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Article ; Online: Removal of SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosols using ultraviolet air filtration.

Barnewall, Roy E / Bischoff, Werner E

Infection control and hospital epidemiology

2021 Volume 42, Issue 8, Page(s) 1014–1015

Abstract: Engineering controls play an important role in reducing the spread of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1 Established technologies such as air filtration, and novel approaches such as ultraviolet (UV)-C light or plasma air ... ...

Abstract	Engineering controls play an important role in reducing the spread of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1 Established technologies such as air filtration, and novel approaches such as ultraviolet (UV)-C light or plasma air ionization, have the potential to support the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.2 We tested the efficacy of an air purification system (APS) combining UV-C light and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration in a controlled environment using SARS-CoV-2 as test organism. The APS successfully removed the virus from the air using UV-C light by itself and in combination with HEPA air filtration.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viruses
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639378-0
ISSN	1559-6834 ; 0195-9417 ; 0899-823X
ISSN (online)	1559-6834
ISSN	0195-9417 ; 0899-823X
DOI	10.1017/ice.2021.103
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Article: Physiological Responses to Multiple Low-Doses of

Taft, Sarah C / Nichols, Tonya L / Hines, Stephanie A / Barnewall, Roy E / Stark, Gregory V / Comer, Jason E

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 9, Issue 11

Abstract: ... Bacillus ... ...

Abstract	Bacillus anthracis
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9110877
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Physiological Responses to a Single Low-Dose of

Taft, Sarah C / Nichols, Tonya L / Hines, Stephanie A / Barnewall, Roy E / Stark, Gregory V / Comer, Jason E

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

2020 Volume 9, Issue 6

Abstract: Credible dose-response relationships are needed to more accurately assess the risk posed by exposure to low- ... ...

Abstract	Credible dose-response relationships are needed to more accurately assess the risk posed by exposure to low-level
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9060461
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Article ; Online: Physiological Responses to Multiple Low-Doses of Bacillus anthracis Spores in the Rabbit Model of Inhalation Anthrax

Sarah C. Taft / Tonya L. Nichols / Stephanie A. Hines / Roy E. Barnewall / Gregory V. Stark / Jason E. Comer

Pathogens, Vol 9, Iss 877, p

2020 Volume 877

Abstract: Bacillus anthracis spores that are re-aerosolized from surface deposits after initial contamination present significant health risks for personnel involved in decontamination. To model repeated exposure to low dose B. anthracis spores, three groups of ... ...

Abstract	Bacillus anthracis spores that are re-aerosolized from surface deposits after initial contamination present significant health risks for personnel involved in decontamination. To model repeated exposure to low dose B. anthracis spores, three groups of seven rabbits were challenged with multiple low-doses of B. anthracis spores 5 days a week for 3 weeks. Mortality, body temperature, heart and respiration rates, hematology, C-reactive protein, bacteremia, and serum protective antigen were monitored for 21 days post-exposure after the last of multiple doses. All rabbits exposed to a mean daily dose of 2.91 × 10 2 colony forming units (CFU) survived and showed minimal physiological changes attributable to exposure. One of seven rabbits receiving a mean daily dose of 1.22 × 10 3 CFU died and four of seven receiving a mean daily dose of 1.17 × 10 4 CFU died. The LD 50 was calculated to be 8.1 × 10 3 CFU of accumulated dose. Rabbits that succumbed to the higher dose exhibited bacteremia and increases above baseline in heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature. Two rabbits in the mean daily dose group of 1.17 × 10 4 CFU exhibited clinical signs of inhalation anthrax yet survived. This study provides a description of lethality, pathophysiology, and pathology in a controlled multiple low-dose inhalation exposure study of B. anthracis in the rabbit model. The data suggest that the accumulated dose is important in survival outcome and that a subset of rabbits may show clinical signs of disease but fully recover without therapeutic intervention
Keywords	Bacillus anthracis ; anthrax ; low-dose ; multiple dose ; dose-response ; physiological response ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Physiological Responses to a Single Low-Dose of Bacillus anthracis Spores in the Rabbit Model of Inhalational Anthrax

Sarah C. Taft / Tonya L. Nichols / Stephanie A. Hines / Roy E. Barnewall / Gregory V. Stark / Jason E. Comer

Pathogens, Vol 9, Iss 461, p

2020 Volume 461

Abstract: Credible dose–response relationships are needed to more accurately assess the risk posed by exposure to low-level Bacillus anthracis contamination during or following a release. To begin to fill this knowledge gap, New Zealand White rabbits were ... ...

Abstract	Credible dose–response relationships are needed to more accurately assess the risk posed by exposure to low-level Bacillus anthracis contamination during or following a release. To begin to fill this knowledge gap, New Zealand White rabbits were implanted with D70-PCT telemetry transmitters and subsequently aerosol challenged with average inhaled doses of 2.86 x 10 2 to 2.75 x 10 5 colony forming units (CFU) of B. anthracis spores. Rabbits exposed to a single inhaled dose at or above 2.54 × 10 4 CFU succumbed with dose-dependent time to death. Death was associated with increases above baseline in heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature and all rabbits that died exhibited bacteremia at some point prior to death. Rabbits that inhaled doses of 2.06 × 10 3 CFU or lower survived to the end of the study and showed no or minimal adverse changes in the measured physiological responses in response to the challenge. Moreover, no bacteremia nor toxemia were observed in rabbits that survived to the end of the study. Overall, the data indicate that challenge doses of B. anthracis below the level sufficient to establish systemic infection do not produce observable physiological responses; however, doses that triggered a response resulted in death.
Keywords	Bacillus anthracis ; anthrax ; low-dose ; dose–response ; physiological response ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Physiological Responses to a Single Low-Dose of Bacillus anthracis Spores in the Rabbit Model of Inhalational Anthrax

Taft, Sarah C / Nichols, Tonya L / Hines, Stephanie A / Barnewall, Roy E / Stark, Gregory V / Comer, Jason E

Pathogens. 2020 June 11, v. 9, no. 6

2020

Abstract	Credible dose–response relationships are needed to more accurately assess the risk posed by exposure to low-level Bacillus anthracis contamination during or following a release. To begin to fill this knowledge gap, New Zealand White rabbits were implanted with D70-PCT telemetry transmitters and subsequently aerosol challenged with average inhaled doses of 2.86 × 10² to 2.75 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) of B. anthracis spores. Rabbits exposed to a single inhaled dose at or above 2.54 × 10⁴ CFU succumbed with dose-dependent time to death. Death was associated with increases above baseline in heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature and all rabbits that died exhibited bacteremia at some point prior to death. Rabbits that inhaled doses of 2.06 × 10³ CFU or lower survived to the end of the study and showed no or minimal adverse changes in the measured physiological responses in response to the challenge. Moreover, no bacteremia nor toxemia were observed in rabbits that survived to the end of the study. Overall, the data indicate that challenge doses of B. anthracis below the level sufficient to establish systemic infection do not produce observable physiological responses; however, doses that triggered a response resulted in death.
Keywords	Bacillus anthracis ; aerosols ; anthrax ; bacteremia ; body temperature ; cell respiration ; death ; dosage ; dose response ; heart rate ; knowledge ; models ; pathogens ; rabbits ; spores ; telemetry ; toxemia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0611
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9060461
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Physiological Responses to Multiple Low-Doses of Bacillus anthracis Spores in the Rabbit Model of Inhalation Anthrax

Taft, Sarah C / Nichols, Tonya L / Hines, Stephanie A / Barnewall, Roy E / Stark, Gregory V / Comer, Jason E

Pathogens. 2020 Oct. 24, v. 9, no. 11

2020

Abstract	Bacillus anthracis spores that are re-aerosolized from surface deposits after initial contamination present significant health risks for personnel involved in decontamination. To model repeated exposure to low dose B. anthracis spores, three groups of seven rabbits were challenged with multiple low-doses of B. anthracis spores 5 days a week for 3 weeks. Mortality, body temperature, heart and respiration rates, hematology, C-reactive protein, bacteremia, and serum protective antigen were monitored for 21 days post-exposure after the last of multiple doses. All rabbits exposed to a mean daily dose of 2.91 × 10² colony forming units (CFU) survived and showed minimal physiological changes attributable to exposure. One of seven rabbits receiving a mean daily dose of 1.22 × 10³ CFU died and four of seven receiving a mean daily dose of 1.17 × 10⁴ CFU died. The LD₅₀ was calculated to be 8.1 × 10³ CFU of accumulated dose. Rabbits that succumbed to the higher dose exhibited bacteremia and increases above baseline in heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature. Two rabbits in the mean daily dose group of 1.17 × 10⁴ CFU exhibited clinical signs of inhalation anthrax yet survived. This study provides a description of lethality, pathophysiology, and pathology in a controlled multiple low-dose inhalation exposure study of B. anthracis in the rabbit model. The data suggest that the accumulated dose is important in survival outcome and that a subset of rabbits may show clinical signs of disease but fully recover without therapeutic intervention
Keywords	Bacillus anthracis ; C-reactive protein ; anthrax ; antigens ; bacteremia ; blood serum ; body temperature ; breathing ; cell respiration ; death ; decontamination ; dosage ; heart ; heart rate ; hematology ; human resources ; inhalation exposure ; models ; mortality ; pathogens ; pathophysiology ; physiological response ; rabbits ; risk ; signs and symptoms (animals and humans) ; spores
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-1024
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens9110877
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Development of a guinea pig inhalational anthrax model for evaluation of post-exposure prophylaxis efficacy of anthrax vaccines.

Perry, Mark R / Ionin, Boris / Barnewall, Roy E / Vassar, Michelle L / Reece, Joshua J / Park, Sukjoon / Lemiale, Laurence / Skiadopoulos, Mario H / Shearer, Jeffry D / Savransky, Vladimir

Vaccine

2020 Volume 38, Issue 10, Page(s) 2307–2314

Abstract: A next-generation anthrax vaccine candidate, AV7909, is being developed for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of inhalational anthrax in combination with the recommended course of antimicrobial therapy. Clinical efficacy studies of anthrax countermeasures ... ...

Abstract	A next-generation anthrax vaccine candidate, AV7909, is being developed for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of inhalational anthrax in combination with the recommended course of antimicrobial therapy. Clinical efficacy studies of anthrax countermeasures in humans are not ethical or feasible, therefore, licensure of AV7909 for PEP is being pursued under the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule, which requires that evidence of effectiveness be demonstrated in an animal model of anthrax, where results of studies in such a model can establish reasonable likelihood of AV7909 to produce clinical benefit in humans. Initial development of a PEP model for inhalational anthrax included evaluation of post-exposure ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics (PK), tolerability and survival in guinea pigs treated with various ciprofloxacin dosing regimens. Three times per day (TID) intraperitoneal (IP) dosing with 7.5 mg/kg of ciprofloxacin initiated 1 day following inhalational anthrax challenge and continued for 14 days was identified as a well tolerated partially curative ciprofloxacin treatment regimen. The added benefit of AV7909 vaccination was evaluated in guinea pigs given the partially curative ciprofloxacin treatment regimen. Groups of ciprofloxacin-treated guinea pigs were vaccinated. 1 and 8 days post-challenge with serial dilutions of AV7909, a 1:16 dilution of AVA, or normal saline. A group of untreated guinea pigs was included as a positive control to confirm lethal B. anthracis exposure. Post-exposure vaccination with the AV7909 anthrax vaccine candidate administered in combination with the partially curative ciprofloxacin treatment significantly increased survival of guinea pigs compared to ciprofloxacin treatment alone. These results suggest that the developed model can be useful in demonstrating added value of the vaccine for PEP.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anthrax/prevention & control ; Anthrax Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacokinetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Guinea Pigs ; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
Chemical Substances	Anthrax Vaccines ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Ciprofloxacin (5E8K9I0O4U)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.068
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Zs.MO 458: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Biochemical and aerosol characterization of ricin for use in non-clinical efficacy studies.

Barnewall, Roy E / Riffle, Carol G / Jones, Randy L / Guistino, David J / Chou, Richard M / Anderson, Mike S / Vassar, Michelle L / Howland, Carrie A

Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology

2017

Abstract: Ricin toxin may be used as a biological warfare agent and no medical countermeasures are currently available. Here, a well-characterized lot of ricin was aerosolized to determine the delivered dose for future pre-clinical efficacy studies. Mouse ... ...

Abstract	Ricin toxin may be used as a biological warfare agent and no medical countermeasures are currently available. Here, a well-characterized lot of ricin was aerosolized to determine the delivered dose for future pre-clinical efficacy studies. Mouse intraperitoneal (IP) median lethal dose (LD
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1410020-4
ISSN	1099-0461 ; 1095-6670
ISSN (online)	1099-0461
ISSN	1095-6670
DOI	10.1002/jbt.21980
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Article ; Online: Chikungunya virus infection in Cynomolgus macaques following Intradermal and aerosol exposure.

Cirimotich, Chris M / Vela, Eric M / Garver, Jennifer / Barnewall, Roy E / Miller, Brian D / Meister, Gabriel T / Rogers, James V

Virology journal

2017 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 135

Abstract: Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted via mosquito bite and potentially by aerosol, causing chikungunya fever and arthritic disease in humans. There are currently no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics to protect against CHIKV ... ...

Abstract	Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted via mosquito bite and potentially by aerosol, causing chikungunya fever and arthritic disease in humans. There are currently no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics to protect against CHIKV infection in humans. Animal models recapitulating human disease, especially for transmission by aerosol, are needed for licensure of such medical countermeasures. Methods: Cynomolgus macaques (CMs) were challenged by intradermal (ID) inoculation or exposure to an aerosol containing CHIKV Ross strain at different target infectious doses (10 Results: ID infection of CMs led to overt clinical disease, detectable viremia, and increased blood markers of liver damage. Animals challenged by aerosol exhibited viremia and increased liver damage biomarkers with minimal observed clinical disease. All animals survived CHIKV challenge. Conclusions: We have described CHIKV infection in CMs following ID inoculation and, for the first time, infection by aerosol. Based on limited reported cases in the published literature, the aerosol model recapitulates the virologic findings of human infection via this route. The results of this study provide additional evidence for the potential use of CMs as a model for evaluating medical countermeasures against CHIKV.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-017-0804-7
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