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Article ; Online: Impact of conspiracist ideation and psychotic-like experiences in patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 crisis.

Escolà-Gascón, Álex

2021 Volume 146, Page(s) 135–148

Abstract: Conspiratorial belief is a type of argument that accepts implausible explanations in situations of great uncertainty or mystery. Claiming that the coronavirus is an artificial fabrication of laboratories is an example of conspiracist belief. The aim of ... ...

Abstract	Conspiratorial belief is a type of argument that accepts implausible explanations in situations of great uncertainty or mystery. Claiming that the coronavirus is an artificial fabrication of laboratories is an example of conspiracist belief. The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of conspiracist ideation and psychotic-like experiences in patients with schizophrenia, patients with other mental disorders, and participants with no psychiatric history with a 132-day follow-up during the COVID-19 crisis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied and Bayesian inferences were carried out. The results conclude that conspiracist ideation and psychotic-like experiences increased significantly after 132 days of social-health restrictions in the general population. However, psychotic-like experiences did not increase in patients with schizophrenia. Conspiracist ideation has a quantitative degradation similar to the continuum model of psychosis; it is present both in patients with schizophrenia and in those participants with no clinical history. The psychopathological value of conspiracist ideation within the spectrum of psychosis is discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Bayes Theorem ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Psychotic Disorders ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Schizophrenia
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3148-3
ISSN	1879-1379 ; 0022-3956
ISSN (online)	1879-1379
ISSN	0022-3956
DOI	10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.022
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Article: Statistical indicators of compliance with anti-COVID-19 public health measures at European airports.

Escolà-Gascón, Álex

International journal of disaster risk reduction : IJDRR

2021 Volume 68, Page(s) 102720

Abstract: International travel and the infrastructures involved are key elements in controlling and predicting the number of infections by an infectious disease (specifically COVID-19 cases). This research presents the rates or percentages of compliance with COVID- ...

Abstract	International travel and the infrastructures involved are key elements in controlling and predicting the number of infections by an infectious disease (specifically COVID-19 cases). This research presents the rates or percentages of compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures at several international airports in Europe (Madrid, Dublin, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Zurich, Barcelona, and Bilbao). A structured survey called the COVID-19 Measures Implementation Rate at Airports (MIRA) was developed. First, the validity and reliability of the measurements obtained by MIRA were analyzed. A total of 1239 volunteers (passengers, cabin crew, and ground crew) participated in the study and answered the MIRA questionnaire. Second, once the validity and reliability of the measurements were assured, the rates or percentages of cases that observed compliance with the mitigation measures were calculated. The results indicated that participants perceived a low degree of compliance with sanitary measures in their international travel (the proportions ranged from 52.6% to 59%). The airports with the highest compliance with mitigation measures were the Dublin (with a rate of 70%) and Zurich airports (with a rate of 69.1%). In conclusion, the percentages could be low due to the ineffective implementation of some of the mitigation measures. The low percentages are not related to the health measures themselves. The implications of mitigation measures for containing the transmission of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695877-6
ISSN	2212-4209
ISSN	2212-4209
DOI	10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102720
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Article: Researching unexplained phenomena: empirical-statistical validity and reliability of the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2).

Escolà-Gascón, Álex

Heliyon

2020 Volume 6, Issue 7, Page(s) e04291

Abstract: Anomalous phenomena are unexplained occurrences, such as paranormal experiences, that challenge the ontological bases of current scientific knowledge and are considered scientifically impossible. Problematically, some scientific research yields ... ...

Abstract	Anomalous phenomena are unexplained occurrences, such as paranormal experiences, that challenge the ontological bases of current scientific knowledge and are considered scientifically impossible. Problematically, some scientific research yields significant statistical results in favor of the existence of
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04291
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Article ; Online: Bias analysis in forensic and non-forensic psychiatric assessments.

Escolà-Gascón, Álex / Dagnall, Neil / Drinkwater, Kenneth

International journal of law and psychiatry

2023 Volume 88, Page(s) 101891

Abstract: In this research, we provide two important contributions to the psychiatric community. First, we offer the first valid and reliable cognitive test that measures forensic clinicians' ability to detect and avoid diagnostic biases in psychiatric assessments. ...

Abstract	In this research, we provide two important contributions to the psychiatric community. First, we offer the first valid and reliable cognitive test that measures forensic clinicians' ability to detect and avoid diagnostic biases in psychiatric assessments. Second, we also estimate the prevalence of clinical decision bias detection and prevention ability among psychiatrists and psychologists. A total of 1069 clinicians from different specialties (317 psychiatrists and 752 clinical psychologists, of which 286 were forensic clinicians) participated in this research. The Checklist of Biases for Clinicians (BIAS-31) was developed, and its psychometric properties were analyzed. The prevalence of bias detection and prevention was estimated using BIAS-31 scores. The BIAS-31 is valid and reliable for measuring clinicians' ability to avoid and detect clinical biases. Between 41.2% and 55.8% of clinicians try to avoid biased clinical judgments. Likewise, between 48.5% and 57.5% of clinicians were able to correctly detect the biases involved in the diagnostic assessment process. We did not expect to obtain these prevalences. Therefore, we discuss to what extent specific training in the prevention of diagnostic biases is necessary and propose several clinical strategies to prevent a priori the occurrence of biases in the psychiatric assessment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Forensic Medicine ; Psychiatry ; Judgment ; Bias
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	304429-4
ISSN	1873-6386 ; 0160-2527
ISSN (online)	1873-6386
ISSN	0160-2527
DOI	10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101891
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Article ; Online: Forced-choice experiment on Anomalous Information Reception and correlations with states of consciousness using the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2).

Escolà-Gascón, Álex

Explore (New York, N.Y.)

2020 Volume 18, Issue 2, Page(s) 170–178

Abstract: Context: An Anomalous Information Reception (AIR) experiment was developed.: Objective: To statistically examine the occurrence of AIR in multiple experimental tests and explore their predictive psychological mechanisms.: Design: First, we ... ...

Abstract	Context: An Anomalous Information Reception (AIR) experiment was developed. Objective: To statistically examine the occurrence of AIR in multiple experimental tests and explore their predictive psychological mechanisms. Design: First, we investigated whether human beings could guess the positive or negative content from 30 randomly selected images that would be presented on a computer screen, one at a time. Ninety participants reported being mediums and another 90 claimed to be nonbelievers in the paranormal. The participants were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: (1) positive-relaxing environments, (2) neutral environments, and (3) negative-stimulating environments. Second, the prediction of successes recorded in the AIR experiment was tested using five Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2) scales that measured the altered state of consciousness (ASC) and suggestibility. Results: The successes did not exceed the estimated chance. The only significant results revealed that mediums obtained a greater number of correct answers than the non-believing participants. Bayesian estimation also confirmed these results. In the same way, the altered states of consciousness and suggestibility negatively predicted 25.8% of successes in the AIR experiment. Conclusions: Insufficient statistical evidence was obtained for AIR. The results raise doubts about previous theories on AIR. Further research is required. Nevertheless, mediums obtained more success answers than nonbelievers did. This means that the anomalous sheep-goat effect is also present in mediums and supports results obtained in previous studies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Consciousness ; Humans ; Parapsychology ; Sheep
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2183945-1
ISSN	1878-7541 ; 1550-8307
ISSN (online)	1878-7541
ISSN	1550-8307
DOI	10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.009
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Article ; Online: New techniques to measure lie detection using COVID-19 fake news and the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2)

Álex Escolà-Gascón

Computers in Human Behavior Reports, Vol 3, Iss , Pp 100049- (2021)

2021

Abstract: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 led to the distribution of excessive pseudoscientific information and fake news that has confused the general population. In the field of forensic psychiatry, lie detection is essential to determine if the witness is ... ...

Abstract	The pandemic caused by COVID-19 led to the distribution of excessive pseudoscientific information and fake news that has confused the general population. In the field of forensic psychiatry, lie detection is essential to determine if the witness is telling the truth with the purpose of making fair and effective decisions. In this research, we present a new approach that uses the pseudoscientific beliefs related to COVID-19 and 4 psychometric scales of the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2) to detect and predict lies. A total of 268 participants were classified into two groups: the control group (n = 132) and the quasi-experimental group (n = 136). The quasi-experimental group participants received instructions to lie as they wished in response to a number of questions on a content exam (called exam 1) based on a short children’s film. The participants had to indicate which and how many questions they had lied on. The quasi-experimental group was only required to lie in exam 1. A second exam (called exam 2) was also administered to assess whether the participants could recognize which news items about COVID-19 were false or true. The control group was not required to lie on any exam. Several multiple regression models were applied. The 4 scales of the MMSI-2 predicted 71.2% of the lies for exam 1 and 41.5% of the lies for exam 2. The control group participants obtained lower average scores on exam 1 than the quasi-experimental group in the “F” and “Si” scales. The theory of signal detection is proposed as a possible explanation of the effectiveness of the MMSI-2 scales in lie detection.
Keywords	Lie-detection techniques ; CBCA ; Forensic psychiatry ; Witness credibility ; Fake news ; Electronic computers. Computer science ; QA75.5-76.95 ; Psychology ; BF1-990
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory using Rasch analysis.

Denovan, Andrew / Dagnall, Neil / Drinkwater, Kenneth / Escolà-Gascón, Álex

PeerJ

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) e15218

Abstract: Background: Chronic time pressure is a common source of everyday stress and anxiety. Noting this, the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (CTPI) was designed to measure the construct within general samples. The CTPI was validated using procedures informed ... ...

Abstract	Background: Chronic time pressure is a common source of everyday stress and anxiety. Noting this, the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (CTPI) was designed to measure the construct within general samples. The CTPI was validated using procedures informed by classical test theory. This identified a bifactor solution, comprising a general factor encompassing two overlapping factors: Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage and Feeling Harried. Furthermore, the CTPI demonstrated good psychometric integrity. Explicitly, internal consistency, satisfactory convergent validity with the Perceived Stress Scale, and measurement invariance. While these outcomes indicated that the CTPI was an effective measure of chronic time pressure, the scale was not subjected to analysis of item-person functioning ( Methods: This study accordingly examined the psychometric properties of the CTPI using Rasch analysis. A general sample of 748 (595 females, 153 males) participants completed the measure online. Results: Initial findings recommended modification of the response scale. Subsequent analyses revealed unidimensionality, adequate item/person reliability, and gender invariance. Overall, findings confirmed that the CTPI was a valid instrument for assessing perceptions of chronic time pressure within general population samples. Noting the lack of items aligning with higher ability levels, future work should develop the CTPI by adding more complex positively keyed items.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Humans ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359 ; 2167-8359
ISSN (online)	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.15218
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Article: 'Feeling' or 'sensing' the future? Testing for anomalous cognitions in clinical versus healthy populations.

Escolà-Gascón, Álex / Wright, Abigail C / Houran, James

Heliyon

2022 Volume 8, Issue 11, Page(s) e11303

Abstract: In the study and treatment of psychosis, emotional intelligence (EI) and thinking styles are important patient characteristics for successful outcomes in clinical intervention. Anticipation of unpredictable stimuli (AUS) may be understood as an anomalous ...

Abstract	In the study and treatment of psychosis, emotional intelligence (EI) and thinking styles are important patient characteristics for successful outcomes in clinical intervention. Anticipation of unpredictable stimuli (AUS) may be understood as an anomalous perception and anomalous cognition in which an individual supposedly senses and recognizes future stimuli in an unexpected way, also referred to as "hunches or premonitions." This examined the roles of EI and thinking styles in AUSs in convenience samples of healthy participants (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11303
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Article: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale-5: further psychometric evaluation using a United Kingdom-based sample.

Dagnall, Neil / Denovan, Andrew / Drinkwater, Kenneth Graham / Escolà-Gascón, Alex

Frontiers in psychology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1303838

Abstract: The 5-item Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCB-5) is an abridged version of the 15-item GCBS. It was developed as a global measure of the tendency to engage in non-event-based, conspiracy-related ideation. The GCB-5 is appealing to researchers ... ...

Abstract	The 5-item Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCB-5) is an abridged version of the 15-item GCBS. It was developed as a global measure of the tendency to engage in non-event-based, conspiracy-related ideation. The GCB-5 is appealing to researchers because of its brevity, which facilitates the measurement of belief in conspiracies alongside multiple constructs and/or in situations where resources are limited (time, etc.). Noting that several studies failed to find an adequate unidimensional fit in the parent GCBS measures across different contexts, the present study further assessed the psychometric properties of the GCB-5. This was necessary since the GCB-5 was validated using North American samples. Thus, to ensure that the GCB-5 was satisfactory for use with samples in the United Kingdom (UK), GCBS/GCB-5 items were administered to a large, representative UK-based sample (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1303838
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Article ; Online: Researching unexplained phenomena

Álex Escolà-Gascón

Heliyon, Vol 6, Iss 7, Pp e04291- (2020)

empirical-statistical validity and reliability of the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2)

2020

Abstract	Anomalous phenomena are unexplained occurrences, such as paranormal experiences, that challenge the ontological bases of current scientific knowledge and are considered scientifically impossible. Problematically, some scientific research yields significant statistical results in favor of the existence of telepathy, precognition, mind-matter interaction, and mediumship. The current study presents and statistically justifies the Multivariable Multiaxial Suggestibility Inventory-2 (MMSI-2), a new psychological instrument to measure and detect the main psychological explanations for anomalous experiences. A nonprobabilistic sample of 3,224 subjects without a psychiatric history were recruited from the general population of Spain. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine the internal structure of the MMSI-2's 174 items. Direct oblimin and promax oblique rotations were applied as criteria for axis rotation. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and their ordinal transformation were also calculated, and gender-differentiated scales for the raw MMSI-2 scale scores were developed. The first-order factorial solution yielded a total of 16 factors that explained 92.84% of the variance. Of these, 10 corresponded to the psychological variables cited in the background literature, four classified the anomalous phenomena according to their sensory mode, and two represented prototype control scales for this class of psychometric inventory. The higher-order EFA grouped the MMSI-2 scales into four macrofactors that together explained 97.737% of the variance. Satisfactory reliability rates were obtained (alphas>0.8). The full version of the MMSI-2 with 174 items is a valid and reliable psychometric instrument for evaluating anomalous phenomena and the theoretically concomitant psychological variables. Similarly, the scaling of scores can be used in psychological assessment as a screening tool to identify clinically suspected psychological variables.
Keywords	Psychology ; Psi phenomena ; Anomalous experiences ; Hallucination ; Parapsychology ; Schizotypy ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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