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Article: Reply to Matters Arising: Is congenital anosmia protective for Parkinson's disease triggered by pathogenic entrance through the nose?

Arshamian, Artin / Iravani, Behzad / Lundström, Johan N

2023 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 95

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2819218-7
ISSN	2373-8057
ISSN	2373-8057
DOI	10.1038/s41531-023-00539-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Metabolic state modulates neural processing of odors in the human olfactory bulb.

Iravani, Behzad / Frasnelli, Johannes / Arshamian, Artin / Lundström, Johan N

Biological psychology

2024 Volume 187, Page(s) 108770

Abstract: The olfactory and endocrine systems have recently been shown to reciprocally shape the homeostatic processes of energy intake. As demonstrated in animal models, the individual's metabolic state dynamically modulates how the olfactory bulb process odor ... ...

Abstract	The olfactory and endocrine systems have recently been shown to reciprocally shape the homeostatic processes of energy intake. As demonstrated in animal models, the individual's metabolic state dynamically modulates how the olfactory bulb process odor stimuli using a range of endocrine signals. Here we aimed to determine whether the neural processing of odors in human olfactory bulb is modulated by metabolic state. Participants were exposed to food-associated odors, in separate sessions being hungry and sated, while neural responses from the olfactory bulb was obtained using electrobulbogram. We found significantly higher gamma power activity (51-100 Hz) in the OB's response to odors during the Hunger compared to Sated condition. Specifically, EBG gamma power were elevated while hungry already at 100 ms after odor onset, thereby suggesting intra-bulbar modulation according to metabolic state. These results demonstrate that, akin to other animal models, hunger state affects OB activity in humans. Moreover, we show that the EBG method has the potential to measure internal metabolic states and, as such, could be used to study specificities in olfactory processing of individuals suffering from pathologies such as obesity or anorexia.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Odorants ; Smell/physiology ; Food ; Hunger
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185105-6
ISSN	1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
ISSN (online)	1873-6246
ISSN	0301-0511
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108770
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Article: Is congenital anosmia protective for Parkinson's disease triggered by pathogenic entrance through the nose?

Arshamian, Artin / Iravani, Behzad / Lundström, Johan N

NPJ Parkinson's disease

2022 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 152

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2819218-7
ISSN	2373-8057
ISSN	2373-8057
DOI	10.1038/s41531-022-00425-5
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Article ; Online: Parkinson's disease is characterized by sub-second resting-state spatio-oscillatory patterns: A contribution from deep convolutional neural network.

Shabanpour, Mehran / Kaboodvand, Neda / Iravani, Behzad

NeuroImage. Clinical

2022 Volume 36, Page(s) 103266

Abstract: Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) provides a multivariate framework to detect relevant spatio-oscillatory patterns in the data beyond common mass-univariate statistics. Yet, its practical application is limited due to the low interpretability of ... ...

Abstract	Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) provides a multivariate framework to detect relevant spatio-oscillatory patterns in the data beyond common mass-univariate statistics. Yet, its practical application is limited due to the low interpretability of the results beyond accuracy. We opted to use DCNN with a minimalistic architecture design and large penalized terms to yield a generalizable and clinically relevant network model. Our network was trained based on the scalp topology of the electroencephalography (EEG) from an open access dataset, constituting our primary sample of healthy controls (n = 25) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (n = 25), with and without medication. Next, we validated the model on another independent, yet comparable open access EEG dataset (healthy controls (n = 20) and PD patients (n = 20)), which was unseen to the network. We applied Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) interpretability technique to create a localization map exhibiting the key network predictors, based on the gradients of the classification score flowing into the last convolutional layer. Accordingly, our results indicated that a sub-second of intrinsic oscillatory power pattern in the beta band over the occipitoparietal, gamma band over the left motor cortex as well as theta band over the frontoparietal cluster, had the largest impact on the network score for dissociating the PD patients from age- and gender-matched healthy controls, across the two datasets. We further found that the off-medication motor symptoms were related to the occipitoparietal off-medication beta power whereas the disease duration was associated with the off-medication beta power of the motor cortex. The on-medication theta power of the frontoparietal was related to the improvement of the motor symptoms. In conclusion, our method enabled us to characterize PD patho-electrophysiology according to the multivariate topographic analysis approach, where both spatial and frequency aspects of the oscillations were simultaneously considered. Moreover, our approach was free from common reference problem of the EEG data analyses.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2701571-3
ISSN	2213-1582 ; 2213-1582
ISSN (online)	2213-1582
ISSN	2213-1582
DOI	10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103266
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Article ; Online: Loss of olfactory sensitivity is an early and reliable marker for COVID-19.

Iravani, Behzad / Arshamian, Artin / Lundström, Johan N

Chemical senses

2022 Volume 47

Abstract: Detection of early and reliable symptoms is important in relation to limiting the spread of an infectious disease. For COVID-19, the most specific symptom is either losing or experiencing reduced olfactory functions. Anecdotal evidence suggests that ... ...

Abstract	Detection of early and reliable symptoms is important in relation to limiting the spread of an infectious disease. For COVID-19, the most specific symptom is either losing or experiencing reduced olfactory functions. Anecdotal evidence suggests that olfactory dysfunction is also one of the earlier symptoms of COVID-19, but objective measures supporting this notion are currently missing. To determine whether olfactory loss is an early sign of COVID-19, we assessed available longitudinal data from a web-based interface enabling individuals to test their sense of smell by rating the intensity of selected household odors. Individuals continuously used the interface to assess their olfactory functions and at each login, in addition to odor ratings, recorded their symptoms and results from potential COVID-19 test. A total of 205 COVID-19-positive individuals and 156 pseudo-randomly matched control individuals lacking positive test provided longitudinal data which enabled us to assess olfactory functions in relation to their test result date. We found that odor intensity ratings started to decline in the COVID-19 group as early as 6 days prior to the test result date (±1.4 days). Symptoms, such as sore throat, aches, and runny nose appear around the same point in time; however, with a lower predictability of a COVID-19 diagnosis. Our results suggest that olfactory sensitivity loss is an early symptom but does not appear before other related COVID-19 symptoms. Olfactory loss is, however, more predictive of a COVID-19 diagnosis than other early symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Anosmia/diagnosis ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; Humans ; Odorants ; Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis ; Smell
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	754122-3
ISSN	1464-3553 ; 0379-864X
ISSN (online)	1464-3553
ISSN	0379-864X
DOI	10.1093/chemse/bjac022
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Article ; Online: Parkinson's disease is characterized by sub-second resting-state spatio-oscillatory patterns

Mehran Shabanpour / Neda Kaboodvand / Behzad Iravani

NeuroImage: Clinical, Vol 36, Iss , Pp 103266- (2022)

A contribution from deep convolutional neural network

2022

Abstract	Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) provides a multivariate framework to detect relevant spatio-oscillatory patterns in the data beyond common mass-univariate statistics. Yet, its practical application is limited due to the low interpretability of the results beyond accuracy. We opted to use DCNN with a minimalistic architecture design and large penalized terms to yield a generalizable and clinically relevant network model. Our network was trained based on the scalp topology of the electroencephalography (EEG) from an open access dataset, constituting our primary sample of healthy controls (n = 25) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients (n = 25), with and without medication. Next, we validated the model on another independent, yet comparable open access EEG dataset (healthy controls (n = 20) and PD patients (n = 20)), which was unseen to the network. We applied Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) interpretability technique to create a localization map exhibiting the key network predictors, based on the gradients of the classification score flowing into the last convolutional layer. Accordingly, our results indicated that a sub-second of intrinsic oscillatory power pattern in the beta band over the occipitoparietal, gamma band over the left motor cortex as well as theta band over the frontoparietal cluster, had the largest impact on the network score for dissociating the PD patients from age- and gender-matched healthy controls, across the two datasets. We further found that the off-medication motor symptoms were related to the occipitoparietal off-medication beta power whereas the disease duration was associated with the off-medication beta power of the motor cortex. The on-medication theta power of the frontoparietal was related to the improvement of the motor symptoms. In conclusion, our method enabled us to characterize PD patho-electrophysiology according to the multivariate topographic analysis approach, where both spatial and frequency aspects of the oscillations were simultaneously ...
Keywords	Convolutional neural network ; Resting-state oscillation ; Parkinson’s disease ; Motor cortical beta activity ; Frontoparietal theta power ; Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ; RC346-429
Subject code	006
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Intracranial Recordings of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during Self-Referential Episodic and Valenced Self-Judgments.

Iravani, Behzad / Kaboodvand, Neda / Stieger, James R / Liang, Eugene Y / Lusk, Zoe / Fransson, Peter / Deutsch, Gayle K / Gotlib, Ian H / Parvizi, Josef

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2024 Volume 44, Issue 11

Abstract: We recorded directly from the orbital (oPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) subregions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in 22 (9 female, 13 male) epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) monitoring during an experimental task in ...

Abstract	We recorded directly from the orbital (oPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) subregions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in 22 (9 female, 13 male) epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) monitoring during an experimental task in which the participants judged the accuracy of self-referential autobiographical statements as well as valenced self-judgments (SJs). We found significantly increased high-frequency activity (HFA) in ∼13% of oPFC sites (10/18 subjects) and 16% of vmPFC sites (4/12 subjects) during both of these self-referential thought processes, with the HFA power being modulated by the content of self-referential stimuli. The location of these activated sites corresponded with the location of fMRI-identified limbic network. Furthermore, the onset of HFA in the vmPFC was significantly earlier than that in the oPFC in all patients with simultaneous recordings in both regions. In 11 patients with available depression scores from comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, we documented diminished HFA in the OFC during positive SJ trials among individuals with higher depression scores; responses during negative SJ trials were not related to the patients' depression scores. Our findings provide new temporal and anatomical information about the mode of engagement in two important subregions of the OFC during autobiographical memory and SJ conditions. Our findings from the OFC support the hypothesis that diminished brain activity during positive self-evaluations, rather than heightened activity during negative self-evaluations, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of depression.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Judgment ; Prefrontal Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Epilepsy ; Memory, Episodic ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1634-23.2024
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Article: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Anbarnesa Smoke and Its Antiviral Activity.

Iravani, Siavash / Sajjadi, Seyed Ebrahim / Rafieian-Kopaei, Mahmoud / Zolfaghari, Behzad

Advanced biomedical research

2022 Volume 11, Page(s) 91

Abstract: Background: Anbarnesa is the female donkey dung typically collected after the labor and in early springtime.: Materials and methods: The chemical composition of the smoke collected from Anbarnesa was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( ...

Abstract	Background: Anbarnesa is the female donkey dung typically collected after the labor and in early springtime. Materials and methods: The chemical composition of the smoke collected from Anbarnesa was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and its antiviral activity was analyzed based on 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: As a result, twenty-two constituents representing 97.1% of the Anbarnesa smoke could be identified. Hexadecanoic acid (29.4%), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (17.7%), and octadecanoic acid (10.8%) were the smoke's main constituents, respectively. Antiviral activity was evaluated using MTT assay. The CC Conclusions: it was revealed that Anbarnesa was nontoxic in 1/64, 1/128, and 1/256 dilutions, while the toxicity was detected in 1/32 dilution after 72 h. In addition, in 1/8 and 1/16 dilutions, cell toxicity was identified in the first hour.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2672524-1
ISSN	2277-9175
ISSN	2277-9175
DOI	10.4103/abr.abr_92_21
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Article ; Online: Losing the sense of smell does not disrupt processing of odor words.

Speed, Laura J / Iravani, Behzad / Lundström, Johan N / Majid, Asifa

Brain and language

2022 Volume 235, Page(s) 105200

Abstract: Whether language is grounded in action and perception has been a key question in cognitive science, yet little attention has been given to the sense of smell. We directly test whether smell is necessary for comprehension of odor language, by comparing ... ...

Abstract	Whether language is grounded in action and perception has been a key question in cognitive science, yet little attention has been given to the sense of smell. We directly test whether smell is necessary for comprehension of odor language, by comparing language processing in a group of participants with no sense of smell (anosmics) to a group of control participants. We found no evidence for a difference in online comprehension of odor and taste language between anosmics and controls using a lexical decision task and a semantic similarity judgment task, suggesting olfaction is not critical to the comprehension of odor language. Contrary to predictions, anosmics were better at remembering odor words, and rated odor and taste words as more positively valenced than control participants. This study finds no detriment to odor language after losing the sense of smell, supporting the proposal that odor language is not grounded in odor perception.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Smell ; Odorants ; Semantics ; Language ; Attention
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	7448-2
ISSN	1090-2155 ; 0093-934X
ISSN (online)	1090-2155
ISSN	0093-934X
DOI	10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105200
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Article ; Online: Macroscopic resting state model predicts theta burst stimulation response: A randomized trial.

Kaboodvand, Neda / Iravani, Behzad / van den Heuvel, Martijn P / Persson, Jonas / Boden, Robert

PLoS computational biology

2023 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) e1010958

Abstract: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising alternative therapy for treatment-resistant depression, although its limited remission rate indicates room for improvement. As depression is a phenomenological construction, the ... ...

Abstract	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising alternative therapy for treatment-resistant depression, although its limited remission rate indicates room for improvement. As depression is a phenomenological construction, the biological heterogeneity within this syndrome needs to be considered to improve the existing therapies. Whole-brain modeling provides an integrative multi-modal framework for capturing disease heterogeneity in a holistic manner. Computational modelling combined with probabilistic nonparametric fitting was applied to the resting-state fMRI data from 42 patients (21 women), to parametrize baseline brain dynamics in depression. All patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, namely active (i.e., rTMS, n = 22) or sham (n = 20). The active treatment group received rTMS treatment with an accelerated intermittent theta burst protocol over the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. The sham treatment group underwent the identical procedure but with the magnetically shielded side of the coil. We stratified the depression sample into distinct covert subtypes based on their baseline attractor dynamics captured by different model parameters. Notably, the two detected depression subtypes exhibited different phenotypic behaviors at baseline. Our stratification could predict the diverse response to the active treatment that could not be explained by the sham treatment. Critically, we further found that one group exhibited more distinct improvement in certain affective and negative symptoms. The subgroup of patients with higher responsiveness to treatment exhibited blunted frequency dynamics for intrinsic activity at baseline, as indexed by lower global metastability and synchrony. Our findings suggested that whole-brain modeling of intrinsic dynamics may constitute a determinant for stratifying patients into treatment groups and bringing us closer towards precision medicine.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Double-Blind Method
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010958
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