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Article ; Online: Replication kinetics and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in common cell culture models

Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Dangel, Alexandra / Berger, Carola / Ehrhardt, Anja / Baiker, Armin

Virol J. 2022 Dec., v. 19, no. 1 p.76-76

2022

Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic caused by the emerging virus SARS-CoV-2, research in the field of coronaviruses has expanded tremendously. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly acquired numerous mutations, giving rise to several Variants ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: During the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic caused by the emerging virus SARS-CoV-2, research in the field of coronaviruses has expanded tremendously. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly acquired numerous mutations, giving rise to several Variants of Concern (VOCs) with altered epidemiological, immunological, and pathogenic properties. METHODS: As cell culture models are important tools to study viruses, we investigated replication kinetics and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the African Green Monkey-derived Vero E6 kidney cell line and the two human cell lines Caco-2, a colon epithelial carcinoma cell line, and the airway epithelial carcinoma cell line Calu-3. We assessed viral RNA copy numbers and infectivity of viral particles in cell culture supernatants at different time points ranging from 2 to 96 h post-infection. RESULTS: We here describe a systematic comparison of growth kinetics of the five SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Alpha/B.1.1.7, Beta/B.1.351, Gamma/P.1, Delta/B.1.617.2, and Omicron/B.1.1.529 and a non-VOC/B.1.1 strain on three different cell lines to provide profound information on the differential behaviour of VOCs in different cell lines for researchers worldwide. We show distinct differences in viral replication kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 non-VOC and five VOCs on the three cell culture models Vero E6, Caco-2, and Calu-3. CONCLUSION: This is the first systematic comparison of all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs on three different cell culture models. This data provides support for researchers worldwide in their experimental design for work on SARS-CoV-2. It is recommended to perform virus isolation and propagation on Vero E6 while infection studies or drug screening and antibody-based assays should rather be conducted on the human cell lines Caco-2 and Calu-3.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; RNA ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; cell culture ; cell lines ; colon ; drugs ; epithelium ; genome ; growth models ; humans ; kidneys ; neoplasm cells ; pathogenicity ; virus replication ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Size	p. 76.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2160640-7
ISSN	1743-422X
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-022-01802-5
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effect of farnesyltransferase inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2.

Weber, Lea / Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Ehrhardt, Anja / Baiker, Armin / Bachmann, Hagen Sjard

Journal of global antimicrobial resistance

2022 Volume 32, Page(s) 164–166

Abstract: Objectives: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to a severe pandemic situation. Treatment options are limited, and the efficacy of vaccines decreases due to mutations in SARS-CoV-2 strains. Therefore, new treatment options are urgently needed, and ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to a severe pandemic situation. Treatment options are limited, and the efficacy of vaccines decreases due to mutations in SARS-CoV-2 strains. Therefore, new treatment options are urgently needed, and computational compound screenings are used to predict drugs quickly. One of these screenings revealed farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) as potential candidates. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 infected Calu-3 cells were treated with lonafarnib and tipifarnib and fold change viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 was measured using RT-qPCR. Furthermore, morphological changes, like CPE formation, were evaluated. Effects on Calu-3 cells were analyzed using MTT assay. Results: We demonstrated that the FTIs lonafarnib and tipifarnib have an effect on SARS-CoV-2 Wildtype and the Delta variant. Both FTIs dose-dependently reduced morphological changes and the formation of cytopathic effects in SARS-CoV-2 infected Calu-3 cells. The effect of the FTIs on Omicron needs to be further elucidated because of inefficient viral replication. Conclusions: The FTI lonafarnib and tipifarnib might be effective drugs against different SARS-CoV-2 strains.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 ; Farnesyltranstransferase ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Enzyme Inhibitors
Chemical Substances	lonafarnib (IOW153004F) ; Farnesyltranstransferase (EC 2.5.1.29) ; Enzyme Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2710046-7
ISSN	2213-7173 ; 2213-7173
ISSN (online)	2213-7173
ISSN	2213-7173
DOI	10.1016/j.jgar.2022.11.011
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Replication kinetics and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in common cell culture models.

Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Dangel, Alexandra / Berger, Carola / Ehrhardt, Anja / Baiker, Armin

Virology journal

2022 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 76

Abstract: Background: During the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic caused by the emerging virus SARS-CoV-2, research in the field of coronaviruses has expanded tremendously. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly acquired numerous mutations, giving rise to several Variants ...

Abstract	Background: During the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic caused by the emerging virus SARS-CoV-2, research in the field of coronaviruses has expanded tremendously. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly acquired numerous mutations, giving rise to several Variants of Concern (VOCs) with altered epidemiological, immunological, and pathogenic properties. Methods: As cell culture models are important tools to study viruses, we investigated replication kinetics and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the African Green Monkey-derived Vero E6 kidney cell line and the two human cell lines Caco-2, a colon epithelial carcinoma cell line, and the airway epithelial carcinoma cell line Calu-3. We assessed viral RNA copy numbers and infectivity of viral particles in cell culture supernatants at different time points ranging from 2 to 96 h post-infection. Results: We here describe a systematic comparison of growth kinetics of the five SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Alpha/B.1.1.7, Beta/B.1.351, Gamma/P.1, Delta/B.1.617.2, and Omicron/B.1.1.529 and a non-VOC/B.1.1 strain on three different cell lines to provide profound information on the differential behaviour of VOCs in different cell lines for researchers worldwide. We show distinct differences in viral replication kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 non-VOC and five VOCs on the three cell culture models Vero E6, Caco-2, and Calu-3. Conclusion: This is the first systematic comparison of all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs on three different cell culture models. This data provides support for researchers worldwide in their experimental design for work on SARS-CoV-2. It is recommended to perform virus isolation and propagation on Vero E6 while infection studies or drug screening and antibody-based assays should rather be conducted on the human cell lines Caco-2 and Calu-3.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Caco-2 Cells ; Carcinoma ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2160640-7
ISSN	1743-422X ; 1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-022-01802-5
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Book ; Online ; Thesis: Charakterisierung einer chronischen Schmerzsymptomatik bei der Schwannomatose

Hannekum, Anna-Lena Verfasser] / [Mautner, Victor Felix [Akademischer Betreuer]

2019

Author's details	Anna-Lena Hannekum ; Betreuer: Victor-Felix Mautner
Keywords	Medizin, Gesundheit ; Medicine, Health
Subject code	sg610
Language	German
Publisher	Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg
Publishing place	Hamburg
Document type	Book ; Online ; Thesis
Database	Digital theses on the web

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Article ; Online: In Vitro Analysis of the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Non-VOC and four Variants of Concern on MHC-Class-I Expression on Calu-3 and Caco-2 Cells.

Bahlmann, Nora A / Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Sallard, Erwan / Berger, Carola / Dangel, Alexandra / Jönsson, Franziska / Fischer, Johannes C / Kreppel, Florian / Zhang, Wenli / Esposito, Irene / Bölke, Edwin / Baiker, Armin / Ehrhardt, Anja

Genes

2023 Volume 14, Issue 7

Abstract: As the MHC-I-pathway is key to antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-cells and, therefore, recognition by the host adaptive immune system, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 including its Variants of Concern (VOCs), influences MHC-I expression on epithelial ... ...

Abstract	As the MHC-I-pathway is key to antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-cells and, therefore, recognition by the host adaptive immune system, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 including its Variants of Concern (VOCs), influences MHC-I expression on epithelial cell surfaces as an immune evasion strategy. We conducted an in vitro time course experiment with the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3 and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. Cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 strains non-VOC/B.1.1, Alpha/B.1.1.7, Beta/B.1.351, Gamma/P.1, and Delta/B.1.617.2. At 2, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection we performed RT-qPCR to track viral replication. Simultaneously, we performed intracellular staining with a serum of a double-vaccinated healthy adult containing a high amount of spike protein antibody. In flow cytometry experiments, we differentiated between infected (spike protein positive) and bystander (spike protein negative) cells. To compare their HLA expression levels, cells were stained extracellularly with anti-HLA-A-IgG and anti-HLA-B,C-IgG. While HLA-A expression was stable on infected Calu-3 cells for all variants, it increased to different degrees on bystander cells in samples infected with VOCs Beta, Gamma, Delta, or non-VOC over the time course analyzed. In contrast, HLA-A levels were stable in bystander Calu-3 cells in samples infected with the Alpha variant. The upregulation of MHC-I on spike protein negative bystander cells in Calu-3 cell cultures infected with Beta, Gamma, Delta, and partly non-VOC might suggest that infected cells are still capable of secreting inflammatory cytokines like type-I interferons stimulating the MHC-I expression on bystander cells. In comparison, there was no distinct effect on HLA expression level on Caco-2 cells of any of the VOCs or non-VOC. Further investigations of the full range of immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2 variants are warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; COVID-19/genetics ; Immunoglobulin G
Chemical Substances	Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Immunoglobulin G ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425 ; 2073-4425
ISSN (online)	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes14071348
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Article ; Online: In Vitro Analysis of the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Non-VOC and four Variants of Concern on MHC-Class-I Expression on Calu-3 and Caco-2 Cells

Bahlmann, Nora A. / Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Sallard, Erwan / Berger, Carola / Dangel, Alexandra / Jönsson, Franziska / Fischer, Johannes C. / Kreppel, Florian / Zhang, Wenli / Esposito, Irene / Bölke, Edwin / Baiker, Armin / Ehrhardt, Anja

Genes (Basel). 2023 June 26, v. 14, no. 7

2023

Abstract	As the MHC-I-pathway is key to antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-cells and, therefore, recognition by the host adaptive immune system, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 including its Variants of Concern (VOCs), influences MHC-I expression on epithelial cell surfaces as an immune evasion strategy. We conducted an in vitro time course experiment with the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3 and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. Cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 strains non-VOC/B.1.1, Alpha/B.1.1.7, Beta/B.1.351, Gamma/P.1, and Delta/B.1.617.2. At 2, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection we performed RT-qPCR to track viral replication. Simultaneously, we performed intracellular staining with a serum of a double-vaccinated healthy adult containing a high amount of spike protein antibody. In flow cytometry experiments, we differentiated between infected (spike protein positive) and bystander (spike protein negative) cells. To compare their HLA expression levels, cells were stained extracellularly with anti-HLA-A-IgG and anti-HLA-B,C-IgG. While HLA-A expression was stable on infected Calu-3 cells for all variants, it increased to different degrees on bystander cells in samples infected with VOCs Beta, Gamma, Delta, or non-VOC over the time course analyzed. In contrast, HLA-A levels were stable in bystander Calu-3 cells in samples infected with the Alpha variant. The upregulation of MHC-I on spike protein negative bystander cells in Calu-3 cell cultures infected with Beta, Gamma, Delta, and partly non-VOC might suggest that infected cells are still capable of secreting inflammatory cytokines like type-I interferons stimulating the MHC-I expression on bystander cells. In comparison, there was no distinct effect on HLA expression level on Caco-2 cells of any of the VOCs or non-VOC. Further investigations of the full range of immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2 variants are warranted.
Keywords	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; T-lymphocytes ; adults ; antibodies ; antigen presentation ; blood serum ; cell lines ; cytokines ; cytotoxicity ; epithelial cells ; flow cytometry ; humans ; immune evasion ; neoplasm cells ; virus replication
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0626
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2527218-4
ISSN	2073-4425
ISSN	2073-4425
DOI	10.3390/genes14071348
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Article: In Vitro Rapid Antigen Test Performance with the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta).

Microorganisms

2021 Volume 9, Issue 9

Abstract: Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are an integral part of SARS-CoV-2 containment strategies. As emerging variants of concern (VOCs) displace the initially circulating strains, it is crucial that RATs do not fail to detect these new variants. In this study, four ...

Abstract	Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are an integral part of SARS-CoV-2 containment strategies. As emerging variants of concern (VOCs) displace the initially circulating strains, it is crucial that RATs do not fail to detect these new variants. In this study, four RATs for nasal swab testing were investigated using cultured strains of B.1.1 (non-VOC), B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Based on dilution series in cell culture medium and pooled saliva, the limit of detection of these RATs was determined in a laboratory setting. Further investigations on cross-reactivity were conducted using recombinant N-protein from seasonal human coronaviruses (hCoVs). RATs evaluated showed an overall comparable performance with cultured strains of the non-VOC B.1.1 and the VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. No cross-reactivity was detected with recombinant N-protein of the hCoV strains HKU1, OC43, NL63, and 229E. A continuous evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RAT performance is required, especially with regard to evolving mutations. Moreover, cross-reactivity and interference with pathogens and other substances on the test performance of RATs should be consistently investigated to ensure suitability in the context of SARS-CoV-2 containment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms9091967
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Article ; Online: Detection of the new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in five SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests (RATs), Germany, March 2021.

Jungnick, Sabrina / Hobmaier, Bernhard / Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Haase, Maren / Baiker, Armin / Lahne, Heidi / Eberle, Ute / Wimmer, Clara / Hepner, Sabrina / Sprenger, Annika / Berger, Carola / Dangel, Alexandra / Wildner, Manfred / Liebl, Bernhard / Ackermann, Nikolaus / Sing, Andreas / Fingerle, Volker

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

2021 Volume 26, Issue 16

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) should not escape molecular surveillance. We investigated if SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests (RATs) could detect B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 VOCs in certain laboratory conditions. Infectious cell culture supernatants ... ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) should not escape molecular surveillance. We investigated if SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests (RATs) could detect B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 VOCs in certain laboratory conditions. Infectious cell culture supernatants containing B.1.1.7, B.1.351 or non-VOC SARS-CoV-2 were respectively diluted both in DMEM and saliva. Dilutions were analysed with Roche, Siemens, Abbott, nal von minden and RapiGEN RATs. While further studies with appropriate real-life clinical samples are warranted, all RATs detected B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, generally comparable to non-VOC strain.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Serological Testing ; Germany ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-08
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1338803-4
ISSN	1560-7917 ; 1025-496X
ISSN (online)	1560-7917
ISSN	1025-496X
DOI	10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.16.2100413
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Article ; Online: Analysis of seven SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests in detecting omicron (B.1.1.529) versus delta (B.1.617.2) using cell culture supernatants and clinical specimens.

Jungnick, Sabrina / Hobmaier, Bernhard / Paravinja, Natali / Mautner, Lena / Hoyos, Mona / Konrad, Regina / Haase, Maren / Baiker, Armin / Eberle, Ute / Bichler, Magdalena / Treis, Bianca / Okeyo, Mercy / Streibl, Barbara / Wimmer, Clara / Hepner, Sabrina / Sprenger, Annika / Berger, Carola / Weise, Laura / Dangel, Alexandra /

Ippisch, Siegfried / Jonas, Walter / Wildner, Manfred / Liebl, Bernhard / Ackermann, Nikolaus / Sing, Andreas / Fingerle, Volker

Infection

2022 Volume 51, Issue 1, Page(s) 239–245

Abstract: Purpose: Omicron is rapidly spreading as a new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC). The question whether this new variant has an impact on SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test (RAT) performance is of utmost importance. To obtain an initial estimate regarding ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Omicron is rapidly spreading as a new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC). The question whether this new variant has an impact on SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test (RAT) performance is of utmost importance. To obtain an initial estimate regarding differences of RATs in detecting omicron and delta, seven commonly used SARS-CoV-2 RATs from different manufacturers were analysed using cell culture supernatants and clinical specimens. Methods: For this purpose, cell culture-expanded omicron and delta preparations were serially diluted in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and the Limit of Detection (LoD) for both VOCs was determined. Additionally, clinical specimens stored in viral transport media or saline (n = 51) were investigated to complement in vitro results with cell culture supernatants. Ct values and RNA concentrations were determined via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The in vitro determination of the LoD showed no obvious differences in detection of omicron and delta for the RATs examined. The LoD in this study was at a dilution level of 1:1,000 (corresponding to 3.0-5.6 × 10 Conclusion: In this study, RATs from various manufacturers were investigated, which displayed no obvious differences in terms of analytical LoD in vitro and RAT positivity rates based on clinical samples comparing the VOCs omicron and delta. However, differences between tests produced by various manufacturers were detected. In terms of clinical samples, a focus of this study was on specimens with high virus concentrations. Further systematic, clinical and laboratory studies utilizing large datasets are urgently needed to confirm reliable performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity for all individual RATs and SARS-CoV-2 variants.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cell Culture Techniques ; RNA
Chemical Substances	RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185104-4
ISSN	1439-0973 ; 0300-8126 ; 0173-2129
ISSN (online)	1439-0973
ISSN	0300-8126 ; 0173-2129
DOI	10.1007/s15010-022-01844-5
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Article ; Online: Rapid point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP).

Mautner, Lena / Baillie, Christin-Kirsty / Herold, Heike Marie / Volkwein, Wolfram / Guertler, Patrick / Eberle, Ute / Ackermann, Nikolaus / Sing, Andreas / Pavlovic, Melanie / Goerlich, Ottmar / Busch, Ulrich / Wassill, Lars / Huber, Ingrid / Baiker, Armin

Virology journal

2020 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 160

Abstract: Background: Fast, reliable and easy to handle methods are required to facilitate urgently needed point-of-care testing (POCT) in the current coronavirus pandemic. Life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly ... ...

Abstract	Background: Fast, reliable and easy to handle methods are required to facilitate urgently needed point-of-care testing (POCT) in the current coronavirus pandemic. Life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread all over the world, infecting more than 33,500,000 people and killing over 1 million of them as of October 2020. Infected individuals without any symptoms might still transfer the virus to others underlining the extraordinary transmissibility of this new coronavirus. In order to identify early infections effectively, treat patients on time and control disease spreading, rapid, accurate and onsite testing methods are urgently required. Results: Here we report the development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based method to detect SARS-CoV-2 genes ORF8 and N directly from pharyngeal swab samples. The established reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) assay detects SARS-CoV-2 directly from pharyngeal swab samples without previous time-consuming and laborious RNA extraction. The assay is sensitive and highly specific for SARS-CoV-2 detection, showing no cross reactivity when tested on 20 other respiratory pathogens. The assay is 12 times faster and 10 times cheaper than routine reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, depending on the assay used. Conclusion: The fast and easy to handle RT-LAMP assay amplifying specifically the genomic regions ORF8 and N of SARS-CoV-2 is ideally suited for POCT at e.g. railway stations, airports or hospitals. Given the current pandemic situation, rapid, cost efficient and onsite methods like the here presented RT-LAMP assay are urgently needed to contain the viral spread.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Genes, Viral ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Point-of-Care Systems ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcription ; Vero Cells
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-020-01435-6
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