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Article ; Online: Misinformation warning labels are widely effective: A review of warning effects and their moderating features.

Martel, Cameron / Rand, David G

2023 Volume 54, Page(s) 101710

Abstract: There is growing concern over the spread of misinformation online. One widely adopted intervention by platforms for addressing falsehoods is applying "warning labels" to posts deemed inaccurate by fact-checkers. Despite a rich literature on correcting ... ...

Abstract	There is growing concern over the spread of misinformation online. One widely adopted intervention by platforms for addressing falsehoods is applying "warning labels" to posts deemed inaccurate by fact-checkers. Despite a rich literature on correcting misinformation after exposure, much less work has examined the effectiveness of warning labels presented concurrent with exposure. Promisingly, existing research suggests that warning labels effectively reduce belief and spread of misinformation. The size of these beneficial effects depends on how the labels are implemented and the characteristics of the content being labeled. Despite some individual differences, recent evidence indicates that warning labels are generally effective across party lines and other demographic characteristics. We discuss potential implications and limitations of labeling policies for addressing online misinformation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Communication ; Product Labeling ; Policy
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2831565-0
ISSN	2352-2518 ; 2352-250X ; 2352-250X
ISSN (online)	2352-2518 ; 2352-250X
ISSN	2352-250X
DOI	10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101710
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Crowds Can Effectively Identify Misinformation at Scale.

Martel, Cameron / Allen, Jennifer / Pennycook, Gordon / Rand, David G

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

2023 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 477–488

Abstract: Identifying successful approaches for reducing the belief and spread of online misinformation is of great importance. Social media companies currently rely largely on professional fact-checking as their primary mechanism for identifying falsehoods. ... ...

Abstract	Identifying successful approaches for reducing the belief and spread of online misinformation is of great importance. Social media companies currently rely largely on professional fact-checking as their primary mechanism for identifying falsehoods. However, professional fact-checking has notable limitations regarding coverage and speed. In this article, we summarize research suggesting that the "wisdom of crowds" can be harnessed successfully to help identify misinformation at scale. Despite potential concerns about the abilities of laypeople to assess information quality, recent evidence demonstrates that aggregating judgments of groups of laypeople, or crowds, can effectively identify low-quality news sources and inaccurate news posts: Crowd ratings are strongly correlated with fact-checker ratings across a variety of studies using different designs, stimulus sets, and subject pools. We connect these experimental findings with recent attempts to deploy crowdsourced fact-checking in the field, and we close with recommendations and future directions for translating crowdsourced ratings into effective interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Crowdsourcing ; Communication ; Social Media ; Judgment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2224911-4
ISSN	1745-6924 ; 1745-6916
ISSN (online)	1745-6924
ISSN	1745-6916
DOI	10.1177/17456916231190388
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Article ; Online: On the Efficacy of Accuracy Prompts Across Partisan Lines: An Adversarial Collaboration.

Martel, Cameron / Rathje, Steve / Clark, Cory J / Pennycook, Gordon / Van Bavel, Jay J / Rand, David G / van der Linden, Sander

Psychological science

2024 Volume 35, Issue 4, Page(s) 435–450

Abstract: The spread of misinformation is a pressing societal challenge. Prior work shows that shifting attention to accuracy increases the quality of people's news-sharing decisions. However, researchers disagree on whether accuracy-prompt interventions work for ... ...

Abstract	The spread of misinformation is a pressing societal challenge. Prior work shows that shifting attention to accuracy increases the quality of people's news-sharing decisions. However, researchers disagree on whether accuracy-prompt interventions work for U.S. Republicans/conservatives and whether partisanship moderates the effect. In this preregistered adversarial collaboration, we tested this question using a multiverse meta-analysis (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Politics
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/09567976241232905
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Article ; Online: Deviancy Aversion and Social Norms.

Gollwitzer, Anton / Martel, Cameron / Heinecke, Anna / Bargh, John A

Personality & social psychology bulletin

2022 Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 516–532

Abstract: We propose that deviancy aversion-people's domain-general discomfort toward the distortion of patterns (repeated forms or models)-contributes to the strength and prevalence of social norms in society. Five studies ( ...

Abstract	We propose that deviancy aversion-people's domain-general discomfort toward the distortion of patterns (repeated forms or models)-contributes to the strength and prevalence of social norms in society. Five studies (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Social Norms ; Social Behavior ; Judgment
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2047603-6
ISSN	1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
ISSN (online)	1552-7433
ISSN	0146-1672
DOI	10.1177/01461672221131378
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Article ; Online: Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news.

Martel, Cameron / Pennycook, Gordon / Rand, David G

Cognitive research: principles and implications

2020 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 47

Abstract: What is the role of emotion in susceptibility to believing fake news? Prior work on the psychology of misinformation has focused primarily on the extent to which reason and deliberation hinder versus help the formation of accurate beliefs. Several ... ...

Abstract	What is the role of emotion in susceptibility to believing fake news? Prior work on the psychology of misinformation has focused primarily on the extent to which reason and deliberation hinder versus help the formation of accurate beliefs. Several studies have suggested that people who engage in more reasoning are less likely to fall for fake news. However, the role of reliance on emotion in belief in fake news remains unclear. To shed light on this issue, we explored the relationship between experiencing specific emotions and believing fake news (Study 1; N = 409). We found that across a wide range of specific emotions, heightened emotionality at the outset of the study was predictive of greater belief in fake (but not real) news posts. Then, in Study 2, we measured and manipulated reliance on emotion versus reason across four experiments (total N = 3884). We found both correlational and causal evidence that reliance on emotion increases belief in fake news: self-reported use of emotion was positively associated with belief in fake (but not real) news, and inducing reliance on emotion resulted in greater belief in fake (but not real) news stories compared to a control or to inducing reliance on reason. These results shed light on the unique role that emotional processing may play in susceptibility to fake news.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Communication ; Deception ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Psychological Theory ; Social Media ; Thinking/physiology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	2365-7464
ISSN (online)	2365-7464
DOI	10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3
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Article ; Online: Shared partisanship dramatically increases social tie formation in a Twitter field experiment.

Mosleh, Mohsen / Martel, Cameron / Eckles, Dean / Rand, David G

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2021 Volume 118, Issue 7

Abstract: Americans are much more likely to be socially connected to copartisans, both in daily life and on social media. However, this observation does not necessarily mean that shared partisanship per se drives social tie formation, because partisanship is ... ...

Abstract	Americans are much more likely to be socially connected to copartisans, both in daily life and on social media. However, this observation does not necessarily mean that shared partisanship per se drives social tie formation, because partisanship is confounded with many other factors. Here, we test the causal effect of shared partisanship on the formation of social ties in a field experiment on Twitter. We created bot accounts that self-identified as people who favored the Democratic or Republican party and that varied in the strength of that identification. We then randomly assigned 842 Twitter users to be followed by one of our accounts. Users were roughly three times more likely to reciprocally follow-back bots whose partisanship matched their own, and this was true regardless of the bot's strength of identification. Interestingly, there was no partisan asymmetry in this preferential follow-back behavior: Democrats and Republicans alike were much more likely to reciprocate follows from copartisans. These results demonstrate a strong causal effect of shared partisanship on the formation of social ties in an ecologically valid field setting and have important implications for political psychology, social media, and the politically polarized state of the American public.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cooperative Behavior ; Dissent and Disputes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Politics ; Social Identification ; Social Media/statistics & numerical data ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2022761118
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Article ; Online: Reply to Taylor et al.: Acknowledging the multidimensionality of autism when predicting social psychological skill.

Gollwitzer, Anton / Martel, Cameron / McPartland, James C / Bargh, John A

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2019 Volume 116, Issue 51, Page(s) 25380–25381

MeSH term(s)	Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Social Skills
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1918513116
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Article ; Online: Increasing the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research: a qualitative interview study in the United States.

HIV research & clinical practice

2024 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 2246717

Abstract: Background: Cisgender women represent over half of people living with HIV globally. However, current research efforts toward a cure for HIV focus predominantly on cisgender men. The under-representation of women in HIV cure clinical studies is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Cisgender women represent over half of people living with HIV globally. However, current research efforts toward a cure for HIV focus predominantly on cisgender men. The under-representation of women in HIV cure clinical studies is particularly problematic given data suggesting that sex-dependent phenotypes limit scientific discovery. Objective: We aimed to generate considerations to increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research. Materials and methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with biomedical researchers and community members to better understand factors that could increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure clinical trials. Participants were affiliated with academia, industry, community advisory boards, and community-based organizations, and were identified using listings from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group and the Martin Delaney Collaboratories. We used conventional content analysis to analyze the qualitative data. Results: We recruited 27 participants, of whom 11 were biomedical researchers and 16 were community members. Participants included 25 cisgender women, 1 transgender woman, and 1 cisgender man. Key considerations emerged, including the need to ensure that HIV cure studies reflect HIV epidemiologic trends and having accurate representation by sex and gender in HIV cure research. To increase the meaningful involvement of women, recommendations included instituting intentional enrollment goals, frequent and mandatory reporting on enrollment, and incentives for sites to enroll women. Additional themes included the need for agency and self-determination, attention to lived experiences, trauma and healing, and adequate support for women (e.g. logistical, psychosocial, mental, emotional, and physical). Participants noted that women would be willing to participate in HIV cure trials, related procedures (e.g. biopsies), and analytical treatment interruptions. They also expressed a desired for women-centered and holistic clinical trial designs that account for intersectionality. Conclusions: Our empirical inquiry extends recent calls to action to increase diversity of people involved in HIV cure research. Redressing the under-inclusion of women in HIV cure research is an urgent imperative. The entire field must mobilize and reform to achieve this goal. Meaningfully involving women across the gender spectrum in HIV cure research is needed to ensure that interventions are safe, effective, scalable, and acceptable for all people with HIV.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; United States/epidemiology ; Qualitative Research ; Empirical Research ; Academies and Institutes ; Biopsy ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	2578-7470
ISSN (online)	2578-7470
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Article ; Online: EyeSAM: graph-based localization and mapping of retinal vasculature during intraocular microsurgery.

Mukherjee, Shohin / Kaess, Michael / Martel, Joseph N / Riviere, Cameron N

International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery

2019 Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) 819–828

Abstract: Purpose: Robot-assisted intraocular microsurgery can improve performance by aiding the surgeon in operating on delicate micron-scale anatomical structures of the eye. In order to account for the eyeball motion that is typical in intraocular surgery, ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Robot-assisted intraocular microsurgery can improve performance by aiding the surgeon in operating on delicate micron-scale anatomical structures of the eye. In order to account for the eyeball motion that is typical in intraocular surgery, there is a need for fast and accurate algorithms that map the retinal vasculature and localize the retina with respect to the microscope. Methods: This work extends our previous work by a graph-based SLAM formulation using a sparse incremental smoothing and mapping (iSAM) algorithm. Results: The resulting technique, "EyeSAM," performs SLAM for intraoperative vitreoretinal surgical use while avoiding spurious duplication of structures as with the previous simpler technique. The technique also yields reduction in average pixel error in the camera motion estimation. Conclusions: This work provides techniques to improve intraoperative tracking of retinal vasculature by handling loop closures and achieving increased robustness to quick shaky motions and drift due to uncertainties in the motion estimation.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Microsurgery/instrumentation ; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures/instrumentation ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Retina/surgery ; Retinal Diseases/diagnosis ; Retinal Diseases/surgery ; Retinal Vessels/diagnostic imaging ; Retinal Vessels/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-21
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2365628-1
ISSN	1861-6429 ; 1861-6410
ISSN (online)	1861-6429
ISSN	1861-6410
DOI	10.1007/s11548-019-01925-1
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Article ; Online: Autism spectrum traits predict higher social psychological skill.

Gollwitzer, Anton / Martel, Cameron / McPartland, James C / Bargh, John A

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2019 Volume 116, Issue 39, Page(s) 19245–19247

Abstract: Social-cognitive skills can take different forms, from accurately predicting individuals' intentions, emotions, and thoughts (person perception or folk psychology) to accurately predicting social phenomena more generally. Past research has linked autism ... ...

Abstract	Social-cognitive skills can take different forms, from accurately predicting individuals' intentions, emotions, and thoughts (person perception or folk psychology) to accurately predicting social phenomena more generally. Past research has linked autism spectrum (AS) traits to person perception deficits in the general population. We tested whether AS traits also predict poor accuracy in terms of predicting generalized social phenomena, assessed via participants' accuracy at predicting social psychological phenomena (e.g., social loafing, social projection, group think). We found the opposite. In a sample of ∼6,500 participants in 104 countries, AS traits predicted slightly higher social psychological skill. A second study with 400 participants suggested that heightened systemizing underlies this relationship. Our results indicate that AS traits relate positively to a form of social cognitive skill-predicting social psychological phenomena-and highlight the importance of distinguishing between divergent types of social cognition.
MeSH term(s)	Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology ; Cognition/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Perception/physiology ; Phenotype ; Psychometrics ; Social Skills ; Systems Analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1911460116
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