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Article ; Online: Test Anxiety Among US Medical Students: A Review of the Current Literature.

Williamson, Clark / Wright, Sarah T / Beck Dallaghan, Gary L

Medical science educator

2024 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 491–499

Abstract: Purpose: Medical students experience anxiety at higher rates than the general public and many are uniquely affected by additional test anxiety throughout their medical education. Although test anxiety has been studied for decades, little evidence has ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Medical students experience anxiety at higher rates than the general public and many are uniquely affected by additional test anxiety throughout their medical education. Although test anxiety has been studied for decades, little evidence has been published suggesting interventions improve examination performance in medical education. Therefore, we set out to review the current literature to elucidate efforts so far and establish trends in research. Methods: Databases searched included PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, ERIC, SCOPUS, and CINAHL. English language articles published between 2010 and 2021 were loaded into a reference manager to screen out duplicate articles. During the full-text screen and data extraction phase, reference lists were also inspected to identify additional articles for inclusion in the study. Results: Of 883 studies identified, 860 were excluded resulting in 22 studies for extraction and analysis. First-year ( Conclusion: This review identifies a variety of measurement tools and interventions attempting to mitigate test anxiety. As far as improving examination performance, none of the interventions reported was successful. Further research addressing test anxiety that results in improved medical student academic performance should be conducted and also use established assessment tools.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2156-8650
ISSN (online)	2156-8650
DOI	10.1007/s40670-024-01999-w
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Article: Petrosal Anatomy of the Paleocene Eutherian Mammal

Shelley, Sarah L / Bertrand, Ornella C / Brusatte, Stephen L / Williamson, Thomas E

Journal of mammalian evolution

2021 Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 1161–1180

Abstract: We describe the tympanic anatomy of the petrosal of : Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10914-021-09568-3. ...

Abstract	We describe the tympanic anatomy of the petrosal of Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10914-021-09568-3.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016986-3
ISSN	1573-7055 ; 1064-7554
ISSN (online)	1573-7055
ISSN	1064-7554
DOI	10.1007/s10914-021-09568-3
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Article ; Online: Advancing Patient-Centered Care: An International Survey of Adolescent Perspectives on Insomnia.

Honaker, Sarah M / Simon, Stacey L / Byars, Kelly C / Simmons, Danielle M / Williamson, Ariel A / Meltzer, Lisa J

Behavioral sleep medicine

2024 , Page(s) 1–22

Abstract: Objective: The study objective was to inform patient-centered care for adolescent insomnia by describing adolescents' perspectives on insomnia. Specific constructs of interest included: 1) factors that contributed to insomnia development or maintenance, ...

Abstract	Objective: The study objective was to inform patient-centered care for adolescent insomnia by describing adolescents' perspectives on insomnia. Specific constructs of interest included: 1) factors that contributed to insomnia development or maintenance, 2) impact of insomnia on day-to-day life, 3) recommended research priorities, and 4) overall experience living with insomnia. Method: A convenience sample of adolescents (ages 13-18 years) self-identifying with insomnia symptoms was recruited through social media. Respondents ( Results: Participants identified as 70.8% White non-Hispanic, 77.0% female, and lived in one of five English-speaking countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, or New Zealand). Most (87.5%) met DSM-V diagnostic criteria for insomnia. The most common contributory factors to insomnia endorsed were stress (72.1%) and depressed mood (63.6%), while common impact areas were mood (72.2%), focus (61.0%), and pain (49.7%). Patient-centered research priorities were identifying insomnia causes (66.4%) and early detection (66.1%). Common adolescent experiences included high distress levels, feelings of invalidation, and helplessness about their insomnia. Conclusions: Adolescents with insomnia offer a unique perspective that should inform patient-centered research and care. There is a need for heightened screening and awareness about insomnia as a condition that causes significant distress and impairment for adolescents. To provide validating care, providers should recognize the multifaceted causes of insomnia.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2099743-7
ISSN	1540-2010 ; 1540-2002
ISSN (online)	1540-2010
ISSN	1540-2002
DOI	10.1080/15402002.2024.2322519
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Article ; Online: Quantitative assessment of tarsal morphology illuminates locomotor behaviour in Palaeocene mammals following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.

Shelley, Sarah L / Brusatte, Stephen L / Williamson, Thomas E

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2021 Volume 288, Issue 1950, Page(s) 20210393

Abstract: Mammals exhibit vast ecological diversity, including a panoply of locomotor behaviours. The foundations of this diversity were established in the Mesozoic, but it was only after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction that mammals began to increase in body ... ...

Abstract	Mammals exhibit vast ecological diversity, including a panoply of locomotor behaviours. The foundations of this diversity were established in the Mesozoic, but it was only after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction that mammals began to increase in body size, diversify into many new species and establish the extant orders. Little is known about the palaeobiology of the mammals that diversified immediately after the extinction during the Palaeocene, which are often perceived as 'archaic' precursors to extant orders. Here, we investigate the locomotor ecology of Palaeocene mammals using multivariate and disparity analyses. We show that tarsal measurements can be used to infer locomotor mode in extant mammals, and then demonstrate that Palaeocene mammals occupy distinctive regions of tarsal morphospace relative to Cretaceous and extant therian mammals, that is distinguished by their morphological robustness. We find that many Palaeocene species exhibit tarsal morphologies most comparable with morphologies of extant ground-dwelling mammals. Disparity analyses indicate that Palaeocene mammals attained similar morphospace diversity to the extant sample. Our results show that mammals underwent a post-extinction adaptive radiation in tarsal morphology relating to locomotor behaviour by combining a basic eutherian bauplan with anatomical specializations to attain considerable ecomorphological diversity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Mammals ; Phylogeny
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2021.0393
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Article ; Online: Patient participation impacts outcome domain selection in core outcome sets for research: an updated systematic review.

Dodd, Susanna / Gorst, Sarah L / Young, Amber / Lucas, Samuel W / Williamson, Paula R

Journal of clinical epidemiology

2023 Volume 158, Page(s) 127–133

Abstract: Objectives: The importance of including patients, carers, and the public in health research is well recognized, including the need to consider outcomes in health care research that reflect the priorities of patients. Core outcome sets (COS) define the ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The importance of including patients, carers, and the public in health research is well recognized, including the need to consider outcomes in health care research that reflect the priorities of patients. Core outcome sets (COS) define the minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in research of a given condition, determined through consensus among key stakeholders. The Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative undertakes an annual systematic review (SR) to identify newly published COS to update its online database of COS for research. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of patient participation on COS. Study design and setting: SR methods used in previous updates were applied to identify research studies published or indexed in 2020 and 2021 (conducted as separate reviews) that report development of a COS, regardless of any specifications relating to condition, population, intervention, or setting. Studies were assessed according to published standards for COS development, and core outcomes extracted from study publications were categorized according to an outcome taxonomy and added to an existing database of core outcome classifications of all previously published COS. The effect of patient participation on core domains was examined. Results: Searches identified 56 new studies published in 2020 and 54 in 2021. All studies met all four minimum standards for scope, and 42 (75%) of the 2020 studies and 45 (83%) of the 2021 studies met all three standards for stakeholders involved. However, only 19 (34%) of the 2020 studies and 18 (33%) of the 2021 studies met all four standards for the consensus process. COS that involved patients or their representatives are more likely to include life impact outcomes (239, 86%) than COS without patient participation (193, 62%). Physiological/clinical outcomes are almost always specified at a granular level, whereas life impact outcomes are often described at a higher level. Conclusion: This study adds to the body of evidence demonstrating the importance and impact of including patients, carers, and the public in COS development, in particular by demonstrating that the impact of interventions on patients' lives is more likely to be represented in COS that involve patients or their representatives. COS developers are encouraged to pay increased attention to methods and reporting relating to the consensus process. Further work is required to understand the appropriateness and rationale for the discrepancy in granularity levels between outcome domains.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Comparative Effectiveness Research/methods ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care/methods ; Patient Participation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639306-8
ISSN	1878-5921 ; 0895-4356
ISSN (online)	1878-5921
ISSN	0895-4356
DOI	10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.03.022
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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic differences in parental financial support, coresidence, and advice: A portrait of undergraduate students in the Canadian Prairies.

Mazurik, Kathrina / Williamson, Linzi / Knudson, Sarah

Canadian review of sociology = Revue canadienne de sociologie

2023 Volume 60, Issue 3, Page(s) 479–501

Abstract: In this paper, we examine the intersections of parental support and family socioeconomic background within an undergraduate sample (N = 596) in a mid-sized Canadian Prairie city. Coresidence, financial support, and parental and professional financial ... ...

Abstract	In this paper, we examine the intersections of parental support and family socioeconomic background within an undergraduate sample (N = 596) in a mid-sized Canadian Prairie city. Coresidence, financial support, and parental and professional financial advice are examined as types of 'family capital' that may be distributed unequally across socioeconomic groups. In keeping with previous literature, findings showed that students whose parents had university education and higher incomes received more robust coverage of their housing and school expenses. Students whose parents were university-educated were also more likely to be living with a parent, though no relationship was found between parental income and coresidence. Contrasting with previous literature, few relationships were found between socioeconomic background and receipt or influence of financial advice. These results contribute to the literature by generalising claims about family capital to a Canadian student sample, where relatively few studies have empirically examined intergenerational transfers as mechanisms for transmitting privilege during the transition to adulthood. With increasing demands for higher education and simultaneous declines in government subsidisation of its costs, disparate access to family capital is likely to intensify the reproduction of social inequality across generations.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Grassland ; Canada ; Parents ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Students ; Financial Support
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2441049-4
ISSN	1755-618X ; 1755-6171
ISSN (online)	1755-618X
ISSN	1755-6171
DOI	10.1111/cars.12436
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Article ; Online: The virtual brain endocast of Trogosus (Mammalia, Tillodontia) and its relevance in understanding the extinction of archaic placental mammals.

Bertrand, Ornella C / Jiménez Lao, Marina / Shelley, Sarah L / Wible, John R / Williamson, Thomas E / Meng, Jin / Brusatte, Stephen L

Journal of anatomy

2023 Volume 244, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–21

Abstract: After successfully diversifying during the Paleocene, the descendants of the first wave of mammals that survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction waned throughout the Eocene. Competition with modern crown clades and intense climate fluctuations may ... ...

Abstract	After successfully diversifying during the Paleocene, the descendants of the first wave of mammals that survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction waned throughout the Eocene. Competition with modern crown clades and intense climate fluctuations may have been part of the factors leading to the extinction of these archaic groups. Why these taxa went extinct has rarely been studied from the perspective of the nervous system. Here, we describe the first virtual endocasts for the archaic order Tillodontia. Three species from the middle Eocene of North America were analyzed: Trogosus hillsii, Trogosus grangeri, and Trogosus castoridens. We made morphological comparisons with the plaster endocast of another tillodont, Tillodon fodiens, as well as groups potentially related to Tillodontia: Pantodonta, Arctocyonidae, and Cimolesta. Trogosus shows very little inter-specific variation with the only potential difference being related to the fusion of the optic canal and sphenorbital fissure. Many ancestral features are displayed by Trogosus, including an exposed midbrain, small neocortex, orbitotemporal canal ventral to rhinal fissure, and a broad circular fissure. Potential characteristics that could unite Tillodontia with Pantodonta, and Arctocyonidae are the posterior position of cranial nerve V
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Eutheria ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; Placenta ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Mammals/anatomy & histology ; Artiodactyla/anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; Extinction, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2955-5
ISSN	1469-7580 ; 0021-8782
ISSN (online)	1469-7580
ISSN	0021-8782
DOI	10.1111/joa.13951
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Article ; Online: Non-specific effects of BCG vaccination on neutrophil and lymphocyte counts of healthy neonates from a developed country.

Williamson, Sarah L / Gadd, Eleanor / Pillay, Thillagavathie / Toldi, Gergely

Vaccine

2021 Volume 39, Issue 14, Page(s) 1887–1891

Abstract: BCG vaccination is known to reduce neonatal mortality from infections in a pathogen-agnostic manner. In this observational study we report on whether an emergency granulopoietic response is elicited in term babies from a developed country following BCG ... ...

Abstract	BCG vaccination is known to reduce neonatal mortality from infections in a pathogen-agnostic manner. In this observational study we report on whether an emergency granulopoietic response is elicited in term babies from a developed country following BCG vaccination. We studied a cohort of neonates re-admitted to the hospital from home for feeding support separated into 2 groups dependent on whether they had received BCG vaccination. Clinical data including gender, weight, gestational age, method of feeding and full blood count results were retrieved retrospectively. While lymphocyte counts increase following BCG vaccination irrespective of gender and in proportion with the time elapsed after vaccination, the increase in neutrophil counts, is only observed in boys. This increase appears to be temporary. Our results confirm the presence of emergency granulopoiesis following BCG vaccination in a neonatal cohort from a developed country. However, this effect appears to be gender-specific and is present only in boys.
MeSH term(s)	BCG Vaccine ; Developed Countries ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Neutrophils ; Retrospective Studies ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	BCG Vaccine
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.064
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Article ; Online: Infarction of Paratesticular Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Mimicking Testicular Torsion.

Fachko, Trevor D / Hoang, James H / Robey, Catherine L / Werner, Alice / Williamson, Sarah H / Fox, Janelle A

Urology

2023 Volume 182, Page(s) e249–e252

Abstract: This report describes a 14-year-old male with a rare paratesticular inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that presented atypically with acute unilateral scrotal pain and swelling. This presentation, which raised suspicion for testicular torsion, contrasts ... ...

Abstract	This report describes a 14-year-old male with a rare paratesticular inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that presented atypically with acute unilateral scrotal pain and swelling. This presentation, which raised suspicion for testicular torsion, contrasts with the typical presentation of a slow-growing scrotal mass. Scrotal exploration revealed an infarcted right testis, demonstrating this locally aggressive tumor can undergo vascular invasion and occlude testicular blood supply. Thus, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with acute scrotal pain suspicious for testicular infarction.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Male ; Genital Diseases, Male/pathology ; Infarction/diagnosis ; Infarction/pathology ; Pain ; Scrotum/pathology ; Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnosis ; Spermatic Cord Torsion/pathology ; Testis/pathology ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	192062-5
ISSN	1527-9995 ; 0090-4295
ISSN (online)	1527-9995
ISSN	0090-4295
DOI	10.1016/j.urology.2023.08.029
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Article ; Online: More than half of systematic reviews have relevant core outcome sets.

Saldanha, Ian J / Dodd, Susanna / Gorst, Sarah L / Williamson, Paula R

Journal of clinical epidemiology

2021 Volume 136, Page(s) 168–179

Abstract: Objectives: Using recent systematic reviews (SRs), our objectives were to: (1) develop a framework to assess whether a given COS is relevant to the scope of a SR; (2) examine the proportion of SRs for which relevant COS exist; and (3) for SRs for which ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Using recent systematic reviews (SRs), our objectives were to: (1) develop a framework to assess whether a given COS is relevant to the scope of a SR; (2) examine the proportion of SRs for which relevant COS exist; and (3) for SRs for which COS exist, examine the extent to which outcomes in the COS and outcomes in the SR match. Study design and setting: We included a sample of SRs published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program between January 1, 2018 and October 12, 2020. We searched for potentially relevant COS from the Core Outcome Measures for Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database. We assessed the matching between outcomes recommended by COS and those included in corresponding SRs. When outcomes were matched, we considered matches to be specific (i.e., exact) or general (i.e., non-specific). Results: Sixty-seven SRs met criteria. We found relevant COS for 36 of 67 SRs (54%). Our framework for comparing the scope of a SR and a COS describes 16 scenarios arising when the breadth of the populations and the interventions are considered. The framework guides systematic reviewers to determine whether a COS is very likely to be relevant, may be relevant, or unlikely to be relevant. Sixty-two percent of outcomes in COS (interquartile range, 40% - 80%) were either specific or general matches to outcomes in SRs. Conclusion: We found a COS with relevant scope for more than half of the SRs in our sample, with almost two-thirds of the recommended core outcomes matched to outcomes chosen for the SRs. Consideration of COS appears relevant for SR planning and our framework for assessing relevance of a given COS may help with this process.
MeSH term(s)	Data Management/statistics & numerical data ; Epidemiologic Research Design ; Humans ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Publications/statistics & numerical data ; Systematic Reviews as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	639306-8
ISSN	1878-5921 ; 0895-4356
ISSN (online)	1878-5921
ISSN	0895-4356
DOI	10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.04.019
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