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Article ; Online: Formalising social representation to explain psychiatric symptoms.

Barnby, Joseph M / Dayan, Peter / Bell, Vaughan

2023 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 317–332

Abstract: Recent work in social cognition has moved beyond a focus on how people process social rewards to examine how healthy people represent other agents and how this is altered in psychiatric disorders. However, formal modelling of social representation has ... ...

Abstract	Recent work in social cognition has moved beyond a focus on how people process social rewards to examine how healthy people represent other agents and how this is altered in psychiatric disorders. However, formal modelling of social representation has not kept pace with these changes, impeding our understanding of how core aspects of social cognition function, and fail, in psychopathology. Here, we suggest that belief-based computational models provide a basis for an integrated sociocognitive approach to psychiatry, with the potential to address important but unexamined pathologies of social representation, such as maladaptive schemas and illusory social agents.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Adaptation, Psychological
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2010989-1
ISSN	1879-307X ; 1364-6613
ISSN (online)	1879-307X
ISSN	1364-6613
DOI	10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.004
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The computational relationship between reinforcement learning, social inference, and paranoia.

Barnby, Joseph M / Mehta, Mitul A / Moutoussis, Michael

PLoS computational biology

2022 Volume 18, Issue 7, Page(s) e1010326

Abstract: Theoretical accounts suggest heightened uncertainty about the state of the world underpin aberrant belief updates, which in turn increase the risk of developing a persecutory delusion. However, this raises the question as to how an agent's uncertainty ... ...

Abstract	Theoretical accounts suggest heightened uncertainty about the state of the world underpin aberrant belief updates, which in turn increase the risk of developing a persecutory delusion. However, this raises the question as to how an agent's uncertainty may relate to the precise phenomenology of paranoia, as opposed to other qualitatively different forms of belief. We tested whether the same population (n = 693) responded similarly to non-social and social contingency changes in a probabilistic reversal learning task and a modified repeated reversal Dictator game, and the impact of paranoia on both. We fitted computational models that included closely related parameters that quantified the rigidity across contingency reversals and the uncertainty about the environment/partner. Consistent with prior work we show that paranoia was associated with uncertainty around a partner's behavioural policy and rigidity in harmful intent attributions in the social task. In the non-social task we found that pre-existing paranoia was associated with larger decision temperatures and commitment to suboptimal cards. We show relationships between decision temperature in the non-social task and priors over harmful intent attributions and uncertainty over beliefs about partners in the social task. Our results converge across both classes of model, suggesting paranoia is associated with a general uncertainty over the state of the world (and agents within it) that takes longer to resolve, although we demonstrate that this uncertainty is expressed asymmetrically in social contexts. Our model and data allow the representation of sociocognitive mechanisms that explain persecutory delusions and provide testable, phenomenologically relevant predictions for causal experiments.
MeSH term(s)	Delusions/psychology ; Humans ; Learning ; Paranoid Disorders/psychology ; Social Learning ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010326
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Article: Formalising social representation to explain psychiatric symptoms

Barnby, Joseph M. / Dayan, Peter / Bell, Vaughan

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

2023 Volume 27, Issue 3, Page(s) 317–332

Abstract: Recent work in social cognition hasmoved beyond a focus on how people process social rewards to examine how healthy people represent other agents and how this is altered in psychiatric disorders. However, formal modelling of social representation has not ...

Title translation	Formalisierung der sozialen Repräsentation zur Erklärung psychiatrischer Symptome
Abstract	Recent work in social cognition hasmoved beyond a focus on how people process social rewards to examine how healthy people represent other agents and how this is altered in psychiatric disorders. However, formal modelling of social representation has not kept pace with these changes, impeding our understanding of how core aspects of social cognition function, and fail, in psychopathology. Here, we suggest that belief-based computational models provide a basis for an integrated sociocognitive approach to psychiatry, with the potential to address important but unexamined pathologies of social representation, such as maladaptive schemas and illusory social agents.
Keywords	Bayesian Algorithms ; Bayessche Algorithmen ; Begriffliche Vorstellung ; Computational Modeling ; Computermodell ; Conceptual Imagery ; Mentalisierung ; Mentalization ; Psychiatric Symptoms ; Psychiatrie ; Psychiatrische Symptome ; Psychiatry ; Schema ; Schemata ; Social Cognition ; Social Interaction ; Social Processes ; Soziale Interaktion ; Soziale Kognition ; Soziale Vorgänge
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2010989-1
ISSN	1879-307X ; 1364-6613
ISSN (online)	1879-307X
ISSN	1364-6613
DOI	10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.004
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: The felt-presence experience: from cognition to the clinic.

Barnby, Joseph M / Park, Sohee / Baxter, Tatiana / Rosen, Cherise / Brugger, Peter / Alderson-Day, Ben

The lancet. Psychiatry

2023 Volume 10, Issue 5, Page(s) 352–362

Abstract: The felt presence experience is the basic feeling that someone else is present in the immediate environment, without clear sensory evidence. Ranging from benevolent to distressing, personified to ambiguous, felt presence has been observed in neurological ...

Abstract	The felt presence experience is the basic feeling that someone else is present in the immediate environment, without clear sensory evidence. Ranging from benevolent to distressing, personified to ambiguous, felt presence has been observed in neurological case studies and within psychosis and paranoia, associated with sleep paralysis and anxiety, and recorded within endurance sports and spiritualist communities. In this Review, we summarise the philosophical, phenomenological, clinical, and non-clinical correlates of felt presence, as well as current approaches that use psychometric, cognitive, and neurophysiological methods. We present current mechanistic explanations for felt presence, suggest a unifying cognitive framework for the phenomenon, and discuss outstanding questions for the field. Felt presence offers a sublime opportunity to understand the cognitive neuroscience of own-body awareness and social agency detection, as an intuitive, but poorly understood, experience in health and disorder.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychotic Disorders/psychology ; Emotions ; Cognition ; Paranoid Disorders/psychology ; Awareness
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2215-0374
ISSN (online)	2215-0374
DOI	10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00034-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Psilocybin and Mental Health-Don't Lose Control.

Barnby, Joseph M / Mehta, Mitul A

Frontiers in psychiatry

2018 Volume 9, Page(s) 293

Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00293
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Article ; Online: The computational relationship between reinforcement learning, social inference, and paranoia.

Joseph M Barnby / Mitul A Mehta / Michael Moutoussis

PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 18, Iss 7, p e

2022 Volume 1010326

Abstract	Theoretical accounts suggest heightened uncertainty about the state of the world underpin aberrant belief updates, which in turn increase the risk of developing a persecutory delusion. However, this raises the question as to how an agent's uncertainty may relate to the precise phenomenology of paranoia, as opposed to other qualitatively different forms of belief. We tested whether the same population (n = 693) responded similarly to non-social and social contingency changes in a probabilistic reversal learning task and a modified repeated reversal Dictator game, and the impact of paranoia on both. We fitted computational models that included closely related parameters that quantified the rigidity across contingency reversals and the uncertainty about the environment/partner. Consistent with prior work we show that paranoia was associated with uncertainty around a partner's behavioural policy and rigidity in harmful intent attributions in the social task. In the non-social task we found that pre-existing paranoia was associated with larger decision temperatures and commitment to suboptimal cards. We show relationships between decision temperature in the non-social task and priors over harmful intent attributions and uncertainty over beliefs about partners in the social task. Our results converge across both classes of model, suggesting paranoia is associated with a general uncertainty over the state of the world (and agents within it) that takes longer to resolve, although we demonstrate that this uncertainty is expressed asymmetrically in social contexts. Our model and data allow the representation of sociocognitive mechanisms that explain persecutory delusions and provide testable, phenomenologically relevant predictions for causal experiments.
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Hallucination, imagery, dreaming: reassembling stimulus-independent perceptions based on Edmund Parish's classic misperception framework.

Waters, Flavie / Barnby, Joseph M / Blom, Jan Dirk

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2020 Volume 376, Issue 1817, Page(s) 20190701

Abstract: Within the broad field of human perception lies the category of stimulus-independent perceptions, which draws together experiences such as hallucinations, mental imagery and dreams. Traditional divisions between medical and psychological sciences have ... ...

Abstract	Within the broad field of human perception lies the category of stimulus-independent perceptions, which draws together experiences such as hallucinations, mental imagery and dreams. Traditional divisions between medical and psychological sciences have contributed to these experiences being investigated separately. This review aims to examine their similarities and differences at the levels of phenomenology and underlying brain function and thus reassemble them within a common framework. Using Edmund Parish's historical work as a guiding tool and the latest research findings in the cognitive, clinical and computational sciences, we consider how different perspectives may be reconciled and help generate novel hypotheses for future research. This article is part of the theme issue 'Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/physiology ; Dreams/physiology ; Hallucinations/history ; Hallucinations/physiopathology ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Imagination/physiology ; Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Biography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Portrait
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2019.0701
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Article ; Online: Mirror movements and callosal dysgenesis in a family with a DCC mutation: Neuropsychological and neuroimaging outcomes.

Knight, Jacquelyn L / Barker, Megan S / Edwards, Timothy J / Barnby, Joseph M / Richards, Linda J / Robinson, Gail A

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

2023 Volume 161, Page(s) 38–50

Abstract: Corpus callosum dysgenesis is a congenital abnormality whereby the corpus callosum fails to develop normally, and has been associated with a range of neuropsychological outcomes. One specific finding in some individuals with corpus callosum dysgenesis is ...

Abstract	Corpus callosum dysgenesis is a congenital abnormality whereby the corpus callosum fails to develop normally, and has been associated with a range of neuropsychological outcomes. One specific finding in some individuals with corpus callosum dysgenesis is "congenital mirror movement disorder", which is the presence of involuntary movements on one side of the body that mimic voluntary movements of the other side. Mirror movements have also been associated with mutations in the deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) gene. The current study aims to comprehensively document the neuropsychological outcomes and neuroanatomical mapping of a family (a mother, daughter and son) with known DCC mutations. All three family members experience mirror movements, and the son additionally has partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC). All family members underwent extensive neuropsychological testing, spanning general intellectual functioning, memory, language, literacy, numeracy, psychomotor speed, visuospatial perception, praxis and motor functioning, executive functioning, attention, verbal/nonverbal fluency, and social cognition. The mother and daughter had impaired memory for faces, and reduced spontaneous speech, and the daughter demonstrated scattered impairments in attention and executive functioning, but their neuropsychological abilities were largely within normal limits. By contrast, the son showed areas of significant impairment across multiple domains including reduced psychomotor speed, fine motor dexterity and general intellectual functioning, and he was profoundly impaired across areas of executive functioning and attention. Reductions in his verbal/non-verbal fluency, with relatively intact core language, resembled dynamic frontal aphasia. His relative strengths included aspects of memory and he demonstrated largely sound theory of mind. Neuroimaging revealed an asymmetric sigmoid bundle in the son, connecting, via the callosal remnant, the left frontal cortex with contralateral parieto-occipital cortex. Overall, this study documents a range of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical outcomes within one family with DCC mutations and mirror movements, including one with more severe consequences and pACC.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/genetics ; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/pathology ; Corpus Callosum/diagnostic imaging ; Corpus Callosum/pathology ; DCC Receptor/genetics ; Movement Disorders ; Mutation/genetics ; Neuroimaging
Chemical Substances	DCC protein, human ; DCC Receptor
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-19
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280622-8
ISSN	1973-8102 ; 0010-9452
ISSN (online)	1973-8102
ISSN	0010-9452
DOI	10.1016/j.cortex.2023.01.008
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Article: The Sensed Presence Questionnaire (SenPQ): initial psychometric validation of a measure of the "Sensed Presence" experience.

Barnby, Joseph M / Bell, Vaughan

PeerJ

2017 Volume 5, Page(s) e3149

Abstract: Background: The experience of 'sensed presence'-a feeling or sense that another entity, individual or being is present despite no clear sensory or perceptual evidence-is known to occur in the general population, appears more frequently in religious or ... ...

Abstract	Background: The experience of 'sensed presence'-a feeling or sense that another entity, individual or being is present despite no clear sensory or perceptual evidence-is known to occur in the general population, appears more frequently in religious or spiritual contexts, and seems to be prominent in certain psychiatric or neurological conditions and may reflect specific functions of social cognition or body-image representation systems in the brain. Previous research has relied on ad-hoc measures of the experience and no specific psychometric scale to measure the experience exists to date. Methods: Based on phenomenological description in the literature, we created the 16-item Sensed Presence Questionnaire (SenPQ). We recruited participants from (i) a general population sample, and; (ii) a sample including specific selection for religious affiliation, to complete the SenPQ and additional measures of well-being, schizotypy, social anxiety, social imagery, and spiritual experience. We completed an analysis to test internal reliability, the ability of the SenPQ to distinguish between religious and non-religious participants, and whether the SenPQ was specifically related to positive schizotypical experiences and social imagery. A factor analysis was also conducted to examine underlying latent variables. Results: The SenPQ was found to be reliable and valid, with religious participants significantly endorsing more items than non-religious participants, and the scale showing a selective relationship with construct relevant measures. Principal components analysis indicates two potential underlying factors interpreted as reflecting 'benign' and 'malign' sensed presence experiences. Discussion: The SenPQ appears to be a reliable and valid measure of sensed presence experience although further validation in neurological and psychiatric conditions is warranted.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.3149
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Reduction in social learning and increased policy uncertainty about harmful intent is associated with pre-existing paranoid beliefs: Evidence from modelling a modified serial dictator game.

Barnby, Joseph M / Bell, Vaughan / Mehta, Mitul A / Moutoussis, Michael

PLoS computational biology

2020 Volume 16, Issue 10, Page(s) e1008372

Abstract: Current computational models suggest that paranoia may be explained by stronger higher-order beliefs about others and increased sensitivity to environments. However, it is unclear whether this applies to social contexts, and whether it is specific to ... ...

Abstract	Current computational models suggest that paranoia may be explained by stronger higher-order beliefs about others and increased sensitivity to environments. However, it is unclear whether this applies to social contexts, and whether it is specific to harmful intent attributions, the live expression of paranoia. We sought to fill this gap by fitting a computational model to data (n = 1754) from a modified serial dictator game, to explore whether pre-existing paranoia could be accounted by specific alterations to cognitive parameters characterising harmful intent attributions. We constructed a 'Bayesian brain' model of others' intent, which we fitted to harmful intent and self-interest attributions made over 18 trials, across three different partners. We found that pre-existing paranoia was associated with greater uncertainty about other's actions. It moderated the relationship between learning rates and harmful intent attributions, making harmful intent attributions less reliant on prior interactions. Overall, the magnitude of harmful intent attributions was directly related to their uncertainty, and importantly, the opposite was true for self-interest attributions. Our results explain how pre-existing paranoia may be the result of an increased need to attend to immediate experiences in determining intentional threat, at the expense of what is already known, and more broadly, they suggest that environments that induce greater probabilities of harmful intent attributions may also induce states of uncertainty, potentially as an adaptive mechanism to better detect threatening others. Importantly, we suggest that if paranoia were able to be explained exclusively by core domain-general alterations we would not observe differential parameter estimates underlying harmful-intent and self-interest attributions.
MeSH term(s)	Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Models, Psychological ; Paranoid Disorders/psychology ; Social Learning/physiology ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008372
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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