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Article ; Online: Pollution characteristics and release mechanism of microplastics in a typical end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling base, East China.

Wang, Rui / Wang, Hongyuan / Zhan, Lu / Xu, Zhenming

2024 Volume 916, Page(s) 170306

Abstract: Microplastics (MPs) is a novel and significant pollution due to its eco-environmental hazards and ubiquity. In end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling base, MPs are widely distributed but have rare reported in scientific literature. In this study, a ... ...

Abstract	Microplastics (MPs) is a novel and significant pollution due to its eco-environmental hazards and ubiquity. In end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling base, MPs are widely distributed but have rare reported in scientific literature. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of MPs was conducted in a typical ELV recycling base. MPs were found in all samples at different sampling sites and environmental mediums. A total of 34 polymer types were detected by μ-FTIR, and the main polymers include PE-PP, ABS, polyester resin, nylon, and PEU plastic. MPs were released from the crushing, tearing, and breaking of plastic parts in ELVs. They were in high content in ground dust, with the abundance of 737-29,021 p/5 g D (the average abundance of 5552 ± 6435 p/5 g D). The abundance, shape, color, and size of MPs are related with functional areas of ELV recycling. Heavy metals could be adsorbed on MPs, and their contents on MPs have a significant correlation with those in the corresponding dust samples. At last, some specific MPs control measures, such as changing transportation mode, using dust-proof cloths, and equipping dust removal equipment, have been put forward.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170306
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: An environmentally-friendly permeable liquid salt pyrolysis method based on capillary heat transfer for recycling waste insulator materials.

Yu, Daheng / Zhan, Lu / Xu, Zhenming

Journal of hazardous materials

2024 Volume 469, Page(s) 133815

Abstract: Molten salt pyrolysis technology stands out as a potent approach for achieving efficient degradation and energy recovery of composite organic materials. Nevertheless, challenges such as the high melting point of molten salt, product destruction, and the ... ...

Abstract	Molten salt pyrolysis technology stands out as a potent approach for achieving efficient degradation and energy recovery of composite organic materials. Nevertheless, challenges such as the high melting point of molten salt, product destruction, and the complexities of treating waste salt pose significant limitations to the widespread application and popularization of this technology. To tackle these issues, this study proposes a salt-assisted pyrolysis method based on capillary heat transfer called permeable liquid salt pyrolysis. Focusing on abandoned power industry insulators, the research delves into the thermal and mass transfer model of cluster-embedded materials under non-molten salt conditions. The investigation reveals that the capillary between glass fiber and resin proves beneficial in enhancing heat transfer conditions by creating a novel phase known as permeate liquid. Results demonstrate that salt-assisted pyrolysis can substantially lower the required temperature and enhance the pyrolysis reaction rate, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 98.99 %. Additionally, the pyrolysis products undergo in-situ modification, with a notable reduction in benzene series compounds ranging from 68 % to 85 %. Furthermore, an erosion diffusion capillary mode is established. This study presents an environmentally-friendly approach to recycle and modify products derived from waste resin-based composite materials generated in the electric power industry.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133815
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Article: Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the

Chen, Junyu / Ying, Yuxin / Yao, Lingtiao / Xu, Zhangting / Yu, Zhenming / Kai, Guoyin

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 13, Issue 5

Abstract: ... Salvia ... ...

Abstract	Salvia miltiorrhiza
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704341-1
ISSN	2223-7747
ISSN	2223-7747
DOI	10.3390/plants13050580
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Article ; Online: In situ

Xi, Zhen / Gao, Ruitong / Chen, Zhaojun / Du, Hui / Xu, Zhenming

RSC advances

2024 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 1386–1396

Abstract: Nonmetals in waste printed circuit boards after metal separation containing brominated resin and fiberglass are considered hazardous and low-recoveryvalue e-waste. However, if these nonmetals are not treated or are improperly treated, they can cause ... ...

Abstract	Nonmetals in waste printed circuit boards after metal separation containing brominated resin and fiberglass are considered hazardous and low-recoveryvalue e-waste. However, if these nonmetals are not treated or are improperly treated, they can cause serious environmental pollution. Therefore, there is an urgent and significant need to develop an efficient recycling process for these nonmetals. Based on the concept of high-valued recycling of waste, this study
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2046-2069
ISSN (online)	2046-2069
DOI	10.1039/d3ra08125g
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Article ; Online: Enhancing Debromination Efficiency through Introducing Water Vapor Atmosphere to Overcome Limitations of Conventional Pyrolysis.

Chen, Zhenyu / Zhan, Lu / Xu, Zhenming

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 49, Page(s) 20941–20950

Abstract: Bromine removal is significant in the recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). This study found that the critical factors limiting the debromination efficiency of conventional pyrolysis are the formation of coke impeding mass transfer and ... ...

Abstract	Bromine removal is significant in the recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). This study found that the critical factors limiting the debromination efficiency of conventional pyrolysis are the formation of coke impeding mass transfer and conversion of bromine into less volatile species, such as coking-Br and copper bromide. According to frontier molecular orbital analysis and thermodynamic equilibrium analysis, C-O bonds of resin are sites prone to electrophilic reactions and copper bromide in residue may undergo hydrolysis; therefore, introducing H
MeSH term(s)	Steam ; Copper ; Bromine/chemistry ; Bromides ; Pyrolysis ; Recycling/methods ; Electronic Waste/analysis
Chemical Substances	Steam ; Copper (789U1901C5) ; Bromine (SBV4XY874G) ; Bromides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c06640
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Article ; Online: A method for using the residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries by regulating potential with the aid of overvoltage response.

Sun, Honghuai / Song, Qingming / Xu, Zhenming

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2023 Volume 120, Issue 14, Page(s) e2213130120

Abstract: The value of considerable residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries (WLIBs) is always neglected. At present, "this energy" is always wasted during the discharge process of WLIBs. However, if this energy could be reused, it would not only save a lot of ... ...

Abstract	The value of considerable residual energy in waste Li-ion batteries (WLIBs) is always neglected. At present, "this energy" is always wasted during the discharge process of WLIBs. However, if this energy could be reused, it would not only save a lot of energy but also avoid the discharge step of recycling of WLIBs. Unfortunately, the instability of WLIBs potential is a challenge to efficient utilization of this residual energy. Here, we propose a method that could regulate the cathode potential and current of the battery by simply adjusting the solution pH to utilize 35.08%, 88.4%, and 84.7% of the residual energy for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, removing Cr (VI) from wastewater, and recovering copper from the solution, respectively. By taking advantage of the high internal resistance
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2213130120
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Article ; Online: Electrorefining and electrodeposition for metal separation and purification from polymetallic concentrates after waste printed circuit board smelting.

Xia, Qinyi / Song, Qingming / Xu, Zhenming

Waste management (New York, N.Y.)

2023 Volume 158, Page(s) 146–152

Abstract: Multi metal recycling from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is attractive for resource conservation and sustainability. While smelting is commonly adopted to produce polymetallic concentrates from WPCBs, current processes cost oxidation smelting and ... ...

Abstract	Multi metal recycling from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is attractive for resource conservation and sustainability. While smelting is commonly adopted to produce polymetallic concentrates from WPCBs, current processes cost oxidation smelting and fire refining followed by electrorefining to deport co-existing base metals and recover copper, which can cause substantial metal losses, long steps, and lack of effective methods for subsequent base metal recycling. Here, direct electrorefining of polymetallic concentrates (Cu-Ni-Fe-Pb-sn-Au-Ag) combined with electrodeposition was investigated to realize multi metal separation and purification. It was found that direct electrorefining of concentrates in H
MeSH term(s)	Copper ; Electroplating ; Electronic Waste/analysis ; Metals ; Recycling/methods
Chemical Substances	Copper (789U1901C5) ; Metals
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001471-5
ISSN	1879-2456 ; 0956-053X
ISSN (online)	1879-2456
ISSN	0956-053X
DOI	10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.014
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Article ; Online: The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives.

Zhang, Lingen / Zhang, Yu / Xu, Zhenming / Zhu, Ping

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 36, Page(s) 13270–13291

Abstract: With the rise of the new energy vehicle industry represented by Tesla and BYD, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) grows rapidly. However, owing to the limited service life of LIBs, the large-scale retirement tide of LIBs has come. The recycling of ...

Abstract	With the rise of the new energy vehicle industry represented by Tesla and BYD, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) grows rapidly. However, owing to the limited service life of LIBs, the large-scale retirement tide of LIBs has come. The recycling of spent LIBs has become an inevitable trend of resource recovery, environmental protection, and social demand. The low added value recovery of previous LIBs mostly used traditional metal extraction, which caused environmental damage and had high cost. Beyond metal extraction, the upcycling of spent LIBs came into being. In this work, we have outlined and particularly focus on sustainable upcycling technologies of toxic electrolyte, cathode, and anode from spent LIBs. For electrolyte, whether electrolyte extraction or decomposition, restoring the original electrolyte components or decomposing them into low-carbon energy conversion is the goal of electrolyte upcycling. Direct regeneration and preparation of advanced materials are the best strategies for cathodic upcycling with the advantages of cost and energy consumption, but challenges remain in industrial practice. The regeneration of advanced graphite-based materials and battery-grade graphite shows us the prospect of regeneration of anode. Furthermore, the challenges and future development of spent LIBs upcycling are summarized and discussed from technological and environmental perspectives.
MeSH term(s)	Lithium ; Graphite ; Electrolytes ; Ions ; Electrodes
Chemical Substances	Lithium (9FN79X2M3F) ; Graphite (7782-42-5) ; Electrolytes ; Ions
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c01369
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Recycling Hazardous and Valuable Electrolyte in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Urgency, Progress, Challenge, and Viable Approach.

Niu, Bo / Xu, Zhenming / Xiao, Jiefeng / Qin, Yufei

Chemical reviews

2023 Volume 123, Issue 13, Page(s) 8718–8735

Abstract: Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming a hot global issue due to the huge amount of scrap, hazardous, and valuable materials associated with end-of-life LIBs. The electrolyte, accounting for 10-15 wt % of spent LIBs, is the most ... ...

Abstract	Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming a hot global issue due to the huge amount of scrap, hazardous, and valuable materials associated with end-of-life LIBs. The electrolyte, accounting for 10-15 wt % of spent LIBs, is the most hazardous substance involved in recycling spent LIBs. Meanwhile, the valuable components, especially Li-based salts, make recycling economically beneficial. However, studies of electrolyte recycling still account for only a small fraction of the number of spent LIB recycling papers. On the other hand, many more studies about electrolyte recycling have been published in Chinese but are not well-known worldwide due to the limitations of language. To build a bridge between Chinese and Western academic achievements on electrolyte treatments, this Review first illustrates the urgency and importance of electrolyte recycling and analyzes the reason for its neglect. Then, we introduce the principles and processes of the electrolyte collection methods including mechanical processing, distillation and freezing, solvent extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide. We also discuss electrolyte separation and regeneration with an emphasis on methods for recovering lithium salts. We discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of recycling processes. Moreover, we propose five viable approaches for industrialized applications to efficiently recycle electrolytes that combine different processing steps, ranging from mechanical processing with heat distillation to mechanochemistry and in situ catalysis, and to discharging and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for electrolyte recycling. This Review will contribute to electrolyte recycling more efficiently, environmentally friendly, and economically.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	207949-5
ISSN	1520-6890 ; 0009-2665
ISSN (online)	1520-6890
ISSN	0009-2665
DOI	10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00174
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Article ; Online: Debromination with Bromine Recovery from Pyrolysis of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Offers Economic and Environmental Benefits.

Liu, Jiangshan / Zhan, Lu / Xu, Zhenming

Environmental science & technology

2023 Volume 57, Issue 9, Page(s) 3496–3504

Abstract: Bromine is an important resource that is widely used in medical, automotive, and electronic industries. Waste electronic products containing brominated flame retardants can cause serious secondary pollution, which is why catalytic cracking, adsorption, ... ...

Abstract	Bromine is an important resource that is widely used in medical, automotive, and electronic industries. Waste electronic products containing brominated flame retardants can cause serious secondary pollution, which is why catalytic cracking, adsorption, fixation, separation, and purification have gained significant attention. However, the bromine resources have not been effectively reutilized. The application of advanced pyrolysis technology could help solve this problem via converting bromine pollution into bromine resources. Coupled debromination and bromide reutilization during pyrolysis is an important field of research in the future. This prospective paper presents new insights in terms of the reorganization of different elements and adjustment of bromine phase transition. Furthermore, we proposed some research directions for efficient and environmentally friendly debromination and reutilization of bromine: 1) precise synergistic pyrolysis should be further explored for efficient debromination, such as using persistent free radicals in biomass, polymer hydrogen supply, and metal catalysis, 2) rematching of Br elements and nonmetal elements (C/H/O) will be a promising direction for synthesizing functionalized adsorption materials, 3) oriented control of the bromide migration path should be further studied to obtain different forms of bromine resources, and 4) advanced pyrolysis equipment should be well developed.
MeSH term(s)	Bromine ; Bromides ; Pyrolysis ; Prospective Studies ; Flame Retardants ; Electronic Waste/analysis
Chemical Substances	Bromine (SBV4XY874G) ; Bromides ; Flame Retardants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.2c06448
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