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Article ; Online: Using a combination of quantitative culture, molecular, and infrastructure data to rank potential sources of fecal contamination in Town Creek Estuary, North Carolina.

Hynes, Jenna M / Beattie, Rachelle E / Blackwood, A Denene / Clerkin, Thomas / Gallard-Góngora, Javier / Noble, Rachel T

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e0299254

Abstract: Estuarine water quality is declining worldwide due to increased tourism, coastal development, and a changing climate. Although well-established methods are in place to monitor water quality, municipalities struggle to use the data to prioritize ... ...

Abstract	Estuarine water quality is declining worldwide due to increased tourism, coastal development, and a changing climate. Although well-established methods are in place to monitor water quality, municipalities struggle to use the data to prioritize infrastructure for monitoring and repair and to determine sources of contamination when they occur. The objective of this study was to assess water quality and prioritize sources of contamination within Town Creek Estuary (TCE), Beaufort, North Carolina, by combining culture, molecular, and geographic information systems (GIS) data into a novel contamination source ranking system. Water samples were collected from TCE at ten locations on eight sampling dates in Fall 2021 (n = 80). Microbiological water quality was assessed using US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) approved culture-based methods for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including analysis of total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC), and Enterococcus spp. (ENT). The quantitative microbial source tracking (qMST) human-associated fecal marker, HF183, was quantified using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). This information was combined with environmental data and GIS information detailing proximal sewer, septic, and stormwater infrastructure to determine potential sources of fecal contamination in the estuary. Results indicated FIB concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with precipitation and increased throughout the estuary following rainfall events (p < 0.01). Sampling sites with FIB concentrations above the U.S. EPA threshold also had the highest percentages of aged, less durable piping materials. Using a novel ranking system combining concentrations of FIB, HF183, and sewer infrastructure data at each site, we found that the two sites nearest the most aged sewage infrastructure and stormwater outflows were found to have the highest levels of measurable fecal contamination. This case study supports the inclusion of both traditional water quality measurements and local infrastructure data to support the current need for municipalities to identify, prioritize, and remediate failing infrastructure.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Water Pollution/analysis ; Cities ; North Carolina ; Estuaries ; Bacteria/genetics ; Feces/microbiology ; Water Microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0299254
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Article ; Online: Optimal spatial evaluation of a pro rata vaccine distribution rule for COVID-19.

Castonguay, François M / Blackwood, Julie C / Howerton, Emily / Shea, Katriona / Sims, Charles / Sanchirico, James N

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 2194

Abstract: The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) is a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative that aims for an equitable access of COVID-19 vaccines. Despite potential heterogeneous infection levels across a country, countries receiving allotments of ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) is a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative that aims for an equitable access of COVID-19 vaccines. Despite potential heterogeneous infection levels across a country, countries receiving allotments of vaccines may follow WHO's allocation guidelines and distribute vaccines based on a jurisdictions' relative population size. Utilizing economic-epidemiological modeling, we benchmark the performance of this pro rata allocation rule by comparing it to an optimal one that minimizes the economic damages and expenditures over time, including a penalty representing the social costs of deviating from the pro rata strategy. The pro rata rule performs better when the duration of naturally- and vaccine-acquired immunity is short, when there is population mixing, when the supply of vaccine is high, and when there is minimal heterogeneity in demographics. Despite behavioral and epidemiological uncertainty diminishing the performance of the optimal allocation, it generally outperforms the pro rata vaccine distribution rule.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19 ; Vaccines ; World Health Organization ; Costs and Cost Analysis
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-28697-8
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Article ; Online: SNP associations and genetic-parameter estimation for nose and hoof pigmentation in Corriedale sheep

Aldersey, J. E. / Khatkar, M. S. / Blackwood, P. J. / Blackwood, C. E. / Pitchford, J. M. / Gordon, H. / Welsh, S. C. / Pitchford, W. S.

Animal Production Science. 2023, v. 63, no. 11 p.1136-1147

2023

Abstract: Context Quantity and quality of both meat and wool are important for selection programs of the dual-purpose Corriedale sheep. In Corriedales, black pigmentation of nose skin and hooves is preferred as part of the breed standard. However, within the breed, ...

Abstract	Context Quantity and quality of both meat and wool are important for selection programs of the dual-purpose Corriedale sheep. In Corriedales, black pigmentation of nose skin and hooves is preferred as part of the breed standard. However, within the breed, pigmentation can vary from none to complete pigmentation. Aims The aim was to discover single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes associated with nose and hoof pigmentation and to estimate genetic parameters of nose and hoof pigmentation, wool traits and meat traits. Methods The phenotype and genotype data on Corriedale lambs (n =764) produced from 44 sires (12 studs) and 300 ewes in 2017–2019 were used in this study. Lambs were slaughtered at 6–7months of age. Nose pigmentation and hoof pigmentation were scored on a five-point scale, where no pigmentation was scored 0 and complete pigmentation was scored 5. Wool- and meat-quality traits were measured, including greasy fleece weight, fibre diameter, weaning weight, hot standard carcass weight and intramuscular fat percentage. The lambs were genotyped with the GGPOvine50K SNP chip. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted. Genetic parameters and bivariate analyses were estimated using ASReml-R. Results The lambs had a mean nose-pigmentation score of 3.69 and hoof-pigmentation score of 4.12. The nose pigmentation (h 2 =0.58) and hoof pigmentation (h 2 =0.51) were highly heritable and highly correlated (r G =0.73). The GWAS identified a genome-wide significant SNP (OAR19_33278780.1) associated with nose pigmentation (q -value=0.04). This SNP is positioned in a known pigmentation gene, melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF). The same SNP was the sixth-most associated SNP for hoof pigmentation but did not reach significance level. OAR19_33278780.1 also had a significant effect on back conformation and weaning weight. Conclusions The results of these analyses have provided information and an understanding of the genetics for pigmentation of nose and hooves in Corriedale sheep. Implications Nose and hoof pigmentation are highly genetically correlated with each other, but with no negative effects on production traits.
Keywords	Corriedale ; animal production ; carcass weight ; fleece ; genes ; genome-wide association study ; genotype ; genotyping ; hooves ; intramuscular fat ; meat ; meat quality ; nose ; phenotype ; pigmentation ; sheep ; transcription factors ; wool ; hoof ; MITF ; nose skin ; Ovis aries ; pigment ; wool quality</kwd>
Language	English
Size	p. 1136-1147.
Publishing place	CSIRO Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2472524-9
ISSN	1836-5787 ; 1836-0939
ISSN (online)	1836-5787
ISSN	1836-0939
DOI	10.1071/AN22462
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Prevalence of mental disorders in defendants at criminal court.

Brown, Penelope / Bakolis, Ioannis / Appiah-Kusi, Elizabeth / Hallett, Nicholas / Hotopf, Matthew / Blackwood, Nigel

BJPsych open

2022 Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) e92

Abstract: Background: Psychiatric morbidity in prisons and police custody is well established, but little is known about individuals attending criminal court. There is international concern that vulnerable defendants are not identified, undermining their right to ...

Abstract	Background: Psychiatric morbidity in prisons and police custody is well established, but little is known about individuals attending criminal court. There is international concern that vulnerable defendants are not identified, undermining their right to a fair trial. Aims: To explore the prevalence of a wide range of mental disorders in criminal defendants and estimate the proportion likely to be unfit to plead. Method: We employed two-stage screening methodology to estimate the prevalence of mental illness, neurodevelopmental disorders and unfitness to plead, in 3322 criminal defendants in South London. Sampling was stratified according to whether defendants attended court from the community or custody. Face-to-face interviews, using diagnostic instruments and assessments of fitness to plead, were administered (n = 503). Post-stratification probability weighting provided estimates of the overall prevalence of mental disorders and unfitness to plead. Results: Mental disorder was more common in those attending court from custody, with 48.5% having at least one psychiatric diagnosis compared with 20.3% from the community. Suicidality was frequently reported (weighted prevalence 71.2%; 95% CI 64.2-77.3). Only 16.7% of participants from custody and 4.6% from the community were referred to the liaison and diversion team; 2.1% (1.1-4.0) of defendants were estimated to be unfit to plead, with a further 3.2% (1.9-5.3) deemed 'borderline unfit'. Conclusions: The prevalence of mental illness and neurodevelopmental disorders in defendants is high. Many are at risk of being unfit to plead and require additional support at court, yet are not identified by existing services. Our evidence challenges policy makers and healthcare providers to ensure that vulnerable defendants are adequately supported at court.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2829557-2
ISSN	2056-4724
ISSN	2056-4724
DOI	10.1192/bjo.2022.63
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Article ; Online: Whole blood thiamine, intravenous thiamine supplementation and delirium occurrence in the intensive care unit: retrospective cohort analyses.

Mumin, Muhammad A / McKenzie, Cathrine A / Page, Valerie J / Hadfield, Daniel / Aitken, Leanne M / Hanks, Fraser / Cunningham, Emma / Blackwood, Bronagh / Van Dellen, Edwin / Slooter, Arjen J C / Grocott, Michael P W / McAuley, Daniel F / Spronk, Peter E

International journal of clinical pharmacy

2024

Abstract: Background: Thiamine di-phosphate is an essential cofactor in glucose metabolism, glutamate transformation and acetylcholinesterase activity, pathways associated with delirium occurrence. We hypothesised that a deficiency in whole blood thiamine and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Thiamine di-phosphate is an essential cofactor in glucose metabolism, glutamate transformation and acetylcholinesterase activity, pathways associated with delirium occurrence. We hypothesised that a deficiency in whole blood thiamine and intravenous thiamine supplementation could impact delirium occurrence. Aim: To establish whether a deficiency in whole blood thiamine and/or intravenous thiamine supplementation within 72 h of intensive care admission is associated with delirium occurrence. Method: The first dataset was secondary analysis of a previous study in an intensive care unit in the Netherlands, reported in 2017. The second dataset contained consecutive intensive care admissions 2 years before (period 1: October 2014 to October 2016) and after (period 2: April 2017 to April 2019) routine thiamine supplementation was introduced within 72 h of admission. Delirium was defined as a positive Confusion Assessment Method-Intensive Care Unit score(s) in 24 h. Results: Analysis of the first dataset (n = 57) using logistic regression showed no relationship between delirium and sepsis or whole blood thiamine, but a significant association with age (p = 0.014). In the second dataset (n = 3074), 15.1% received IV thiamine in period 1 and 62.6% during period 2. Hierarchical regression analysis reported reduction in delirium occurrence in the second period; this did not reach statistical significance, OR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.652-1.002); p = 0.052. Conclusion: No relationship was detected between whole blood thiamine and delirium occurrence on admission, at 24 and 48 h. It remains unclear whether routine intravenous thiamine supplementation during intensive care admission impacts delirium occurrence. Further prospective randomised clinical trials are needed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2601204-2
ISSN	2210-7711 ; 2210-7703 ; 0928-1231
ISSN (online)	2210-7711
ISSN	2210-7703 ; 0928-1231
DOI	10.1007/s11096-023-01690-x
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Article ; Online: Cumulative cultural evolution and mechanisms for cultural selection in wild bird songs.

Williams, Heather / Scharf, Andrew / Ryba, Anna R / Ryan Norris, D / Mennill, Daniel J / Newman, Amy E M / Doucet, Stéphanie M / Blackwood, Julie C

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4001

Abstract: Cumulative cultural evolution, the accumulation of sequential changes within a single socially learned behaviour that results in improved function, is prominent in humans and has been documented in experimental studies of captive animals and managed wild ...

Abstract	Cumulative cultural evolution, the accumulation of sequential changes within a single socially learned behaviour that results in improved function, is prominent in humans and has been documented in experimental studies of captive animals and managed wild populations. Here, we provide evidence that cumulative cultural evolution has occurred in the learned songs of Savannah sparrows. In a first step, "click trains" replaced "high note clusters" over a period of three decades. We use mathematical modelling to show that this replacement is consistent with the action of selection, rather than drift or frequency-dependent bias. Generations later, young birds elaborated the "click train" song form by adding more clicks. We show that the new songs with more clicks elicit stronger behavioural responses from both males and females. Therefore, we suggest that a combination of social learning, innovation, and sexual selection favoring a specific discrete trait was followed by directional sexual selection that resulted in naturally occurring cumulative cultural evolution in the songs of this wild animal population.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Cultural Evolution ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Passeriformes ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-31621-9
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Article: A tryptophan metabolite modulates the host response to bacterial infection via kainate receptors.

Parada-Kusz, Margarita / Clatworthy, Anne E / Goering, Emily R / Blackwood, Stephanie M / Salm, Elizabeth J / Choi, Catherine / Combs, Senya / Lee, Jenny S W / Rodriguez-Osorio, Carlos / Tomita, Susumu / Hung, Deborah T

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: Bacterial infection involves a complex interaction between the pathogen and host where the outcome of infection is not solely determined by pathogen eradication. To identify small molecules that promote host survival by altering the host-pathogen dynamic, ...

Abstract	Bacterial infection involves a complex interaction between the pathogen and host where the outcome of infection is not solely determined by pathogen eradication. To identify small molecules that promote host survival by altering the host-pathogen dynamic, we conducted an
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.08.16.553532
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Article: Poxvirus Infection in a Colony of Laboratory Pigeons (

Hibl, Brianne M / Blackwood, Rebecca S / Simons, Brian W / Collins, Dalis E

Comparative medicine

2019 Volume 69, Issue 3, Page(s) 179–183

Abstract: Pigeons ( ...

Abstract	Pigeons (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/virology ; Avipoxvirus/immunology ; Avipoxvirus/pathogenicity ; Bird Diseases/pathology ; Bird Diseases/prevention & control ; Bird Diseases/virology ; Chickens ; Columbidae/immunology ; Columbidae/virology ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Poxviridae Infections/pathology ; Poxviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Poxviridae Infections/veterinary ; Skin/pathology ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2006425-1
ISSN	1532-0820 ; 0023-6764
ISSN	1532-0820 ; 0023-6764
DOI	10.30802/AALAS-CM-18-000074
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Article ; Online: The Effect of Lower Tidal Volume Ventilation Facilitated by Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal Compared With Conventional Lung Protective Ventilation on Cardiac Function.

Critical care explorations

2024 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) e1028

Abstract: Objectives: Lower tidal volume ventilation (targeting 3 mL/kg predicted body weight, PBW) facilitated by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO: Design: Substudy of the REST trial.: Setting: Nine U.K. ICUs.: Patients: Patients with AHRF ( ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Lower tidal volume ventilation (targeting 3 mL/kg predicted body weight, PBW) facilitated by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO Design: Substudy of the REST trial. Setting: Nine U.K. ICUs. Patients: Patients with AHRF (Pao Intervention: Transthoracic echocardiography and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurements were collected at baseline and postrandomization in patients randomized to ECCO Measurements: The primary outcome measures were a difference in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) on postrandomization echocardiogram and difference in NT-proBNP postrandomization. Results: There were 21 patients included in the echocardiography cohort (ECCO Conclusions: In patients with AHRF, a reduction in tidal volume facilitated by ECCO
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2639-8028
ISSN (online)	2639-8028
DOI	10.1097/CCE.0000000000001028
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Article ; Online: The Australasian Students' Surgical Association: organizational growth amidst the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mansour, Laure Taher / Banker, Karan / Blackwood, Emma / Ibrahim, Muhammad / Daudu, Davina / Raubenheimer, Kyle / Franco, Helena / Fitzpatrick, Siobhan / Gladman, Marc A

ANZ journal of surgery

2022 Volume 92, Issue 7-8, Page(s) 1596–1597

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Students, Medical
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-11
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050749-5
ISSN	1445-2197 ; 1445-1433 ; 0004-8682
ISSN (online)	1445-2197
ISSN	1445-1433 ; 0004-8682
DOI	10.1111/ans.17902
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