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Article ; Online: Fenretinide in Cancer and Neurological Disease: A Two-Face Janus Molecule.

Potenza, Rosa Luisa / Lodeserto, Pietro / Orienti, Isabella

International journal of molecular sciences

2022 Volume 23, Issue 13

Abstract: Recently, several chemotherapeutic drugs have been repositioned in neurological diseases, based on common biological backgrounds and the inverse comorbidity between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Fenretinide (all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ... ...

Abstract	Recently, several chemotherapeutic drugs have been repositioned in neurological diseases, based on common biological backgrounds and the inverse comorbidity between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Fenretinide (all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, 4-HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid initially proposed in anticancer therapy for its antitumor effects combined with limited toxicity. Subsequently, fenretinide has been proposed for other diseases, for which it was not intentionally designed for, due to its ability to influence different biological pathways, providing a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. Here, we review the most relevant preclinical and clinical findings from fenretinide and discuss its therapeutic role towards cancer and neurological diseases, highlighting the hormetic behavior of this pleiotropic molecule.
MeSH term(s)	Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; Fenretinide/pharmacology ; Fenretinide/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Fenretinide (187EJ7QEXL) ; Tretinoin (5688UTC01R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms23137426
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Fenretinide in Cancer and Neurological Disease

Rosa Luisa Potenza / Pietro Lodeserto / Isabella Orienti

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 23, Iss 7426, p

A Two-Face Janus Molecule

2022 Volume 7426

Abstract	Recently, several chemotherapeutic drugs have been repositioned in neurological diseases, based on common biological backgrounds and the inverse comorbidity between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Fenretinide (all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, 4-HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid initially proposed in anticancer therapy for its antitumor effects combined with limited toxicity. Subsequently, fenretinide has been proposed for other diseases, for which it was not intentionally designed for, due to its ability to influence different biological pathways, providing a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. Here, we review the most relevant preclinical and clinical findings from fenretinide and discuss its therapeutic role towards cancer and neurological diseases, highlighting the hormetic behavior of this pleiotropic molecule.
Keywords	fenretinide ; anticancer drugs ; nanomicellar formulations ; repositioning ; neuroinflammation ; oxidative stress ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Nanospermidine in Combination with Nanofenretinide Induces Cell Death in Neuroblastoma Cell Lines.

Lodeserto, Pietro / Rossi, Martina / Blasi, Paolo / Farruggia, Giovanna / Orienti, Isabella

Pharmaceutics

2022 Volume 14, Issue 6

Abstract: A new strategy to cause cell death in tumors might be the increase of intracellular polyamines at concentrations above their physiological values to trigger the production of oxidation metabolites at levels exceeding cell tolerance. To test this ... ...

Abstract	A new strategy to cause cell death in tumors might be the increase of intracellular polyamines at concentrations above their physiological values to trigger the production of oxidation metabolites at levels exceeding cell tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we prepared nanospermidine as a carrier for spermidine penetration into the cells, able to escape the polyamine transport system that strictly regulates intracellular polyamine levels. Nanospermidine was prepared by spermidine encapsulation in nanomicelles and was characterized by size, zeta potential, loading, dimensional stability to dilution, and stability to spermidine leakage. Antitumor activity, ROS production, and cell penetration ability were evaluated in vitro in two neuroblastoma cell lines (NLF and BR6). Nanospermidine was tested as a single agent and in combination with nanofenretinide. Free spermidine was also tested as a comparison. The results indicated that the nanomicelles successfully transported spermidine into the cells inducing cell death in a concentration range (150-200 μM) tenfold lower than that required to provide similar cytotoxicity with free spermidine (1500-2000 μM). Nanofenretinide provided a cytostatic effect in combination with the lowest nanospermidine concentrations evaluated and slightly improved nanospermidine cytotoxicity at the highest concentrations. These data suggest that nanospermidine has the potential to become a new approach in cancer treatment. At the cellular level, in fact, it exploits polyamine catabolism by means of biocompatible doses of spermidine and, in vivo settings, it can exploit the selective accumulation of nanomedicines at the tumor site. Nanofenretinide combination further improves its efficacy. Furthermore, the proven ability of spermidine to activate macrophages and lymphocytes suggests that nanospermidine could inhibit immunosuppression in the tumor environment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527217-2
ISSN	1999-4923
ISSN	1999-4923
DOI	10.3390/pharmaceutics14061215
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Article ; Online: Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment In COVID-19.

Orienti, Isabella / Gentilomi, Giovanna Angela / Farruggia, Giovanna

International journal of molecular sciences

2020 Volume 21, Issue 11

Abstract: At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 ...

Abstract	At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can take place, which is often followed by death. The causes of these strong inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown. As uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation is likely the main cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions are particularly important. Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide is a bioactive molecule characterized by poly-pharmacological properties and a low toxicity profile. Fenretinide is endowed with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties other than efficacy in obesity/diabetic pathologies. Its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, in particular, could likely have utility in multimodal therapies for the treatment of ALI/ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, fenretinide administration by pulmonary delivery systems could further increase its therapeutic value by carrying high drug concentrations to the lungs and triggering a rapid onset of activity. This is particularly important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where only a narrow time window exists for therapeutic intervention.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/pathology ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Cytokines ; Fenretinide/pharmacology ; Fenretinide/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Macrophages/cytology ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral/pathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Respiratory System/drug effects ; Respiratory System/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Cytokines ; Fenretinide (187EJ7QEXL)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms21113812
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Article: Naxitamab Activity in Neuroblastoma Cells Is Enhanced by Nanofenretinide and Nanospermidine.

Galassi, Lucrezia / Rossi, Martina / Lodeserto, Pietro / Lenzi, Monia / Borsetti, Francesca / Voltattorni, Manuela / Farruggia, Giovanna / Blasi, Paolo / Orienti, Isabella

Pharmaceutics

2023 Volume 15, Issue 2

Abstract: Neuroblastoma cells highly express the disialoganglioside GD2, a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, which is also expressed in neurons, skin melanocytes, and peripheral nerve fibers. Immunotherapy with monoclonal anti-GD2 antibodies has a proven ... ...

Abstract	Neuroblastoma cells highly express the disialoganglioside GD2, a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, which is also expressed in neurons, skin melanocytes, and peripheral nerve fibers. Immunotherapy with monoclonal anti-GD2 antibodies has a proven efficacy in clinical trials and is included in the standard treatment for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, the strong neuro-toxicity associated with anti-GD2 antibodies administration has hindered, until now, the possibility for dose-escalation and protracted use, thus restraining their therapeutic potential. Strategies to increase the efficacy of anti-GD2 antibodies are actively sought, with the aim to enable chronic treatments that could eradicate minimal residual disease and subsequent relapses, often occurring after treatment. Here, we report that Nanofenretinide and Nanospermidine improved the expression of GD2 in neuroblastoma cells (CHP-134) and provided different effects in combination with the anti-GD2 antibody naxitamab. In particular, Nanofenretinide significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of naxitamab while Nanospermidine inhibited cell motility at extents proportional to naxitamab concentration. In neuroblastoma cells characterized by a low and heterogeneous basal expression of GD2, such as SH-SY5Y, which may represent the cell heterogeneity in tumors after chemotherapy, both Nanofenretinide and Nanospermidine increased GD2 expression in approximately 50% of cells, thus shifting the tumor population towards improved sensitivity to anti-GD2 antibodies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527217-2
ISSN	1999-4923
ISSN	1999-4923
DOI	10.3390/pharmaceutics15020648
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Article: Validated LC-MS/MS Assay for the Quantitative Determination of Fenretinide in Plasma and Tumor and Its Application in a Pharmacokinetic Study in Mice of a Novel Oral Nanoformulation of Fenretinide.

Matteo, Cristina / Orienti, Isabella / Eramo, Adriana / Zeuner, Ann / Ferrari, Mariella / Passoni, Alice / Bagnati, Renzo / Ponzo, Marianna / Bello, Ezia / Zucchetti, Massimo / Frapolli, Roberta

Pharmaceutics

2024 Volume 16, Issue 3

Abstract: We describe the development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method to assess the pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution of fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid chemically related to all-trans-retinoic acid, after administration of a novel oral ... ...

Abstract	We describe the development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method to assess the pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution of fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid chemically related to all-trans-retinoic acid, after administration of a novel oral nanoformulation of fenretinide, called bionanofenretinide (BNF). BNF was developed to overcome the major limitation of fenretinide: its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability due to its hydrophobic nature. The method proved to be reproducible, precise and highly accurate for the measurement of the drug and the main metabolites. The lower limit of quantification resulted in 1 ng/mL. The curve range of 1-500 ng/mL and 50-2000 ng/mL, for plasma and tumor homogenate, respectively, was appropriate for the analysis, as demonstrated by the accuracy of between 96.8% and 102.4% for plasma and 96.6 to 102.3% for the tumor. The interdays precision and accuracy determined on quality controls at three different levels were in the ranges of 6.9 to 7.5% and 99.3 to 101.0%, and 0.96 to 1.91% and 102.3 to 105.8% for plasma and tumor, respectively. With the application of the novel assay in explorative pharmacokinetic studies, following acute and chronic oral administration of the nanoformulation, fenretinide was detected in plasma and tumor tissue at a concentration higher than the IC50 value necessary for in vitro inhibitory activity (i.e., 1-5 µM) in different cancer cells lines. We were also able to detect the presence in plasma and tumor of active and inactive metabolites of fenretinide.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527217-2
ISSN	1999-4923
ISSN	1999-4923
DOI	10.3390/pharmaceutics16030387
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Article ; Online: Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide

Isabella Orienti / Giovanna Angela Gentilomi / Giovanna Farruggia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 21, Iss 3812, p

A Possible Adjuvant Treatment In COVID-19

2020 Volume 3812

Abstract	At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can take place, which is often followed by death. The causes of these strong inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown. As uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation is likely the main cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions are particularly important. Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide is a bioactive molecule characterized by poly-pharmacological properties and a low toxicity profile. Fenretinide is endowed with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties other than efficacy in obesity/diabetic pathologies. Its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, in particular, could likely have utility in multimodal therapies for the treatment of ALI/ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, fenretinide administration by pulmonary delivery systems could further increase its therapeutic value by carrying high drug concentrations to the lungs and triggering a rapid onset of activity. This is particularly important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where only a narrow time window exists for therapeutic intervention.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; fenretinide ; anti-inflammatory ; antiviral environment ; pulmonary delivery ; adjuvant treatment ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999 ; covid19
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment In COVID-19

Orienti, Isabella / Gentilomi, Giovanna Angela / Farruggia, Giovanna

Abstract	At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can take place, which is often followed by death. The causes of these strong inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown. As uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation is likely the main cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions are particularly important. Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide is a bioactive molecule characterized by poly-pharmacological properties and a low toxicity profile. Fenretinide is endowed with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties other than efficacy in obesity/diabetic pathologies. Its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, in particular, could likely have utility in multimodal therapies for the treatment of ALI/ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, fenretinide administration by pulmonary delivery systems could further increase its therapeutic value by carrying high drug concentrations to the lungs and triggering a rapid onset of activity. This is particularly important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where only a narrow time window exists for therapeutic intervention.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #382033
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: A Cationic Nanomicellar Complex of the Quaternary Amphiphilic Amine RC16+ with Fenretinide as a New Multitasking System for Antitumor Therapy.

Orienti, Isabella / Cripe, Timothy P / Currier, Mark A / Cavallari, Cristina / Teti, Gabriella / Falconi, Mirella

Current drug delivery

2019 Volume 16, Issue 9, Page(s) 807–817

Abstract: Objectives: This study investigated the antitumor effect of a new nanomicellar complex obtained by combining the antitumor agent fenretinide with a quaternary amphiphilic amine RC16+ also endowed with antitumor activity.: Methods: The complex (Fen- ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: This study investigated the antitumor effect of a new nanomicellar complex obtained by combining the antitumor agent fenretinide with a quaternary amphiphilic amine RC16+ also endowed with antitumor activity. Methods: The complex (Fen-RC16+) strongly improved the aqueous solubility of fenretinide (from 1,71 ± 0.08 µg/ml, pure fenretinide to 1500 ± 164 µg /ml, Fen-RC16+ complex) and provided a cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines resulting from the intrinsic activity of both the complex components. Moreover, the mean size of the nanomicellar complex (ranging from 20 ± 1.97 nm to 40 ± 3.05 nm) was suitable for accumulation to the tumor site by the enhanced permeability and retention effect and the positive charge provided by the quaternary RC16+ induced adsorption of the complex on the tumor cell surface improving the intracellular concentration of fenretinide. Results: All these characteristics made the Fen-RC16+ complex a multitasking system for antitumor therapy. Conclusion: Indeed its in vivo activity, evaluated on SH-SY5Y xenografts, was strong, and the tumor growth did not resume after the treatment withdrawal.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Drug Liberation ; Female ; Fenretinide/administration & dosage ; Fenretinide/chemistry ; Humans ; Mice, Nude ; Micelles ; Nanostructures/administration & dosage ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/administration & dosage ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Micelles ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Fenretinide (187EJ7QEXL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-02
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2185284-4
ISSN	1875-5704 ; 1567-2018
ISSN (online)	1875-5704
ISSN	1567-2018
DOI	10.2174/1567201816666191002100745
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Article ; Online: Nanomicellar Lenalidomide-Fenretinide Combination Suppresses Tumor Growth in an

Orienti, Isabella / Farruggia, Giovanna / Nguyen, Ferro / Guan, Peng / Calonghi, Natalia / Kolla, Venkatadri / Chorny, Michael / Brodeur, Garrett M

International journal of nanomedicine

2020 Volume 15, Page(s) 6873–6886

Abstract: Purpose: In a previous study, we demonstrated that the combination of fenretinide with lenalidomide, administered by a novel nanomicellar formulation (FLM), provided a strong antitumor effect in a neuroblastoma TrkB-expressing tumor. In this study, we ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: In a previous study, we demonstrated that the combination of fenretinide with lenalidomide, administered by a novel nanomicellar formulation (FLM), provided a strong antitumor effect in a neuroblastoma TrkB-expressing tumor. In this study, we tested the nanomicellar combination in an Experimental design: FLM was administered to mice bearing human NLF xenografts to evaluate its efficacy in comparison with the nanomicelles containing fenretinide alone (FM). Confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy images of the NLF cells treated with FLM and FM allowed us to estimate the nanomicelle ability to transport the encapsulated drugs inside the tumor cells. Flow cytometric analysis of the cells from treated tumors was performed to assess the effect of treatment on GD2 expression and NK cell infiltration. Results: FLM and FM decreased the growth of NLF xenografts at comparable extents during the treatment period. Afterwards, FLM induced a progressive tumor regression without regrowth, while FM treatment was followed by regrowth within 15-20 days after the end of treatment. Both FLM and FM were able to penetrate the tumor cells transporting the encapsulated drugs. FLM transported higher amount of fenretinide inside the cells. Also, FLM treatment strongly increased GD2 expression in treated tumors and slightly decreased the NK infiltration compared to FM. Conclusion: FLM treatment induced a superior antitumor response than FM in NLF xenografts, presumably due to the combined effects of fenretinide cytotoxicity and lenalidomide antiangiogenic activity. The ability of FLM to penetrate tumor cells, transporting the encapsulated drugs, substantially improved the therapeutic efficiency of this system. Moreover, the enhancement of GD2 expression in FLM treated tumors offers the possibility to further increase the antitumor effect by the use of anti-GD2 CAR-T cells and anti-GD2 antibodies in combination with FLM in multimodal therapies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Female ; Fenretinide/administration & dosage ; Fenretinide/chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects ; Killer Cells, Natural/pathology ; Lenalidomide/administration & dosage ; Lenalidomide/chemistry ; Mice, Nude ; Micelles ; Microscopy, Confocal ; N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/genetics ; Nanostructures/chemistry ; Neuroblastoma/drug therapy ; Neuroblastoma/genetics ; Neuroblastoma/pathology ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Chemical Substances	MYCN protein, human ; Micelles ; N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein ; Fenretinide (187EJ7QEXL) ; Lenalidomide (F0P408N6V4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-16
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2364941-0
ISSN	1178-2013 ; 1176-9114
ISSN (online)	1178-2013
ISSN	1176-9114
DOI	10.2147/IJN.S262032
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