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Article ; Online: Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States.

Laster Pirtle, Whitney N

Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education

2020 Volume 47, Issue 4, Page(s) 504–508

Abstract: Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this ... ...

Abstract	Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this argument. Racism and capitalism mutually construct harmful social conditions that fundamentally shape COVID-19 disease inequities because they (a) shape multiple diseases that interact with COVID-19 to influence poor health outcomes; (b) affect disease outcomes through increasing multiple risk factors for poor, people of color, including racial residential segregation, homelessness, and medical bias; (c) shape access to flexible resources, such as medical knowledge and freedom, which can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease; and (d) replicate historical patterns of inequities within pandemics, despite newer intervening mechanisms thought to ameliorate health consequences. Interventions should address social inequality to achieve health equity across pandemics.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Capitalism ; Coronavirus Infections/ethnology ; Health Equity ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Michigan ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/ethnology ; Racism ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States/epidemiology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362906-2
ISSN	1552-6127 ; 1090-1981
ISSN (online)	1552-6127
ISSN	1090-1981
DOI	10.1177/1090198120922942
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Article ; Online: “White People Still Come Out on Top”

Whitney N. Laster Pirtle

Social Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 70, p

The Persistence of White Supremacy in Shaping Coloured South Africans’ Perceptions of Racial Hierarchy and Experiences of Racism in Post-Apartheid South Africa

2022 Volume 70

Abstract: White supremacy shaped both the formation of the South African racial state and the formation of racial groups, including the creation of the Coloured category as mixed and liminal between White and Black. There are, however, debates about the continuing ...

Abstract	White supremacy shaped both the formation of the South African racial state and the formation of racial groups, including the creation of the Coloured category as mixed and liminal between White and Black. There are, however, debates about the continuing legacy of white supremacy in post-apartheid, contemporary South Africa. This paper joins others in the important task of delineating racial hierarchies within contemporary South African society to help reveal the form of oppression, and the accompanying underlying assumptions and ideologies, such as white supremacy, that allows racial difference and deprivation to remain. In this paper, I analyze semi-structured interview data from 50 “Coloured” adults in order to explore their understanding of white supremacy, the racial hierarchy, and contemporary racism. I find that white supremacy negatively impacts Coloureds’ lived experiences through shaping their experiences of structural and interpersonal discrimination from White South Africans. In addition, Coloured South Africans understand the legacy of white supremacy in shaping contemporary racial hierarchies such that White South Africans “still come out on top.” However, I argue that, at the same time, white supremacy also “colours” or hinders some Coloured respondents’ perceptions of their remaining relative privilege in post-apartheid South Africa. This project contributes by revealing a more complete story about the pervasiveness of contemporary hegemonic, global white supremacy that impacts all aspects of the racial hierarchy, including those mixed or in the middle.
Keywords	coloured South Africans ; white supremacy ; racial hierarchy ; racial discrimination ; Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	390
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States

Laster Pirtle, Whitney N

Health Educ Behav

Abstract	Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this argument. Racism and capitalism mutually construct harmful social conditions that fundamentally shape COVID-19 disease inequities because they (a) shape multiple diseases that interact with COVID-19 to influence poor health outcomes; (b) affect disease outcomes through increasing multiple risk factors for poor, people of color, including racial residential segregation, homelessness, and medical bias; (c) shape access to flexible resources, such as medical knowledge and freedom, which can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease; and (d) replicate historical patterns of inequities within pandemics, despite newer intervening mechanisms thought to ameliorate health consequences. Interventions should address social inequality to achieve health equity across pandemics.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #116540
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Racial Capitalism

Laster Pirtle, Whitney N.

Health Education & Behavior

A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States

2020 Volume 47, Issue 4, Page(s) 504–508

Abstract	Racial capitalism is a fundamental cause of the racial and socioeconomic inequities within the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the United States. The overrepresentation of Black death reported in Detroit, Michigan is a case study for this argument. Racism and capitalism mutually construct harmful social conditions that fundamentally shape COVID-19 disease inequities because they (a) shape multiple diseases that interact with COVID-19 to influence poor health outcomes; (b) affect disease outcomes through increasing multiple risk factors for poor, people of color, including racial residential segregation, homelessness, and medical bias; (c) shape access to flexible resources, such as medical knowledge and freedom, which can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease; and (d) replicate historical patterns of inequities within pandemics, despite newer intervening mechanisms thought to ameliorate health consequences. Interventions should address social inequality to achieve health equity across pandemics.
Keywords	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	SAGE Publications
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1362906-2
ISSN	1090-1981
ISSN	1090-1981
DOI	10.1177/1090198120922942
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: ‘It's medicine to me’

Alejandro Zermeño / Whitney N. Laster Pirtle

Wellbeing, Space and Society, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 100059- (2021)

Examining coping resources and strategies utilized in the sweat lodge ritual experience to improve health of Mexican Americans

2021

Abstract: This study contributes a critical Indigenous-based framework to minority stress process theory to study Mexican American health and well-being. Using qualitative methodology, we examine how a sense of connection to Indigeneity and group singing and ... ...

Abstract	This study contributes a critical Indigenous-based framework to minority stress process theory to study Mexican American health and well-being. Using qualitative methodology, we examine how a sense of connection to Indigeneity and group singing and drumming cultivated within sweat lodge experiences buffer stress and improve the well-being of Mexican Americans. We draw from 52 in-depth interviews with Indigenous-identifying Mexican American adults from disadvantaged positions, who collectively participate in sweat lodge ceremonies throughout Los Angeles and the Central Valley of California as part of their communities of practice. Findings reveal: (1) sweat lodges are sacred spiritual ceremonies that enhance participants’ sense of connection to Indigenous identity, ancestry, and culture; (2) this connection serves as a symbolic and active coping strategy vis-à-vis singing and drumming during sweat lodges; (3) singing and drumming helps moderate stressors by stimulating symbolic memory and positive emotions that help regulate negative emotions; and (4) all of this results in perceived improved well-being, though it varies in duration based on the symbolism and emotional energy derived from the ritual experience as reported by respondents. The study demonstrates how Indigeneity is a coping resource and Native singing and drumming are coping strategies that enhance positive emotions during sweat lodge ceremonies, which helps ameliorate stress to improve the overall well-being of Mexican American participants. We conclude by discussing implications for interventions to strengthen positive coping and health in Mexican Indigenous communities.
Keywords	Indigeneity ; Sweat lodge ; Native Songs ; Symbolism Emotions ; Well-being ; Mexican Americans ; Human ecology. Anthropogeography ; GF1-900 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	390
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Conceptualizing Ethnicity: How Dimensions of Ethnicity Affect Disparities in Health Outcomes Among Latinxs in the United States.

Laster Pirtle, Whitney N / Valdez, Zulema / Daniels, Kathryn P / Duenas, Maria D / Castro, Denise

Ethnicity & disease

2020 Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 489–500

Abstract: Methods: Using regression methods to analyze data from the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, we examined how attributional and relational dimensions of ethnicity affect: 1) intragroup differences in Latinx mental and physical health status, as ... ...

Abstract	Methods: Using regression methods to analyze data from the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, we examined how attributional and relational dimensions of ethnicity affect: 1) intragroup differences in Latinx mental and physical health status, as measured by feelings of worthlessness and self-rated health, respectively; and 2) intergroup differences between Latinxs and non-Hispanic Whites in these health outcomes. Results: Latinxs have higher odds of feelings of worthlessness and lower odds of self-reporting good/excellent health compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Additionally, intragroup differences in health are observed among Latinxs, conditioned on attributional or relational dimensions of ethnicity. Conclusion: Multidimensional measures of ethnicity that distinguish between characteristics associated with ethnicity (attributional) or race (relational) offer a nuanced explanation of health disparities by revealing aspects of ethnicity that shape health outcomes differently, contributing to the goals of health equity.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Female ; Health Equity/economics ; Health Equity/statistics & numerical data ; Health Status Disparities ; Hispanic Americans/psychology ; Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Social Determinants of Health/economics ; Social Determinants of Health/ethnology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1274267-3
ISSN	1945-0826 ; 1049-510X
ISSN (online)	1945-0826
ISSN	1049-510X
DOI	10.18865/ed.30.3.489
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Article: Self-identified race, socially assigned skin tone, and adult physiological dysregulation: Assessing multiple dimensions of "race" in health disparities research.

Cobb, Ryon J / Thomas, Courtney S / Laster Pirtle, Whitney N / Darity, William A

SSM - population health

2016 Volume 2, Page(s) 595–602

Abstract: ... Americans, in a sample of black and white adults in the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N=1186). First ...

Abstract	Despite a general acceptance of "race" as a social, rather than biological construct in the social sciences, racial health disparities research has given less consideration to the dimensions of race that may be most important for shaping persistent disparities in adult physical health status. In this study, we incorporate the social constructionist view that race is multidimensional to evaluate the health significance of two measures of race, racial self-identification and the socially perceived skin tone of black Americans, in a sample of black and white adults in the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N=1186). First, we use the approach most common in disparities research-comparing group differences in an outcome-to consider self-identified racial differences in allostatic load (AL), a cumulative biological indicator of physical dysregulation. Second, we examine intragroup variations in AL among blacks by skin tone (i.e. light, brown, or dark skin). Third, we assess whether the magnitude of black-white disparities are equal across black skin tone subgroups. Consistent with prior research, we find significantly higher rates of dysregulation among blacks. However, our results also show that racial differences in AL vary by blacks' skin tone; AL disparities are largest between whites and dark-skinned blacks and smallest between whites and light-skinned blacks. This study highlights the importance of blacks' skin tone as a marker of socially-assigned race for shaping intragroup and intergroup variations in adult physiological dysregulation. These results demonstrate the importance of assessing multiple dimensions of race in disparities research, as this approach may better capture the various mechanisms by which "race" continues to shape health.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-08-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.06.007
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Self-identified race, socially assigned skin tone, and adult physiological dysregulation

Ryon J. Cobb / Courtney S. Thomas / Whitney N. Laster Pirtle / William A. Darity, Jr.

SSM: Population Health, Vol 2, Iss , Pp 595-

Assessing multiple dimensions of “race” in health disparities research

2016 Volume 602

Abstract: ... Americans, in a sample of black and white adults in the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N=1186). First ...

Abstract	Despite a general acceptance of “race” as a social, rather than biological construct in the social sciences, racial health disparities research has given less consideration to the dimensions of race that may be most important for shaping persistent disparities in adult physical health status. In this study, we incorporate the social constructionist view that race is multidimensional to evaluate the health significance of two measures of race, racial self-identification and the socially perceived skin tone of black Americans, in a sample of black and white adults in the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N=1186). First, we use the approach most common in disparities research—comparing group differences in an outcome—to consider self-identified racial differences in allostatic load (AL), a cumulative biological indicator of physical dysregulation. Second, we examine intragroup variations in AL among blacks by skin tone (i.e. light, brown, or dark skin). Third, we assess whether the magnitude of black-white disparities are equal across black skin tone subgroups. Consistent with prior research, we find significantly higher rates of dysregulation among blacks. However, our results also show that racial differences in AL vary by blacks’ skin tone; AL disparities are largest between whites and dark-skinned blacks and smallest between whites and light-skinned blacks. This study highlights the importance of blacks’ skin tone as a marker of socially-assigned race for shaping intragroup and intergroup variations in adult physiological dysregulation. These results demonstrate the importance of assessing multiple dimensions of race in disparities research, as this approach may better capture the various mechanisms by which “race” continues to shape health. Keywords: Skin tone, Allostatic load, Racial identification, Socially-assigned race, Socioeconomic status
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Psychiatric Medication, African Americans and the Paradox of Mistrust.

André Christie-Mizell, C / Blount, Stacye A / Laster Pirtle, Whitney N / Dagadu, Helena E / Leslie, Erika T A / Vielehr, Peter S

Journal of the National Medical Association

2015 Volume 107, Issue 2, Page(s) 51–59

Abstract: Objectives: To examine race differences in how generalized mistrust, mistrust in physicians, and mistrust in psychiatric medication shape the willingness to utilize psychiatric medication.: Methods: Data was used from two waves (1998 and 2006) of the ...

Abstract	Objectives: To examine race differences in how generalized mistrust, mistrust in physicians, and mistrust in psychiatric medication shape the willingness to utilize psychiatric medication. Methods: Data was used from two waves (1998 and 2006) of the U.S. General Social Survey a representative sample of non-institutionalized Americans. We analyzed data for 343 African American and 1,920 white adults, ages 18-89. The data included measures of the respondents' willingness to utilize psychiatric medication as well as measures of generalized mistrust, mistrust in physicians, and mistrust in psychiatric medication. We employed ordinary least squares regression to test whether these three forms of mistrust reduce the black-white gap in psychiatric drug usage and whether race moderates the association between any type of mistrust and the willingness to endorse psychiatric medication utilization. Results: Mistrust in physicians and psychiatric medication is related to less willingness to utilize psychiatric medicines for both African Americans and whites; however, paradoxically, these forms of mistrust decrease psychiatric drug usage more steeply for whites. Conclusions: The pattern of findings in this study suggests that trust or low levels of mistrust, rather than high levels of mistrust, actually maintains the black-white difference in the use of psychiatric medication.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	419737-9
ISSN	0027-9684
ISSN	0027-9684
DOI	10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30025-0
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