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Article ; Online: Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of MERS-CoV S1-Specific Antibodies Using ELISA.

Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Hashem, Anwar M

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2020 Volume 2099, Page(s) 127–133

Abstract: Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enables detection and quantification of antigen-specific antibodies in biological samples such as human or animal sera. Most current MERS-CoV serological assays such as neutralization, immunofluorescence, ...

Abstract	Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enables detection and quantification of antigen-specific antibodies in biological samples such as human or animal sera. Most current MERS-CoV serological assays such as neutralization, immunofluorescence, or protein microarray rely on handling of live MERS-CoV in high containment laboratories, highly trained personnel as well as the need for expensive and special equipment and reagents representing a hurdle for most laboratories especially when resources are limited. In this chapter, we describe a validated and optimized indirect ELISA protocol based on recombinant S1 subunit (amino acids 1-725) of MERS-CoV for qualitative and quantitative determination of MERS-CoV-binding antibodies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Recombinant Proteins ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Recombinant Proteins ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_11
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Article ; Online: David versus goliath: ACE2-Fc receptor traps as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.

Alfaleh, Mohamed A / Zawawi, Ayat / Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Hashem, Anwar M

mAbs

2022 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 2057832

Abstract: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and vaccines have shown improvement in lowering viral burden and hospitalization. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants contain neutralizing antibody-escape mutations. Therefore, several reports have suggested the ... ...

Abstract	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and vaccines have shown improvement in lowering viral burden and hospitalization. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants contain neutralizing antibody-escape mutations. Therefore, several reports have suggested the administration of recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rACE2) as a soluble receptor trap to block SARS-CoV-2 infection and limit viral escape potential. Several strategies have been implemented to enhance the efficacy of rACE2 as a therapeutic agent. Fc fusions have been used to improve pharmacokinetics and boost the affinity and avidity of ACE2 decoys for the virus spike protein. Furthermore, the intrinsic catalytic activity of ACE2 can be eliminated by introducing point mutations on the catalytic site of ACE2 to obtain an exclusive antiviral activity. This review summarizes different evolution platforms that have been used to enhance ACE2-Fc (i.e., immunoadhesins) as potential therapeutics for the current pandemic or future outbreaks of SARS-associated betacoronaviruses.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Humans ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Fc/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Fc ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2537838-7
ISSN	1942-0870 ; 1942-0870
ISSN (online)	1942-0870
ISSN	1942-0870
DOI	10.1080/19420862.2022.2057832
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Article: Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of MERS-CoV S1-Specific Antibodies Using ELISA

Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Hashem, Anwar M

Methods Mol Biol

Abstract	Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) enables detection and quantification of antigen-specific antibodies in biological samples such as human or animal sera. Most current MERS-CoV serological assays such as neutralization, immunofluorescence, or protein microarray rely on handling of live MERS-CoV in high containment laboratories, highly trained personnel as well as the need for expensive and special equipment and reagents representing a hurdle for most laboratories especially when resources are limited. In this chapter, we describe a validated and optimized indirect ELISA protocol based on recombinant S1 subunit (amino acids 1-725) of MERS-CoV for qualitative and quantitative determination of MERS-CoV-binding antibodies.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #710714
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Elicits Long-lasting Specific Antibody, T and B Cell Immune Responses in Recovered Individuals.

Alhabbab, Rowa Y / Algaissi, Abdullah / Mahmoud, Ahmed Bakr / Alkayyal, Almohanad A / Al-Amri, Sawsan / Alfaleh, Mohamed A / Basabrain, Mohammad / Alsubki, Roua Abdullah / Almarshad, Ibrahim S / Alhudaithi, Abdulelah M / Gafari, Omar A Al / Alshamlan, Yasser A / Aldossari, Hassan M / Alsafi, Mohammed M / Bukhari, Abdullah / Bajhmom, Wael / Memish, Ziad A / Al Salem, Waleed S / Hashem, Anwar M

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2022 Volume 76, Issue 3, Page(s) e308–e318

Abstract: Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic betacoronavirus and a global public health concern. Better undersetting of the immune responses to MERS-CoV is needed to characterize the correlates ... ...

Abstract	Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic betacoronavirus and a global public health concern. Better undersetting of the immune responses to MERS-CoV is needed to characterize the correlates of protection and durability of the immunity and to aid in developing preventative and therapeutic interventions. Although MERS-CoV-specific circulating antibodies could persist for several years post-recovery, their waning raises concerns about their durability and role in protection. Nonetheless, memory B and T cells could provide long-lasting protective immunity despite the serum antibodies levels. Methods: Serological and flow cytometric analysis of MERS-CoV-specific immune responses were performed on samples collected from a cohort of recovered individuals who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission as well as hospital or home isolation several years after infection to characterize the longevity and quality of humoral and cellular immune responses. Results: Our data showed that MERS-CoV infection could elicit robust long-lasting virus-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as T- and B-cell responses up to 6.9 years postinfection regardless of disease severity or need for ICU admission. Apart from the persistent high antibody titers, this response was characterized by B-cell subsets with antibody-independent functions as demonstrated by their ability to produce tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) cytokines in response to antigen stimulation. Furthermore, virus-specific activation of memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets from MERS-recovered patients resulted in secretion of high levels of TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-γ. Conclusions: MERS-CoV infection could elicit robust long-lasting virus-specific humoral and cellular responses.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Immunity, Cellular ; Interferon-gamma ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1093/cid/ciac456
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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in healthy adults in western Saudi Arabia, 2011-2016.

Degnah, Afnan A / Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Hassan, Ahmed M / Almasoud, Abdulrahman S / Mousa, Manar / Almahboub, Sarah A / Alhabbab, Rowa Y / Mirza, Ahmed A / Hindawi, Salwa I / Alharbi, Naif Khalaf / Azhar, Esam I / Hashem, Anwar M

Journal of infection and public health

2020 Volume 13, Issue 5, Page(s) 697–703

Abstract: Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. Current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. However, ...

Abstract	Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. Current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. However, asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community. Methods: Archived human sera (7461) collected between 2011 and 2016 from healthy adult blood donors from 50 different nationalities in the western part of Saudi Arabia were obtained for MERS-CoV seroprevalence investigation. Samples were tested for MERS-CoV S1-specific antibodies (Abs) by ELISA and confirmed by testing for neutralizing Abs (nAbs) using both pseudotyped and live virus neutralization assays. Results: Out of 7461 samples, 174 sera from individuals with 18 different nationalities were ELISA positive (2.3%, 95% CI 2.0-2.7). Presence of nAbs was confirmed in 17 samples (0.23%, 95% CI 0.1-0.4) of which one sample exhibited positivity in both neutralization assays. Confirmed seropositivity was identified in young (15-44 years) men and women from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Pakistan, Palestine, Sudan, and India without significant preference. Conclusions: An increasing trend of MERS-CoV seroprevalence was observed in the general population in western Saudi Arabia, suggesting that asymptomatic or mild infections might exist and act as an unrecognized source of infection. Seropositivity of individuals from different nationalities underscores the potential MERS exportation outside of the Arabian Peninsula. Thus, enhanced and continuous surveillance is highly warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Blood Donors ; Camelus/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/blood ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1876-035X
ISSN (online)	1876-035X
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.001
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Mousa, Manar / Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Degnah, Afnan A / Tolah, Ahmed M / Abduljabbar, Hanin H / Oraif, Ayman M / Abduljabbar, Hassan S / Mirza, Ahmed A / Azhar, Esam I / Hashem, Anwar M

Annals of Saudi medicine

2019 Volume 39, Issue 6, Page(s) 403–409

Abstract: Background: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that consist of more than 200 genotypes. Low-risk genotypes are associated with warts or benign lesions, whereas high-risk genotypes are usually associated ... ...

Abstract	Background: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that consist of more than 200 genotypes. Low-risk genotypes are associated with warts or benign lesions, whereas high-risk genotypes are usually associated with malignancies and cancers including cervical cancer. However, the real prevalence and incidence of HPV in Saudi Arabia may be understated due to a lack of comprehensive data reporting. Objectives: Determine the positivity rate of HPV in men and women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Tertiary care center in Jeddah. Subjects and methods: Self-collected vaginal swab samples were obtained from females attending the gynecological clinic in the period between October 2017 and April 2018 at a tertiary care center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PCR-positive HPV samples were sequenced to determine genotype. Additionally, serum samples were collected from healthy male and female blood donors and screened for HPV IgG antibodies by ELISA. Main outcome measures: Molecular and serological positivity for HPV. Sample size: 119 self-collected vaginal swabs from females at a gynecology clinic and 966 serum samples from healthy blood donors. Results: Of the 119 tested vaginal swabs, 7 samples (5.9%) were positive for HPV DNA. Several genotypes were identified. Most of the positive samples were from Saudi females in the age range of 31-50 years seeking care for infertility. Of the 966 serum samples, only 16 samples (1.7%) were positive for HPV IgG antibodies. Conclusion: While the prevalence of HPV in men and women in our sample from the western region of Saudi Arabia was low, our data clearly show that it is not uncommon among high-risk groups and people are still exposed to the risk of HPV infection. Most importantly, these data provide valuable information that could aid in enhancing national awareness about HPV and in introducing an HPV vaccination program. Limitations: Single hospital and a convenience sample CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-05
Publishing country	Saudi Arabia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639014-6
ISSN	0975-4466 ; 0256-4947
ISSN (online)	0975-4466
ISSN	0256-4947
DOI	10.5144/0256-4947.2019.403
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Article ; Online: A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model.

Hashem, Anwar M / Algaissi, Abdullah / Agrawal, Anurodh Shankar / Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Alhabbab, Rowa Y / Sohrab, Sayed S / S Almasoud, Abdulrahman / Alharbi, Naif Khalaf / Peng, Bi-Hung / Russell, Marsha / Li, Xuguang / Tseng, Chien-Te K

The Journal of infectious diseases

2019 Volume 220, Issue 10, Page(s) 1558–1567

Abstract: Background: Infection control measures have played a major role in limiting human/camel-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); however, development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted.: ...

Abstract	Background: Infection control measures have played a major role in limiting human/camel-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); however, development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted. Methods: We extended and optimized our previous recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5)-based vaccine platform characterized by in vivo amplified and CD40-mediated specific responses to generate MERS-CoV S1 subunit-based vaccine. We generated rAd5 constructs expressing CD40-targeted S1 fusion protein (rAd5-S1/F/CD40L), untargeted S1 (rAd5-S1), and Green Fluorescent Protein (rAd5-GFP), and evaluated their efficacy and safety in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 transgenic (hDPP4 Tg+) mice. Results: Immunization of hDPP4 Tg+ mice with a single dose of rAd5-S1/F/CD40L elicited as robust and significant specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies as those induced with 2 doses of rAd5-S1. After MERS-CoV challenge, both vaccines conferred complete protection against morbidity and mortality, as evidenced by significantly undetectable/reduced pulmonary viral loads compared to the control group. However, rAd5-S1- but not rAd5-S1/F/CD40L-immunized mice exhibited marked pulmonary perivascular hemorrhage post-MERS-CoV challenge despite the observed protection. Conclusions: Incorporation of CD40L into rAd5-based MERS-CoV S1 vaccine targeting molecule and molecular adjuvants not only enhances immunogenicity and efficacy but also prevents inadvertent pulmonary pathology after viral challenge, thereby offering a promising strategy to enhance safety and potency of vaccines.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoviruses, Human/genetics ; Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics ; Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; CD40 Ligand/genetics ; CD40 Ligand/pharmacology ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/genetics ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism ; Drug Carriers ; Genetic Vectors ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Lung/virology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; Survival Analysis ; Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Subunit/genetics ; Vaccines, Subunit/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage ; Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; Viral Load ; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Viral Vaccines/genetics ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Drug Carriers ; Immunoglobulin G ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccines, Subunit ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Viral Vaccines ; CD40 Ligand (147205-72-9) ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (EC 3.4.14.5)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiz137
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Article ; Online: Development and validation of different indirect ELISAs for MERS-CoV serological testing.

Hashem, Anwar M / Al-Amri, Sawsan S / Al-Subhi, Tagreed L / Siddiq, Loai A / Hassan, Ahmed M / Alawi, Maha M / Alhabbab, Rowa Y / Hindawi, Salwa I / Mohammed, Osama B / Amor, Nabil S / Alagaili, Abdulaziz N / Mirza, Ahmed A / Azhar, Esam I

Journal of immunological methods

2019 Volume 466, Page(s) 41–46

Abstract: ... spike (S) ectodomain (amino acids 1-1297) and S1 subunit (amino acids 1-725) and compared them with MN ...

Abstract	Since 2012, MERS-CoV has caused up to 2220 cases and 790 deaths in 27 countries with Saudi Arabia being the most affected country with ~83.1% of the cases and ~38.8% local death rate. Current serological assays such as microneutralization (MN), plaque reduction neutralization, immunofluorescence, protein microarray or pseudoparticle neutralization assays rely on handling of live MERS-CoV in high containment laboratories or need for expensive and special equipment and reagents and highly trained personnel which represent a technical hurdle for most laboratories in resource-limited MERS-CoV endemic countries. Here, we developed, compared and evaluated three different indirect ELISAs based on MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N), spike (S) ectodomain (amino acids 1-1297) and S1 subunit (amino acids 1-725) and compared them with MN assay. The developed ELISAs were evaluated using large number of confirmed seropositive (79 samples) and seronegative (274 samples) MERS-CoV human serum samples. Both rS1- and rS-ELISAs maintained high sensitivity and specificity (≥90%) across a wider range of OD values compared to rN-ELISA. Moreover, rS1- and rS-based ELISAs showed better agreement and correlation with MN assay in contrast to rN-ELISA. Collectively, our data demonstrate that rS1-ELISA and rS-ELISA are more reliable than rN-ELISA and represent a suitable choice for seroepidemiological testing and surveillance in MERS-CoV endemic regions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Recombinant Proteins/blood ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Serologic Tests ; Vero Cells
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Recombinant Proteins
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Validation Study
ZDB-ID	120142-6
ISSN	1872-7905 ; 0022-1759
ISSN (online)	1872-7905
ISSN	0022-1759
DOI	10.1016/j.jim.2019.01.005
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Manar Mousa / Sawsan S. Al-amri / Afnan A. Degnah / Ahmed M. Tolah / Hanin H. Abduljabbar / Ayman M. Oraif / Hassan S. Abduljabbar / Ahmed A. Mirza / Esam I. Azhar / Anwar M. Hashem

Annals of Saudi Medicine, Vol 39, Iss 6, Pp 403-

2019 Volume 409

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that consist of more than 200 genotypes. Low-risk genotypes are associated with warts or benign lesions, whereas high-risk genotypes are usually associated ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that consist of more than 200 genotypes. Low-risk genotypes are associated with warts or benign lesions, whereas high-risk genotypes are usually associated with malignancies and cancers including cervical cancer. However, the real prevalence and incidence of HPV in Saudi Arabia may be understated due to a lack of comprehensive data reporting. OBJECTIVES: Determine the positivity rate of HPV in men and women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Tertiary care center in Jeddah. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Self-collected vaginal swab samples were obtained from females attending the gynecological clinic in the period between October 2017 and April 2018 at a tertiary care center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PCR-positive HPV samples were sequenced to determine genotype. Additionally, serum samples were collected from healthy male and female blood donors and screened for HPV IgG antibodies by ELISA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Molecular and serological positivity for HPV. SAMPLE SIZE: 119 self-collected vaginal swabs from females at a gynecology clinic and 966 serum samples from healthy blood donors. RESULTS: Of the 119 tested vaginal swabs, 7 samples (5.9%) were positive for HPV DNA. Several genotypes were identified. Most of the positive samples were from Saudi females in the age range of 31-50 years seeking care for infertility. Of the 966 serum samples, only 16 samples (1.7%) were positive for HPV IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION: While the prevalence of HPV in men and women in our sample from the western region of Saudi Arabia was low, our data clearly show that it is not uncommon among high-risk groups and people are still exposed to the risk of HPV infection. Most importantly, these data provide valuable information that could aid in enhancing national awareness about HPV and in introducing an HPV vaccination program. LIMITATIONS: Single hospital and a convenience sample CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in healthy adults in western Saudi Arabia, 2011–2016

Afnan A. Degnah / Sawsan S. Al-amri / Ahmed M. Hassan / Abdulrahman S. Almasoud / Manar Mousa / Sarah A. Almahboub / Rowa Y. Alhabbab / Ahmed A. Mirza / Salwa I. Hindawi / Naif Khalaf Alharbi / Esam I. Azhar / Anwar M. Hashem

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Vol 13, Iss 5, Pp 697-

2020 Volume 703

Abstract	Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. Current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. However, asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community. Methods: Archived human sera (7461) collected between 2011 and 2016 from healthy adult blood donors from 50 different nationalities in the western part of Saudi Arabia were obtained for MERS-CoV seroprevalence investigation. Samples were tested for MERS-CoV S1-specific antibodies (Abs) by ELISA and confirmed by testing for neutralizing Abs (nAbs) using both pseudotyped and live virus neutralization assays. Results: Out of 7461 samples, 174 sera from individuals with 18 different nationalities were ELISA positive (2.3%, 95% CI 2.0–2.7). Presence of nAbs was confirmed in 17 samples (0.23%, 95% CI 0.1–0.4) of which one sample exhibited positivity in both neutralization assays. Confirmed seropositivity was identified in young (15–44 years) men and women from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Yemen, Pakistan, Palestine, Sudan, and India without significant preference. Conclusions: An increasing trend of MERS-CoV seroprevalence was observed in the general population in western Saudi Arabia, suggesting that asymptomatic or mild infections might exist and act as an unrecognized source of infection. Seropositivity of individuals from different nationalities underscores the potential MERS exportation outside of the Arabian Peninsula. Thus, enhanced and continuous surveillance is highly warranted. Keywords: MERS-CoV, Blood donors, Seroprevalence, Saudi Arabia
Keywords	Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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