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Article ; Online: Preclinical Drug Discovery in Colorectal Cancer: A Focus on Natural Compounds.

Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman

2021 Volume 22, Issue 9, Page(s) 977–997

Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered one of the most predominant and deadly cancer globally. Nowadays, the main clinical management for this cancer includes chemotherapy and surgery; however, these treatments result in the occurrence of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered one of the most predominant and deadly cancer globally. Nowadays, the main clinical management for this cancer includes chemotherapy and surgery; however, these treatments result in the occurrence of drug resistance and severe side effects, and thus it is a crucial requirement to discover an alternative and potential therapy for CRC treatment. Numerous therapeutic cancers were initially recognized from natural metabolites utilized in traditional medicine, and several recent types of research have shown that many natural products own potential effects against CRC and may assist the action of chemotherapy for the treatment of CRC. It has been indicated that most patients are well tolerated by natural compounds without showing any toxicity signs even at high doses. Conventional chemotherapeutics interaction with natural medicinal compounds presents a new feature in cancer exploration and treatment. Most of the natural compounds overwhelm malignant cell propagation by apoptosis initiation of CRC cells and arresting of the cell cycle (especially at G, S, and G2/M phase) that result in inhibition of tumor growth. Objective: This mini-review aimed to focus on natural compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, terpenoids, lactones, quinones, etc.) that were identified to have anti- CRC activity in vitro on CRC cell lines and/or in vivo experiments on animal models. Conclusion: Most of the studied active natural compounds possess anti-CRC activity via different mechanisms and pathways in vitro and in vivo that might be used as assistance by clinicians to support chemotherapy therapeutic strategy and treatment doses for cancer patients.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Biological Products/pharmacology ; Cell Cycle/drug effects ; Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Drug Discovery ; Humans
Chemical Substances	Biological Products
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-21
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2064859-5
ISSN	1873-5592 ; 1389-4501
ISSN (online)	1873-5592
ISSN	1389-4501
DOI	10.2174/1389450122666210405105206
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Zs.A 5578: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Low vitamin D level increases women's breast cancer risks, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq: A case-control study.

Abdulqadir, Mardin Othman / Kamal, Niaz Mustafa / Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman

Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)

2023 Volume 69, Issue 14, Page(s) 186–190

Abstract: Vitamin D (Vit D) is essential in maintaining calcium homeostasis and other body processes. It has been widely studied how Vit D affects cell cycle pathways and how it affects the development and prevention of breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to ... ...

Abstract	Vitamin D (Vit D) is essential in maintaining calcium homeostasis and other body processes. It has been widely studied how Vit D affects cell cycle pathways and how it affects the development and prevention of breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to determine Vit D insufficiency linkage to the development of BC. In this case-control study, 130 women (65 BC patients and 65 healthy controls) aged 20-60 years who visited Shar Hospital Breast Center in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, from December 2021 to May 2022 were included. Patients were selected after their diagnosis had been verified by breast ultrasound, mammography, and core biopsy. The ELISA test was used to measure the concentrations of serum Vit D and expressed in ng/ml. The results showed that the BC patients had considerably lower serum Vit D levels that were <20 ng/L in 66.1% (n=43) and 43.1% (n=28) in healthy controls. Compared to the control group (20.2±8.7), the mean Vit D level in BC patients was lower (17.8±8.6). A logistic regression test revealed a substantial increase in the risk of BC for low-level Vit D concentrations below 20 ng/L (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.24-5.38; P=0.009). Vit D is still a significant risk factor for boosting the likelihood of developing BC after age and body mass index (BMI) adjustments (AOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.1-4.86; p=0.03 and AOR 3.67, 95% CI 1.55-8.7; p=0.002 for BC patients and controls, respectively). According to the outcomes of our investigations, we concluded that Vit D insufficiency raises the risk of BC among women in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Vitamin D ; Vitamins ; Vitamin D Deficiency/complications
Chemical Substances	Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Vitamins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1161779-2
ISSN	1165-158X ; 0145-5680
ISSN (online)	1165-158X
ISSN	0145-5680
DOI	10.14715/cmb/2023.69.14.30
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Zs.A 3812: Show issues

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Article: Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant and anticancer activities of mastic gum resin from

Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman

OncoTargets and therapy

2018 Volume 11, Page(s) 4559–4572

Abstract: Background: The mastic gum resin has been used in traditional Kurdish medicine for treating various disorders such as topical wound and gastric ulcer. The study designed to evaluate the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging ... ...

Abstract	Background: The mastic gum resin has been used in traditional Kurdish medicine for treating various disorders such as topical wound and gastric ulcer. The study designed to evaluate the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, and anticancer effects of mastic gum resin derived from Materials and methods: Folin -Ciocalteau and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assays were used to determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents in the mastic gum resin respectively. Whereas, DPPH and ABTS+ assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities of mastic gum resin. Regarding anticancer activities, the MTT assay was used to study the effect of mastic gum resin on the proliferation of various cancer cells and the morphological changes were identified after Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide staining. Flow cytometry was applied to determine the influence of mastic gum resin on the apoptosis rate by Annexin V double staining and to investigate the influence on cell cycle progression. Caspase colorimetric assay was used to estimate the hallmark enzyme of apoptosis, and finally RNA were obtained from COLO205 cells and analyzed by qRT-PCR analyses. Results: The MTT results showed that the mastic gum resin at concentrations from 0.01 to 100 μM induced death of cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The mastic gum resin suppressed proliferation of human cancer cells with 72 h IC Conclusion: It was confirmed that the antiproliferative efficacy of the resin is positively correlated with its polyphenolic contents, suggesting a causal link related to exudate content of phenolic acid and flavonoids. The results revealed that the mastic gum resin has potential to be developed as an anticancer and antioxidant product due to its high content of polyphenol compounds.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-06
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2495130-4
ISSN	1178-6930
ISSN	1178-6930
DOI	10.2147/OTT.S170827
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Article: Prospective quantitative gene expression analysis of kallikrein-related peptidase

Ahmad, Shwan Majid / Ahmed, Basima Sadq / Khidhir, Karzan Ghafur / Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman

PeerJ

2022 Volume 10, Page(s) e13489

Abstract: Background: The most common malignancy in children is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aimed to explore : Methods: In this prospective study, total RNA was extracted from blood samples of 23 pediatric ALL patients on diagnosis, after ... ...

Abstract	Background: The most common malignancy in children is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aimed to explore Methods: In this prospective study, total RNA was extracted from blood samples of 23 pediatric ALL patients on diagnosis, after one month and three months of receiving chemotherapy. Healthy pediatric volunteers ( Results: KLK10 Conclusion: KLK10
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.13489
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Article ; Online: Misdiagnosis of COVID-19 infection before molecular confirmation in Sulaimaniyah City, Iraq.

Mustafa, Hemn Muhammed / Abdulateef, Darya Saeed / Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman

European journal of medical research

2022 Volume 27, Issue 1, Page(s) 84

Abstract: Background: During the last 2 years, in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq, there were thousands of COVID-19 cases that have not been reported officially, but diagnosed and confirmed by private laboratories and private hospitals, or clinicians based on ...

Abstract	Background: During the last 2 years, in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq, there were thousands of COVID-19 cases that have not been reported officially, but diagnosed and confirmed by private laboratories and private hospitals, or clinicians based on typical clinical signs, as well as few people using home self-test after appearing of some flu-like clinical symptoms. Thus, this study aims to assess the misdiagnosis and mismanagement of cases before COVID-19 confirmation. Methods: This study enrolled 100 consecutive patients who visited an outpatient clinic of Shar Hospital that had symptoms highly suspicious of COVID-19 infection while misdiagnosed previously to have other types of disease. Detailed questionnaires were filled for all studied patients, including age, gender, main presenting symptoms, and duration of these symptoms with the following questions: who made the false diagnosis, depending on which diagnostic test the false diagnosis was made, which medication was used for the false diagnosis, who prescribed those medications, and how long those medications were used. They were investigated by RT-PCR on their nasopharyngeal swab for confirmation. Results: Most of the false diagnoses were typhoid (63%), influenza (14%), pneumonia (9%), gastroenteritis (5%), common cold (4%), brucellosis (4%), and meningitis (1%). Regarding the false diagnosis of cases, 92% were made by non-physician healthcare workers, and only 8% were made by physicians. All false diagnoses with typhoid, gastroenteritis, and common cold were made by non-physician healthcare workers, together with about half of the diagnosis of pneumonia and brucellosis, with statistically significant results (P < 0.001). Conclusions: We realized that some patients had been misdiagnosed before the COVID-19 infection confirmation. Their health conditions improved drastically after correct diagnosis and treatment, and this research is considered the first research to be conducted in Iraq in this regard.
MeSH term(s)	Brucellosis ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Common Cold ; Diagnostic Errors ; Gastroenteritis ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Typhoid Fever
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1329381-3
ISSN	2047-783X ; 0949-2321
ISSN (online)	2047-783X
ISSN	0949-2321
DOI	10.1186/s40001-022-00704-0
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Zs.A 4636: Show issues

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Article: A Review on the Antiviral Activity of Functional Foods Against COVID-19 and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections.

Omer, Abdullah Khalid / Khorshidi, Sonia / Mortazavi, Negar / Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman

International journal of general medicine

2022 Volume 15, Page(s) 4817–4835

Abstract: Due to the absence of successful therapy, vaccines for protection are continuously being developed. Since vaccines must be thoroughly tested, viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs), mainly coronaviruses, have seriously affected human health worldwide ...

Abstract	Due to the absence of successful therapy, vaccines for protection are continuously being developed. Since vaccines must be thoroughly tested, viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs), mainly coronaviruses, have seriously affected human health worldwide in recent years. In this review, we presented the relevant data which originated from trusted publishers regarding the practical benefits of functional foods (FFs) and their dietary sources, in addition to natural plant products, in viral respiratory and COVID-19 prevention and immune-boosting activities. As a result, FFs were confirmed to be functionally active ingredients for preventing COVID-19 and VRTIs. Furthermore, the antiviral activity and immunological effects of FFs against VRTIs and COVID-19 and their potential main mechanisms of action are also being reviewed. Therefore, to prevent COVID-19 and VRTIs, it is critical to identify controlling the activities and immune-enhancing functional food constituents as early as possible. We further aimed to summarize functional food constituents as a dietary supplement that aids in immune system boosting and may effectively reduce VRTIs and COVID-19 and promote therapeutic efficacy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-10
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2452220-X
ISSN	1178-7074
ISSN	1178-7074
DOI	10.2147/IJGM.S361001
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Article ; Online: Genetic characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes among patients with chronic infection in Sulaimaniyah city, Iraq.

Abdulqadir, Mardin Othman / Rashid, Peshnyar Muhammad Atta / Hussain, Ali Hattem / Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman / Ezzaddin, Shahow Abdulrehman

PeerJ

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) e14454

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are distributed unevenly throughout the world's regions. The researchers' goal in this study was to find out which HBV genotypes are now prevalent in the blood of chronic HBV patients in Iraq's Kurdistan ... ...

Abstract	Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are distributed unevenly throughout the world's regions. The researchers' goal in this study was to find out which HBV genotypes are now prevalent in the blood of chronic HBV patients in Iraq's Kurdistan Region's Sulaimaniyah governorate. Methods: Genotyping was carried out utilizing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) type-specified primers. Thirty-three chronic HBV patients were included in the HBV genotyping assay. Phylogenic trees of Pre-S1/Pre S2/S genes' nucleotide sequences were constructed using 36 HBV isolates. Results: All the patients had HBV genotype D. Additionally, two samples were further analyzed by sequencing and deposited in GenBank as HBV/Sul-1/2021 accession numbers MZ077051 and HBV/Sul-2/2021 accession numbers MZ077052. Phylogenic analysis indicated that the HBV isolates belong to sub-genotype D1/serotype ayw2. The HBV/Sul-2/2021 had two sequence deletion mutations from G61del-T87del, which accounted for 27 amino acid deletions, and ten other mutations were identified in the carboxylic terminus of the pre-S1 from Q104del-R113del. Accordingly, 37 amino acids were deleted in the S promoter region. Several other substitution mutations were recorded in both HBV isolates. Conclusion: Patients with chronic HBV were found to have the HBV sub-genotype D1/subtype ayw2 with no mixed genotypes. HBV/Sul-1/2022, a new strain with a 37-amino acid mutation, was found to be distinct from any previously known HBV isolates.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/epidemiology ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Persistent Infection ; Orthohepadnavirus ; Genotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703241-3
ISSN	2167-8359 ; 2167-8359
ISSN (online)	2167-8359
ISSN	2167-8359
DOI	10.7717/peerj.14454
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Article ; Online: Misdiagnosis of COVID-19 infection before molecular confirmation in Sulaimaniyah City, Iraq

Hemn Muhammed Mustafa / Darya Saeed Abdulateef / Heshu Sulaiman Rahman

European Journal of Medical Research, Vol 27, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 7

Abstract: Abstract Background During the last 2 years, in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq, there were thousands of COVID-19 cases that have not been reported officially, but diagnosed and confirmed by private laboratories and private hospitals, or clinicians ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background During the last 2 years, in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq, there were thousands of COVID-19 cases that have not been reported officially, but diagnosed and confirmed by private laboratories and private hospitals, or clinicians based on typical clinical signs, as well as few people using home self-test after appearing of some flu-like clinical symptoms. Thus, this study aims to assess the misdiagnosis and mismanagement of cases before COVID-19 confirmation. Methods This study enrolled 100 consecutive patients who visited an outpatient clinic of Shar Hospital that had symptoms highly suspicious of COVID-19 infection while misdiagnosed previously to have other types of disease. Detailed questionnaires were filled for all studied patients, including age, gender, main presenting symptoms, and duration of these symptoms with the following questions: who made the false diagnosis, depending on which diagnostic test the false diagnosis was made, which medication was used for the false diagnosis, who prescribed those medications, and how long those medications were used. They were investigated by RT-PCR on their nasopharyngeal swab for confirmation. Results Most of the false diagnoses were typhoid (63%), influenza (14%), pneumonia (9%), gastroenteritis (5%), common cold (4%), brucellosis (4%), and meningitis (1%). Regarding the false diagnosis of cases, 92% were made by non-physician healthcare workers, and only 8% were made by physicians. All false diagnoses with typhoid, gastroenteritis, and common cold were made by non-physician healthcare workers, together with about half of the diagnosis of pneumonia and brucellosis, with statistically significant results (P < 0.001). Conclusions We realized that some patients had been misdiagnosed before the COVID-19 infection confirmation. Their health conditions improved drastically after correct diagnosis and treatment, and this research is considered the first research to be conducted in Iraq in this regard.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Misdiagnosis ; Molecular diagnosis ; Non-physician healthcare workers ; Iraq ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of three fluid spray dried hybrid ciprofloxacin microparticles in Sprague Dawley rats.

Dashty Mudher, Dina / Sulaiman Rahman, Heshu / Abdulla Aziz, Sadat / Kaur, Amanpreet / Zeyad Bahjat, Tareq / Al-Obaidi, Hisham

Pharmaceutical development and technology

2023 Volume 28, Issue 6, Page(s) 547–558

Abstract: The aim of this study is to prepare and characterise mucoadhesive silica-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin (S-AgNPs-CSCFX), and investigate serum biochemical, haematological, and histopathological effects in Sprague Dawley rats upon ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this study is to prepare and characterise mucoadhesive silica-coated silver nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin (S-AgNPs-CSCFX), and investigate serum biochemical, haematological, and histopathological effects in Sprague Dawley rats upon oral administration. S-AgNPs-CSCFX microparticles were prepared using three fluid nozzle spray drying and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray dispersive spectrometry (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), zeta potential and particles size measurements and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided between six-treated groups, including blank S-AgNPs and S-AgNPs-CSCFX (LD: Low dose; MD: Median Dose; HD: High Dose) and control group. Each group was treated daily to evaluate the effect of the prepared particles on the lipid profile, serum biochemical, hormonal level, haemogram, and vital organ histopathology. The results showed successful encapsulation of silver nanoparticles which resulted in spherical-shaped S-AgNPs-CSCFX with an average size of 1-5 μm and surface charge of 25.2 ± 5.52 mv. The in-vivo results showed that different doses of blank S-AgNPs and S-AgNPs-CSCFX had no significant toxic effects on the physiological, biochemical, and haematological parameters. There were no marked histopathological alterations in the vital organs of the treated rats with blank and loaded particles.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Rats ; Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Silver ; Administration, Oral ; Ciprofloxacin ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Plant Extracts ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Chemical Substances	Silver (3M4G523W1G) ; Ciprofloxacin (5E8K9I0O4U) ; Plant Extracts ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331774-x
ISSN	1097-9867 ; 1083-7450
ISSN (online)	1097-9867
ISSN	1083-7450
DOI	10.1080/10837450.2023.2216801
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Article ; Online: Expression of concern: "Humoral immune mechanisms involved in protective and pathological immunity during COVID-19" [Hum. Immunol. 82(10) (2021) 733-745].

Widjaja, Gunawan / Jalil, Abduladheem Turki / Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman / Abdelbasset, Walid Kamal / Bokov, Dmitry O / Ghaebi, Mahnaz / Marofi, Faroogh / Navashenaq, Jamshid Gholizadeh / Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad / Ahmadi, Majid

Human immunology

2023 Volume 84, Issue 5-7, Page(s) 355

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Expression of Concern
ZDB-ID	801524-7
ISSN	1879-1166 ; 0198-8859
ISSN (online)	1879-1166
ISSN	0198-8859
DOI	10.1016/j.humimm.2023.03.005
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