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  1. Article: Die Rolle der Psychotherapie in klinischen Studien mit Psychedelika

    Evens, Ricarda / Wolff, Max

    Die Psychotherapie

    2024  Volume 69, Issue 2, Page(s) 85–91

    Abstract: In den letzten Jahren ist eine deutliche Zunahme klinischer Studien mit klassischen und atypischen Psychedelika zur Behandlung verschiedener psychiatrischer Indikationen zu verzeichnen. Zwei Substanzen (3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin [MDMA] und ... ...

    Title translation The role of psychotherapy in clinical studies with psychedelic drugs
    Abstract In den letzten Jahren ist eine deutliche Zunahme klinischer Studien mit klassischen und atypischen Psychedelika zur Behandlung verschiedener psychiatrischer Indikationen zu verzeichnen. Zwei Substanzen (3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin [MDMA] und Psilocybin) befinden sich bereits in der Phase III der klinischen Arzneimittelprüfung - der letzten Phase vor einer möglichen Zulassung. Die Besonderheit der therapeutischen Anwendung von Psychedelika ist ihre enge Verknüpfung mit psychotherapeutischen Elementen. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt anhand ausgewählter Studien einen Überblick über typische Interventionen sowie Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der therapeutischen Begleitung in aktuellen klinischen Studien mit Psychedelika. Das therapeutische Konzept der meisten Studien mit Psychedelika beinhaltet ein wiederkehrendes Grundgerüst, bestehend aus Vorbereitungs-, Substanz- und Nachbereitungssitzungen; dieses lässt sich keiner psychotherapeutischen Schule zuordnen und ist nicht störungsspezifisch. Die Aufgabe der therapeutischen Begleitung ist in diesem Modell, einen sicheren Rahmen für die Erfahrungen des Patienten zu schaffen und ihn bei der Verarbeitung der Erlebnisse zu unterstützen. Die therapeutische Haltung ist weitgehend supportiv und nondirektiv. Einige Studien kombinieren dieses Grundgerüst mit etablierten Therapieverfahren, die häufig eine störungsspezifische Ergänzung bilden. Auch wenn die generelle Bedeutung von nichtpharmakologischen Elementen in Behandlungen mit Psychedelika unstrittig ist, ist bisher recht wenig über die optimale Gestaltung psychotherapeutischer Elemente bekannt. Derzeit liegt der Schwerpunkt großer klinischer Studien v. a. auf dem allgemeinen Nachweis der Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit Psychedelika-gestützter Behandlungen, da diese Daten für eine Arzneimittelzulassung benötigt werden. Um diese neuen Therapieformen weiter zu optimieren, werden künftig jedoch zunehmend elaborierte Studiendesigns erforderlich sein, die eine differenzierte Untersuchung verschiedener psychotherapeutischer Interventionen erlauben. (c) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH
    Keywords Methylendioxymethamphetamin ; Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ; Psilocybin ; Psychedelic Assisted Therapy ; Psycholytische Therapie ; Psychotherapie ; Psychotherapy ; Rolle therapeutischen Personals ; Therapist Role
    Language German
    Document type Article
    ISSN 2731-7161
    ISSN 2731-7161
    DOI 10.1007/s00278-024-00715-8
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  2. Article: The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics.

    Evens, Ricarda / Schmidt, Marianna Elisa / Majić, Tomislav / Schmidt, Timo Torsten

    Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology

    2023  Volume 13, Page(s) 20451253231172254

    Abstract: Background: Classic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the ' ... ...

    Abstract Background: Classic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the 'psychedelic afterglow', have been suggested to be associated with enhanced effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions in the subacute period.
    Objectives: This systematic review provides an overview of subacute effects of psychedelics.
    Methods: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for studies that assessed the effects of psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, or ayahuasca) on psychological outcome measures and subacute adverse effects in human adults between 1950 and August 2021, occurring between 1 day and 1 month after drug use.
    Results: Forty-eight studies including a total number of 1,774 participants were eligible for review. Taken together, the following subacute effects were observed: reductions in different psychopathological symptoms; increases in wellbeing, mood, mindfulness, social measures, spirituality, and positive behavioral changes; mixed changes in personality/values/attitudes, and creativity/flexibility. Subacute adverse effects comprised a wide range of complaints, including headaches, sleep disturbances, and individual cases of increased psychological distress.
    Discussion: Results support narrative reports of a subacute psychedelic 'afterglow' phenomenon comprising potentially beneficial changes in the perception of self, others, and the environment. Subacute adverse events were mild to severe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Many studies, however, lacked a standardized assessment of adverse effects. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of possible moderator variables and to reveal if and how positive effects from the subacute window may consolidate into long-term mental health benefits.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2646542-5
    ISSN 2045-1261 ; 2045-1253
    ISSN (online) 2045-1261
    ISSN 2045-1253
    DOI 10.1177/20451253231172254
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon

    Evens, Ricarda / Schmidt, Marianna Elisa / Majic, Tomislav / Schmidt, Timo Torsten

    Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology

    A systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics

    2023  Volume 13, Page(s) 1–20

    Abstract: Background: Classic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the " ... ...

    Title translation Das Phänomen des psychedelischen Nachglühens: Eine systematische Überprüfung der subakuten Wirkungen klassischer serotonerger Psychedelika (DeepL)
    Abstract Background: Classic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the "psychedelic afterglow", have been suggested to be associated with enhanced effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions in the subacute period. Objectives: This systematic review provides an overview of subacute effects of psychedelics. Methods: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for studies that assessed the effects of psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, or ayahuasca) on psychological outcome measures and subacute adverse effects in human adults between 1950 and August 2021, occurring between 1 day and 1 month after drug use. Results: Forty-eight studies including a total number of 1,774 participants were eligible for review. Taken together, the following subacute effects were observed: reductions in different psychopathological symptoms; increases in wellbeing, mood, mindfulness, social measures, spirituality, and positive behavioral changes; mixed changes in personality/values/attitudes, and creativity/flexibility. Subacute adverse effects comprised a wide range of complaints, including headaches, sleep disturbances, and individual cases of increased psychological distress. Discussion: Results support narrative reports of a subacute psychedelic "afterglow" phenomenon comprising potentially beneficial changes in the perception of self, others, and the environment. Subacute adverse events were mild to severe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Many studies, however, lacked a standardized assessment of adverse effects. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of possible moderator variables and to reveal if and how positive effects from the subacute window may consolidate into long-term mental health benefits.
    Keywords Achtsamkeit ; Behavior Change ; Emotionen ; Emotions ; Mindfulness ; Nebenwirkungen (Drogen und Arzneimittel) ; Psychedelic Drugs ; Psychedelika ; Psychopathologie ; Psychopathology ; Psychotherapeutic Outcomes ; Psychotherapieergebnisse ; Serotonin ; Side Effects (Drug) ; Social Interaction ; Soziale Interaktion ; Spirituality ; Spiritualität ; Verhaltensänderung ; Well Being ; Wohlbefinden
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2646542-5
    ISSN 2045-1261 ; 2045-1253
    ISSN (online) 2045-1261
    ISSN 2045-1253
    DOI 10.1177/20451253231172254
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  4. Article ; Online: The Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ): A theory-based approach to psychedelic drugs' effects on psychological flexibility.

    Wolff, Max / Mertens, Lea J / Walter, Marie / Enge, Sören / Evens, Ricarda

    Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)

    2022  Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 387–408

    Abstract: Background: Many benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs' acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are ... ...

    Abstract Background: Many benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs' acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are insufficiently understood.
    Aim: The purpose of this study was the validation of a psychological model of acceptance/avoidance-promoting psychedelic experiences, which included the development of a theory-based self-report instrument: the Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ). Its two main scales, acceptance-related experience (ACE) and avoidance-related experience (AVE), represent the theorized model's core constructs. We aimed to test the model's central assumptions of complementarity (ACE and AVE may occur alternatingly but not simultaneously, and are therefore empirically independent), intertwinedness (subaspects within ACE and AVE are mutually contingent and therefore highly inter-correlated), context-dependence (ACE and AVE depend on context factors) and interaction (longer-term outcomes depend on the interplay between ACE and AVE).
    Method: A bilingual retrospective online survey including 997 English- and 836 German-speaking participants. Each participant reported on one psychedelic experience occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, or ayahuasca.
    Results: Whereas ACE and AVE were found to be relatively independent aspects of participants' reported psychedelic experiences (complementarity), their subaspects were mostly distinguishable but strongly correlated among each other (intertwinedness). Therapeutic, escapist, and hedonic use motives were differentially associated with ACE and AVE (context-dependence), which were in turn associated with retrospective changes in psychological flexibility following participants' reported experiences. The positive association between ACE and increased psychological flexibility was significantly moderated by AVE (interaction).
    Conclusion: These results provide an initial validation of the APEQ and its underlying theoretical model, suggesting the two can help clarify the psychological mechanisms of psychedelic-induced benefits and harms. Both should be further investigated in prospective-longitudinal and clinical studies.
    MeSH term(s) Hallucinogens/adverse effects ; Humans ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Psilocybin/pharmacology ; Psilocybin/therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Chemical Substances Hallucinogens ; Psilocybin (2RV7212BP0) ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (8NA5SWF92O)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639313-5
    ISSN 1461-7285 ; 0269-8811
    ISSN (online) 1461-7285
    ISSN 0269-8811
    DOI 10.1177/02698811211073758
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: CME: PTBS-Diagnose im Wandel. Traumafolgestörung

    Evens, Ricarda / Hizli, Serdar Tarik / Schulte-Herbrüggen, Olaf

    Der Neurologe & Psychiater

    2019  Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 46

    Language German
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2036795-8
    ISSN 1616-2455
    Database Current Contents Medicine

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  6. Article: Cannabis use during the early COVID-19 pandemic: Use patterns, predictors, and subjective experiences.

    Mielau, Juliane / Reiche, Simon / Moon, Daa Un / Groß, Elisa / Gutwinski, Stefan / Betzler, Felix / Romanello, Amy / Masah, Dario Jalilzadeh / Scicchitano, Matteo / Marek, Roman / Brandt, Lasse / Evens, Ricarda / Mick, Inge Maria / Majić, Tomislav / Montag, Christiane

    Frontiers in psychiatry

    2023  Volume 13, Page(s) 1037451

    Abstract: Background: Even in the early stages, global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic lead to serious dislocations of social life, secondary adjustment reactions to external restrictions and individual concerns. Coping mechanisms may also include ... ...

    Abstract Background: Even in the early stages, global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic lead to serious dislocations of social life, secondary adjustment reactions to external restrictions and individual concerns. Coping mechanisms may also include dysfunctional strategies like an increase of drug use. Considering the wide-spread use of cannabis, the aim of this study was to elucidate the interplay of social restrictions, psychopathology, concerns related to the pandemic in addition to the users' experiences, motivations and consumption quantities during the early COVID-19 pandemic. It was presumed that cannabis intake would increase during the early phase of the crisis and that consumption quantities would be related to corona-related restrictions, concerns as well as subjective substance effects and psychopathology.
    Materials and methods: As part of an international, cross-sectional, internet-based survey (
    Results: Cannabis use behavior showed no significant differences when consumption quantities prior and during 1 month after the COVID-19 outbreak were compared. Higher quantities of cannabis intake prior and during 1 month of the pandemic as well as more corona-related concern were associated with an increased perception of positive effects of cannabis during the pandemic. Predictors of its use during 1 month of pandemic were higher pre-pandemic consumption quantity, older age, quarantinization, a lesser degree of being affected by negative effects of the pandemic and a stronger subjective experience of corona-related positive effects of cannabis. Comparisons of the motives for cannabis intake in the pre-pandemic versus the pandemic period showed that all rationales for consumption were reported less frequently, except boredom.
    Conclusion: Frequencies of cannabis intake remained relatively stable in the early pandemic phase. Risk factors for increased use seem related to habitual consumption patterns that become more prominent under quarantinization. The use of cannabis as a dysfunctional coping strategy might not be amenable
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2564218-2
    ISSN 1664-0640
    ISSN 1664-0640
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1037451
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  7. Article: The Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ)

    Wolff, Max / Mertens, Lea J. / Walter, Marie / Enge, Sören / Evens, Ricarda

    Journal of Psychopharmacology

    A theory-based approach to psychedelic drugs' effects on psychological flexibility

    2022  Volume 36, Issue 3, Page(s) 387–408

    Abstract: Background: Many benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs' acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are ... ...

    Title translation Der Fragebogen zu akzeptanz- und vermeidungsfördernden Erfahrungen (APEQ): Ein theoriegestützter Ansatz für die Auswirkungen psychedelischer Drogen auf die psychologische Flexibilität. (DeepL)
    Abstract Background: Many benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs' acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Aim: The purpose of this study was the validation of a psychological model of acceptance/avoidance-promoting psychedelic experiences, which included the development of a theory-based self-report instrument: the Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ). Its two main scales, acceptance-related experience (ACE) and avoidance-related experience (AVE), represent the theorized model's core constructs. We aimed to test the model's central assumptions of complementarity (ACE and AVE may occur alternatingly but not simultaneously, and are therefore empirically independent), intertwinedness (subaspects within ACE and AVE are mutually contingent and therefore highly inter-correlated), context-dependence (ACE and AVE depend on context factors) and interaction (longer-term outcomes depend on the interplay between ACE and AVE). Method: A bilingual retrospective online survey including 997 English- and 836 German-speaking participants. Each participant reported on one psychedelic experience occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, or ayahuasca. Results: Whereas ACE and AVE were found to be relatively independent aspects of participants' reported psychedelic experiences (complementarity), their subaspects were mostly distinguishable but strongly correlated among each other (intertwinedness). Therapeutic, escapist, and hedonic use motives were differentially associated with ACE and AVE (context-dependence), which were in turn associated with retrospective changes in psychological flexibility following participants' reported experiences. The positive association between ACE and increased psychological flexibility was significantly moderated by AVE (interaction). Conclusion: These results provide an initial validation of the APEQ and its underlying theoretical model, suggesting the two can help clarify the psychological mechanisms of psychedelic-induced benefits and harms. Both should be further investigated in prospective-longitudinal and clinical studies.
    Keywords Avoidance ; Drogenkonsum ; Drug Usage ; Fragebögen ; Motivation ; Psychedelic Drugs ; Psychedelic Experiences ; Psychedelika ; Psychedelische Erfahrungen ; Questionnaires ; Test Construction ; Testkonstruktion ; Vermeidung
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 639313-5
    ISSN 0269-8811
    ISSN 0269-8811
    DOI 10.1177/02698811211073758
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  8. Article ; Online: The Iowa Gambling Task in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis on effects of disease and medication.

    Evens, Ricarda / Hoefler, Michael / Biber, Karolina / Lueken, Ulrike

    Neuropsychologia

    2016  Volume 91, Page(s) 163–172

    Abstract: Background: Decision-making under uncertainty as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task has frequently been studied in Parkinson's disease. The dopamine overdose hypothesis assumes that dopaminergic effects follow an inverted U-shaped function, restoring ... ...

    Abstract Background: Decision-making under uncertainty as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task has frequently been studied in Parkinson's disease. The dopamine overdose hypothesis assumes that dopaminergic effects follow an inverted U-shaped function, restoring some cognitive functions while overdosing others. The present work quantitatively summarizes disease and medication effects on task performance and evaluates evidence for the dopamine overdose hypothesis of impaired decision-making in Parkinson's disease.
    Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies examining the Iowa Gambling Task in patients with Parkinson's disease. Outcomes were quantitatively combined, with separate estimates for the clinical (patients ON medication vs. healthy controls), disease (patients OFF medication vs. healthy controls), and medication effects (patients ON vs. OFF medication). Furthermore, using meta-regression analysis it was explored whether the study characteristics drug level, disease duration, and motor symptoms explained heterogeneous performance between studies.
    Results: Patients with Parkinson's disease ON dopaminergic medication showed significantly impaired Iowa Gambling Task performance compared to healthy controls. This impairment was not normalized by short-term withdrawal of medication. Heterogeneity across studies was not explained by dopaminergic drug levels, disease durations or motor symptoms.
    Discussion: While this meta-analysis showed significantly impaired decision-making performance in Parkinson's disease, there was no evidence that this impairment was related to dopamine overdosing. However, only very few studies assessed patients OFF medication and future studies are needed to concentrate on the modulation of dopaminergic drug levels and pay particular attention to problems related to repeated testing. Furthermore, short- vs. long-term medication effects demand further in-depth investigation.
    MeSH term(s) Antiparkinson Agents/adverse effects ; Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use ; Decision Making/drug effects ; Dopamine Agents/adverse effects ; Dopamine Agents/therapeutic use ; Gambling/etiology ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinson Disease/complications ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy ; Parkinson Disease/psychology
    Chemical Substances Antiparkinson Agents ; Dopamine Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-07-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review
    ZDB-ID 207151-4
    ISSN 1873-3514 ; 0028-3932
    ISSN (online) 1873-3514
    ISSN 0028-3932
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.032
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Corrigendum to "Fear Processing in Dental Phobia during Crossmodal Symptom Provocation: An fMRI Study".

    Hilbert, Kevin / Evens, Ricarda / Maslowski, Nina Isabel / Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich / Lueken, Ulrike

    BioMed research international

    2018  Volume 2018, Page(s) 6497672

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/196353.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/196353.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2698540-8
    ISSN 2314-6141 ; 2314-6133
    ISSN (online) 2314-6141
    ISSN 2314-6133
    DOI 10.1155/2018/6497672
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance.

    Wolff, Max / Evens, Ricarda / Mertens, Lea J / Koslowski, Michael / Betzler, Felix / Gründer, Gerhard / Jungaberle, Henrik

    Frontiers in psychiatry

    2020  Volume 11, Page(s) 5

    Abstract: The efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mental disorders has been attributed to the lasting change from experiential avoidance to acceptance that these treatments appear to facilitate. This article presents a conceptual model that specifies ... ...

    Abstract The efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mental disorders has been attributed to the lasting change from experiential avoidance to acceptance that these treatments appear to facilitate. This article presents a conceptual model that specifies potential psychological mechanisms underlying such change, and that shows substantial parallels between psychedelic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy: We propose that in the carefully controlled context of psychedelic therapy as applied in contemporary clinical research, psychedelic-induced belief relaxation can increase motivation for acceptance
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2564218-2
    ISSN 1664-0640
    ISSN 1664-0640
    DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00005
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