for the nursing profession, on respiratory care practitioners. To describe the relationship between moral distress, career dissatisfaction, and job turnover in respiratory care.
    Design: A 28-question survey was developed. Three categories of survey questions were predefined: "individual responsibility," "not in the patient's best interest," and "deception." Additional questions measured career dissatisfaction, job turnover, and demographic information.
    Setting: University Hospital at the University of Virginia Health System, a 552-bed tertiary care hospital.
    Subjects: Fifty-seven of 115 (49.6%) of respiratory care practitioners responded to the survey.
    Interventions: Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the underlying factor structure. After we extracted theoretically meaningful factors, reliability of each factor was estimated. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to test if the underlying factors predicted career dissatisfaction and job turnover.
    Measurements and main results: The factor analysis yielded a five-factor structure. Several questions in the "not in patient's best interest" category scored the highest moral distress including disagreements with surrogate decision makers and providing futile care. Higher scores were also found with questions regarding the perception of unsafe staffing and passively or actively participating in deception. None of the demographic variables predicted career dissatisfaction or job turnover. However, the perception of unsafe staffing was found to be a significant factor in predicting career dissatisfaction and job turnover.
    Conclusions: In this one-center pilot study, respiratory care practitioners reported experiencing moral distress in many areas of their practice. Distress related to the perception of unsafe staffing may be related to career dissatisfaction and job turnover. Further exploration of the factors that contribute to respiratory care practitioners' moral distress is needed, as well as implementing ways to ameliorate it.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Health Personnel/ethics ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Medical Futility ; Middle Aged ; Morals ; Personnel Turnover ; Pilot Projects ; Reproducibility of Results ; Respiratory Therapy/ethics ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 197890-1
    ISSN 1530-0293 ; 0090-3493
    ISSN (online) 1530-0293
    ISSN 0090-3493
    DOI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000248879.19054.73
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  9. Article: The spectrum of respiratory care research: prospective clinical research.

    Schwenzer, Karen J / Durbin, Charles G

    Respiratory care

    2004  Volume 49, Issue 10, Page(s) 1165–1170

    Abstract: Prospective clinical research is given the greatest weight in evidence-based clinical practice recommendations, and therefore has the greatest potential to change care and help the largest number of patients. This article briefly describes the history of ...

    Abstract Prospective clinical research is given the greatest weight in evidence-based clinical practice recommendations, and therefore has the greatest potential to change care and help the largest number of patients. This article briefly describes the history of government regulation of prospective clinical research, how a prospective clinical research project is developed, and how the researcher seeks project approval from the institutional review board. We also evaluate 2 published studies with regard to ethical and regulatory matters that influenced the studies.
    MeSH term(s) Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Peer Review, Research ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Therapy ; Risk Assessment ; Selection Bias
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603252-7
    ISSN 0020-1324 ; 0098-9142
    ISSN 0020-1324 ; 0098-9142
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