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Article ; Online: Race, racism, and covid-19 in the US: lessons not learnt.

Bentley-Edwards, Keisha L / Adisa, Olanrewaju / Ruff, Kennedy E / McClure, Elizabeth S / Robinson, Whitney R

2024 Volume 384, Page(s) e076106

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Racism ; COVID-19 ; Ethnicity ; Curriculum ; Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj-2023-076106
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Article ; Online: Heat-related fatalities in North Carolina 1999-2017.

McClure, Elizabeth S / Ranapurwala, Shabbar I / Nocera, Maryalice / Richardson, David B

American journal of industrial medicine

2024

Abstract: Objectives: Research shows the highest rates of occupational heat-related fatalities among farm laborers and among Black and Hispanic workers in North Carolina (NC). The Hispanic population and workforce in NC have grown substantially in the past 20 ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Research shows the highest rates of occupational heat-related fatalities among farm laborers and among Black and Hispanic workers in North Carolina (NC). The Hispanic population and workforce in NC have grown substantially in the past 20 years. We describe the epidemiology of heat-related fatal injuries in the general population and among workers in NC. Methods: We reviewed North Carolina death records and records of the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner to identify heat-related deaths (primary International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis code: X30 or T67.0-T67.9) that occurred between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2017. Decedent age, sex, race, and ethnicity were extracted from both the death certificate and the medical examiner's report as well as determinations of whether the death occurred at work. Results: In NC between 1999 and 2017, there were 225 deaths from heat-related injuries, and 25 occurred at work. The rates of occupational heat-related deaths were highest among males, workers of Hispanic ethnicity, workers of Black, multiple, or unknown race, and in workers aged 55-64. The highest rate of occupational heat-related deaths occurred in the agricultural industry. Conclusions: Since the last report (2001), the number of heat-related fatalities has increased, but fewer were identified as workplace fatalities. Rates of occupational heat-related deaths are highest among Hispanic workers. NC residents identifying as Black are disproportionately burdened by heat-related fatalities in general, with a wider apparent disparity in occupational deaths.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604538-8
ISSN	1097-0274 ; 0271-3586
ISSN (online)	1097-0274
ISSN	0271-3586
DOI	10.1002/ajim.23587
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Article ; Online: Forty years of struggle in North Carolina: Workplace segregation and fatal occupational injury rates.

McClure, Elizabeth S / Martin, Amelia T / Ranapurwala, Shabbar I / Nocera, Maryalice / Cantrell, John / Marshall, Stephen / Richardson, David B

American journal of industrial medicine

2024

Abstract: Objective: To assess workplace segregation in fatal occupational injury from 1992 to 2017 in North Carolina.: Methods: We calculated occupational fatal injury rates within categories of occupation, industry, race, age, and sex; and estimated expected ...

Abstract	Objective: To assess workplace segregation in fatal occupational injury from 1992 to 2017 in North Carolina. Methods: We calculated occupational fatal injury rates within categories of occupation, industry, race, age, and sex; and estimated expected numbers of fatalities among Black and Hispanic male workers had they experienced the rates of White male workers. We also estimated the contribution of workforce segregation to disparities by estimating the expected number of fatalities among Black and Hispanic male workers had they experienced the industry and occupation patterns of White male workers. We assessed person-years of life-lost, using North Carolina life expectancy estimates. Results: Hispanic workers contributed 32% of their worker-years and experienced 58% of their fatalities in construction. Black workers were most overrepresented in the food manufacturing industry. Hispanic males experienced 2.11 (95% CI: 1.86-2.40) times the mortality rate of White males. The Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities were widest among workers aged 45 and older, and segregation into more dangerous industries and occupations played a substantial role in driving disparities. Hispanic workers who suffered occupational fatalities lost a median 47 life-years, compared to 37 among Black workers and 36 among White workers. Conclusions: If Hispanic and Black workers experienced the workplace safety of their White counterparts, fatal injury rates would be substantially reduced. Workforce segregation reflects structural racism, which also contributes to mortality disparities. Root causes must be addressed to eliminate disparities.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604538-8
ISSN	1097-0274 ; 0271-3586
ISSN (online)	1097-0274
ISSN	0271-3586
DOI	10.1002/ajim.23586
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Article ; Online: Disparities in job characteristics by race and sex in a Southern aluminum smelting facility.

McClure, Elizabeth S / Robinson, Whitney R / Vasudevan, Pavithra / Cullen, Mark R / Marshall, Stephen W / Noth, Elizabeth / Richardson, David

American journal of industrial medicine

2023 Volume 66, Issue 4, Page(s) 307–319

Abstract: Background: Former workers at a Southern aluminum smelting facility raised concerns that the most hazardous jobs were assigned to Black workers, but the role of workplace segregation had not been quantified or examined in the company town. Prior studies ...

Abstract	Background: Former workers at a Southern aluminum smelting facility raised concerns that the most hazardous jobs were assigned to Black workers, but the role of workplace segregation had not been quantified or examined in the company town. Prior studies discuss race and gender disparities in working conditions, but few have documented them in the aluminum industry. Methods: We obtained workers' company records for 1985-2007 and characterized four job metrics: prestige (sociologic rankings), worker-defined danger (worker assessments), annual wage (1985 dollars), and estimated total particulate matter (TPM) exposure (job exposure matrix). Characteristics of job at hire and trajectories were compared by race and sex using linear binomial models. Results: Non-White males had the highest percentage of workers in low prestige and high danger jobs at hire and up to 20 years after. After 20 years tenure, 100% of White workers were in higher prestige and lower danger jobs. Most female workers, regardless of race, entered and remained in low-wage jobs, while 50% of all male workers maintained their initial higher-wage jobs. Non-White females had the highest prevalence of workers in low-wage jobs at hire and after 20 years-increasing from 63% (95% CI: 59-67) to 100% (95% CI: 78-100). All female workers were less likely to be in high TPM exposure jobs. Non-White males were most likely to be hired into high TPM exposure jobs, and this exposure prevalence increased as time accrued, while staying constant for other race-sex groups. Conclusions: There is evidence of job segregation by race and sex in this cohort of aluminum smelting workers. Documentation of disparities in occupational hazards is important for informing health interventions and research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Aluminum ; Occupations ; Industry ; Workplace ; Particulate Matter ; Occupational Exposure/analysis
Chemical Substances	Aluminum (CPD4NFA903) ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604538-8
ISSN	1097-0274 ; 0271-3586
ISSN (online)	1097-0274
ISSN	0271-3586
DOI	10.1002/ajim.23464
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Article ; Online: Predictors of Preterm Neonatal Mortality in India and Pakistan: A Secondary Analysis of Data from PURPOSe Study.

Tikmani, Shiyam Sunder / Saleem, Sarah / Sadia, Afreen / M Bann, Carla / Bozdar, Muhammad Hayat / Raza, Jamal / Dhaded, Sangappa M / Goudar, Shivaprasad S / Gowdar, Guruparasad / Yasmin, Haleema / McClure, Elizabeth M / Goldenberg, Robert L

Global pediatric health

2024 Volume 11, Page(s) 2333794X241236617

Abstract: Objective. ...

Abstract	Objective.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2785531-4
ISSN	2333-794X ; 2333-794X
ISSN (online)	2333-794X
ISSN	2333-794X
DOI	10.1177/2333794X241236617
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Article ; Online: The importance of quality data to track global progress in addressing stillbirths and neonatal mortality.

Saleem, Sarah / McClure, Elizabeth M

The Lancet. Global health

2023 Volume 11, Issue 6, Page(s) e801–e802

MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Stillbirth/epidemiology ; Infant Mortality ; Global Health ; Data Accuracy
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2723488-5
ISSN	2214-109X ; 2214-109X
ISSN (online)	2214-109X
ISSN	2214-109X
DOI	10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00200-0
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Article ; Online: Improving maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes in low-resource settings: Translating research evidence to practice - report from The Third International Conference on Maternal, Newborn and Child Health.

Goldenberg, Robert L / Goudar, Shivaprasad S / Kavi, Avinash / Krebs, Nancy F / Derman, Richard J / Saleem, Sarah / McClure, Elizabeth M

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology

2023 Volume 130 Suppl 3, Page(s) 4–7

MeSH term(s)	Infant, Newborn ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; Child Health ; Infant Mortality ; Community Health Services ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Maternal Health
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2000931-8
ISSN	1471-0528 ; 0306-5456 ; 1470-0328
ISSN (online)	1471-0528
ISSN	0306-5456 ; 1470-0328
DOI	10.1111/1471-0528.17609
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Article: Interventions on Socioeconomic and Racial Inequities in Respiratory Pandemics: a Rapid Systematic Review.

Renson, Audrey / Dennis, Alexis C / Noppert, Grace / McClure, Elizabeth S / Aiello, Allison E

Current epidemiology reports

2022 Volume 9, Issue 2, Page(s) 66–76

Abstract: Purpose of review: Racial and socioeconomic inequities in respiratory pandemics have been consistently documented, but little official guidance exists on effective action to prevent these. We systematically reviewed quantitative evaluations of (real or ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Racial and socioeconomic inequities in respiratory pandemics have been consistently documented, but little official guidance exists on effective action to prevent these. We systematically reviewed quantitative evaluations of (real or simulated) interventions targeting racial and socioeconomic inequities in respiratory pandemic outcomes. Recent findings: Our systematic search returned 10,208 records, of which 5 met inclusion criteria, including observational ( Summary: There is a dearth of research on strategies to reduce pandemic disparities. We provide theory-driven, concrete suggestions for incorporating equity into intervention research for pandemic preparedness, including a focus on social and economic policies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2196-2995
ISSN	2196-2995
DOI	10.1007/s40471-022-00284-x
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Article ; Online: Forty-year trends in fatal occupational injuries in North Carolina.

Richardson, David B / Martin, Amelia T / McClure, Elizabeth S / Nocera, Maryalice / Cantrell, John / Ranapurwala, Shabbar I / Marshall, Stephen

American journal of industrial medicine

2023 Volume 67, Issue 2, Page(s) 87–98

Abstract: Background: We describe progress in the control of deaths on-the-job due to fatal occupational injury in North Carolina over the period 1978-2017.: Methods: Forty years of information on fatal occupational injuries in North Carolina has been ... ...

Abstract	Background: We describe progress in the control of deaths on-the-job due to fatal occupational injury in North Carolina over the period 1978-2017. Methods: Forty years of information on fatal occupational injuries in North Carolina has been assembled from medical examiners' reports and death certificates, supplemented by newspaper and police reports. Cases were defined as unintentional fatal occupational injuries among adults. Annual estimates of the population at risk were derived from US Census data, and rates were quantified using Poisson regression methods. Results: There were 4434 eligible deaths. The unintentional fatal occupational injury rate at the beginning of the study period was more than threefold the rate at the end of the study. The fatal occupational injury rate among men declined from 9.6 per 100,000 worker-years in the period 1978-1982 to 3.1 per 100,000 worker-years in the period 2013-2017. The fatal occupational injury rate among women declined from 0.3 per 100,000 worker-years in the period 1978-1981 to 0.1 per 100,000 worker-years in the period 2013-2017. Declines in rates were observed for young adults as well as older workers and were observed across all major industry categories. Average annual declines in rates were greatest in those industries and occupations that had the highest fatal injury rates at the start of the study period. Conclusions: The substantial decline in fatal injury rates underscores the importance of injury prevention and demonstrates the ability to make meaningful reductions in unintentional fatal injury.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Young Adult ; Humans ; Female ; United States ; North Carolina/epidemiology ; Occupational Injuries/epidemiology ; Accidents, Occupational ; Industry ; Occupations ; Wounds and Injuries
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604538-8
ISSN	1097-0274 ; 0271-3586
ISSN (online)	1097-0274
ISSN	0271-3586
DOI	10.1002/ajim.23549
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Article ; Online: Disparities in Fatal Occupational Injury Rates in North Carolina, 1978-2017: Comparing Nonmanagerial Employees to Managers.

Richardson, David B / Cole, Stephen R / Martin, Amelia T / McClure, Elizabeth S / Nocera, Maryalice / Cantrell, John / Ranapurwala, Shabbar I / Marshall, Stephen W

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

2023 Volume 34, Issue 5, Page(s) 741–746

Abstract: Background: We examined fatal occupational injuries among private-sector workers in North Carolina during the 40-year period 1978-2017, comparing the occurrence of fatal injuries among nonmanagerial employees to that experienced by managers.: Methods!# ...

Abstract	Background: We examined fatal occupational injuries among private-sector workers in North Carolina during the 40-year period 1978-2017, comparing the occurrence of fatal injuries among nonmanagerial employees to that experienced by managers. Methods: We estimated a standardized fatal occupational injury ratio by inverse probability of exposure weighting, taking nonmanagerial workers as the target population. When this ratio measure takes a value greater than unity it signals settings in which nonmanagerial employees are not provided as safe a work environment as that provided for managers. Results: Across all industries, nonmanagerial workers in North Carolina experienced fatal occupational injury rates 8.2 (95% CI = 7.0, 10.0) times the rate experienced by managers. Disparities in fatal injury rates between managers and the employees they supervise were greatest in forestry, rubber and metal manufacturing, wholesale trade, fishing and extractive industries, and construction. Conclusions: The results may help focus discussion about workplace safety between labor and management upon equity, with a goal of providing a work environment for nonmanagerial employees as safe as the one provided for managers.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Occupational Injuries/epidemiology ; North Carolina/epidemiology ; Accidents, Occupational ; Workplace ; Industry ; Occupational Health
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1053263-8
ISSN	1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
ISSN	1044-3983
DOI	10.1097/EDE.0000000000001632
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