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  1. Book: Philosophical Perspectives on Brain Data

    Rainey, Stephen

    2023  

    Author's details Stephen Rainey is a Philosopher at Technische Universiteit, Delft, Netherlands. His recent work has focused on ethical and epistemic issues concerning brain computer interfaces, including how these impact upon identity, rationality, and control over actions
    Keywords Brain signals ; Neuroscience ; artificial intelligence ; Mind ; Psychiatry ; Public Health ; The self ; Brain data ; Artificial Intelligence ; Public health
    Language English
    Size 164 p.
    Edition 1
    Publisher Springer International Publishing
    Document type Book
    Note PDA Manuell_20
    Format 153 x 216 x 14
    ISBN 9783031271694 ; 3031271696
    Database PDA

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  2. Article ; Online: Rights and Wrongs in Talk of Mind-Reading Technology.

    Rainey, Stephen

    Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees

    2024  , Page(s) 1–11

    Abstract: This article examines the idea of mind-reading technology by focusing on an interesting case of applying a large language model (LLM) to brain data. On the face of it, experimental results appear to show that it is possible to reconstruct mental contents ...

    Abstract This article examines the idea of mind-reading technology by focusing on an interesting case of applying a large language model (LLM) to brain data. On the face of it, experimental results appear to show that it is possible to reconstruct mental contents directly from brain data by processing via a chatGPT-like LLM. However, the author argues that this apparent conclusion is not warranted. Through examining how LLMs work, it is shown that they are importantly different from natural language. The former operates on the basis of nonrational data transformations based on a large textual corpus. The latter has a rational dimension, being based on reasons. Using this as a basis, it is argued that brain data does not directly reveal mental content, but can be processed to ground predictions indirectly about mental content. The author concludes that this is impressive but different in principle from technology-mediated mind reading. The applications of LLM-based brain data processing are nevertheless promising for speech rehabilitation or novel communication methods.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1146581-5
    ISSN 1469-2147 ; 0963-1801
    ISSN (online) 1469-2147
    ISSN 0963-1801
    DOI 10.1017/S0963180124000045
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  3. Article ; Online: An Anticipatory Approach to Ethico-Legal Implications of Future Neurotechnology.

    Rainey, Stephen

    Science and engineering ethics

    2024  Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 18

    Abstract: This paper provides a justificatory rationale for recommending the inclusion of imagined future use cases in neurotechnology development processes, specifically for legal and policy ends. Including detailed imaginative engagement with future applications ...

    Abstract This paper provides a justificatory rationale for recommending the inclusion of imagined future use cases in neurotechnology development processes, specifically for legal and policy ends. Including detailed imaginative engagement with future applications of neurotechnology can serve to connect ethical, legal, and policy issues potentially arising from the translation of brain stimulation research to the public consumer domain. Futurist scholars have for some time recommended approaches that merge creative arts with scientific development in order to theorise possible futures toward which current trends in technology development might be steered. Taking a creative, imaginative approach like this in the neurotechnology context can help move development processes beyond considerations of device functioning, safety, and compliance with existing regulation, and into an active engagement with potential future dynamics brought about by the emergence of the neurotechnology itself. Imagined scenarios can engage with potential consumer uses of devices that might come to challenge legal or policy contexts. An anticipatory, creative approach can imagine what such uses might consist in, and what they might imply. Justifying this approach also prompts a co-responsibility perspective for policymaking in technology contexts. Overall, this furnishes a mode of neurotechnology's emergence that can avoid crises of confidence in terms of ethico-legal issues, and promote policy responses balanced between knowledge, values, protected innovation potential, and regulatory safeguards.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Imagination ; Policy Making ; Creativity ; Neurosciences/legislation & jurisprudence ; Neurosciences/ethics ; Technology/legislation & jurisprudence ; Technology/ethics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2136491-6
    ISSN 1471-5546 ; 1353-3452
    ISSN (online) 1471-5546
    ISSN 1353-3452
    DOI 10.1007/s11948-024-00482-4
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  4. Article: A gap between reasons for skilled use of BCI speech devices and reasons for utterances, with implications for speech ownership.

    Rainey, Stephen

    Frontiers in human neuroscience

    2023  Volume 17, Page(s) 1248806

    Abstract: The skilled use of a speech BCI device will draw upon practical experience gained through the use of that very device. The reasons a user may have for using a device in a particular way, reflecting that skill gained via familiarity with the device, may ... ...

    Abstract The skilled use of a speech BCI device will draw upon practical experience gained through the use of that very device. The reasons a user may have for using a device in a particular way, reflecting that skill gained via familiarity with the device, may differ significantly from the reasons that a speaker might have for their utterances. The potential divergence between reasons constituting skilled use and BCI-mediated speech output may serve to make clear an instrumental relationship between speaker and BCI speech device. This will affect the way in which the device and the speech it produces for the user can be thought of as being "reasons responsive", hence the way in which the user can be said to be in control of their device. Ultimately, this divergence will come down to how ownership of produced speech can be considered. The upshot will be that skillful use of a synthetic speech device might include practices that diverge from standard speech in significant ways. This might further indicate that synthetic speech devices ought to be considered as different from, not continuous with, standard speech.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2425477-0
    ISSN 1662-5161
    ISSN 1662-5161
    DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1248806
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  5. Article ; Online: Speaker Responsibility for Synthetic Speech Derived from Neural Activity.

    Rainey, Stephen

    The Journal of medicine and philosophy

    2022  Volume 47, Issue 4, Page(s) 503–515

    Abstract: This article provides analysis of the mechanisms and outputs involved in language-use mediated by a neuroprosthetic device. It is motivated by the thought that users of speech neuroprostheses require sufficient control over what their devices externalize ...

    Abstract This article provides analysis of the mechanisms and outputs involved in language-use mediated by a neuroprosthetic device. It is motivated by the thought that users of speech neuroprostheses require sufficient control over what their devices externalize as synthetic speech if they are to be thought of as responsible for it, but that the nature of this control, and so the status of their responsibility, is not clear.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Speech ; Language
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 197282-0
    ISSN 1744-5019 ; 0360-5310
    ISSN (online) 1744-5019
    ISSN 0360-5310
    DOI 10.1093/jmp/jhac011
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  6. Article ; Online: Brain-State Transitions, Responsibility, and Personal Identity.

    Rainey, Stephen / Dague, Karmele Olaciregui / Crisp, Roger

    Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees

    2022  Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 453–463

    Abstract: This article examines the emerging possibility of "brain-state transitioning," in which one brain state is prompted through manipulating the dynamics of the active brain. The technique, still in its infancy, is intended to provide the basis for novel ... ...

    Abstract This article examines the emerging possibility of "brain-state transitioning," in which one brain state is prompted through manipulating the dynamics of the active brain. The technique, still in its infancy, is intended to provide the basis for novel treatments for brain-based disorders. Although a detailed literature exists covering topics around brain-machine interfaces, where targets of brain-based activity include artificial limbs, hardware, and software, there is less concentration on the brain itself as a target for instrumental intervention. This article examines some of the science behind brain-state transitioning, before extending beyond current possibilities in order to explore philosophical and ethical questions about how transitions could be seen to impact on assessment of responsibility and personal identity. It concludes with some thoughts on how best to pursue this nascent approach while accounting for the philosophical and ethical issues.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Self Concept ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Morals ; Brain
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1146581-5
    ISSN 1469-2147 ; 0963-1801
    ISSN (online) 1469-2147
    ISSN 0963-1801
    DOI 10.1017/S096318012100092X
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  7. Article: Control and Ownership of Neuroprosthetic Speech.

    Maslen, Hannah / Rainey, Stephen

    Philosophy & technology

    2020  Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 425–445

    Abstract: Implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are being developed to restore speech capacity for those who are unable to speak. Patients with locked-in syndrome or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis could be able to use covert speech - vividly imagining saying ...

    Abstract Implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are being developed to restore speech capacity for those who are unable to speak. Patients with locked-in syndrome or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis could be able to use covert speech - vividly imagining saying something without actual vocalisation - to trigger neural controlled systems capable of synthesising speech. User control has been identified as particularly pressing for this type of BCI. The incorporation of machine learning and statistical language models into the decoding process introduces a contribution to (or 'shaping of') the output that is beyond the user's control. Whilst this type of 'shared control' of BCI action is not unique to speech BCIs, the automated shaping of what a user 'says' has a particularly acute ethical dimension, which may differ from parallel concerns surrounding automation in movement BCIs. This paper provides an analysis of the control afforded to the user of a speech BCI of the sort under development, as well as the relationships between
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-22
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2573482-9
    ISSN 2210-5441 ; 2210-5433
    ISSN (online) 2210-5441
    ISSN 2210-5433
    DOI 10.1007/s13347-019-00389-0
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  8. Article ; Online: Correcting the Brain? The Convergence of Neuroscience, Neurotechnology, Psychiatry, and Artificial Intelligence.

    Rainey, Stephen / Erden, Yasemin J

    Science and engineering ethics

    2020  Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 2439–2454

    Abstract: The incorporation of neural-based technologies into psychiatry offers novel means to use neural data in patient assessment and clinical diagnosis. However, an over-optimistic technologisation of neuroscientifically-informed psychiatry risks the ... ...

    Abstract The incorporation of neural-based technologies into psychiatry offers novel means to use neural data in patient assessment and clinical diagnosis. However, an over-optimistic technologisation of neuroscientifically-informed psychiatry risks the conflation of technological and psychological norms. Neurotechnologies promise fast, efficient, broad psychiatric insights not readily available through conventional observation of patients. Recording and processing brain signals provides information from 'beneath the skull' that can be interpreted as an account of neural processing and that can provide a basis to evaluate general behaviour and functioning. But it ought not to be forgotten that the use of such technologies is part of a human practice of neuroscience informed psychiatry. This paper notes some challenges in the integration of neural technologies into psychiatry and suggests vigilance particularly in respect to normative challenges. In this way, psychiatry can avoid a drift toward reductive technological approaches, while nonetheless benefitting from promising advances in neuroscience and technology.
    MeSH term(s) Artificial Intelligence ; Brain ; Humans ; Neurosciences ; Psychiatry ; Technology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2136491-6
    ISSN 1471-5546 ; 1353-3452
    ISSN (online) 1471-5546
    ISSN 1353-3452
    DOI 10.1007/s11948-020-00240-2
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  9. Article ; Online: Return to Status Quo Ante: The Need for Robust and Reversible Pandemic Emergency Measures.

    Rainey, Stephen / Giubilini, Alberto

    Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees

    2020  Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 222–233

    Abstract: This paper presents a normative analysis of restrictive measures in response to a pandemic emergency. It applies to the context presented by the Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global outbreak of 2019, as well as to future pandemics. First, a ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents a normative analysis of restrictive measures in response to a pandemic emergency. It applies to the context presented by the Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global outbreak of 2019, as well as to future pandemics. First, a Millian-liberal argument justifies lockdown measures in order to protect liberty under pandemic conditions, consistent with commonly accepted principles of public health ethics. Second, a wider argument contextualizes specific issues that attend acting on the justified lockdown for western liberal democratic states, as modeled on discourse and accounted for by Jürgen Habermas. The authors argue that a range of norms are constructed in societies that, justifiably, need to be curtailed for the pandemic. The state has to take on the unusual role of sole guardian of norms under emergency pandemic conditions. Consistently with both the Millian-liberal justification and elements of Habermasian discourse ethics, they argue that that role can only be justified where it includes strategy for how to return political decisionmaking to the status quo ante. This is because emergency conditions are only justified as a means to protecting prepandemic norms. To this end, the authors propose that an emergency power committee is necessary to guarantee that state action during pandemic is aimed at re-establishing the conditions of legitimacy of government action that ecological factors (a virus) have temporarily curtailed.
    MeSH term(s) Bioethical Issues/legislation & jurisprudence ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Ethical Theory ; Humans ; Pandemics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Quarantine/ethics ; Quarantine/legislation & jurisprudence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1146581-5
    ISSN 1469-2147 ; 0963-1801
    ISSN (online) 1469-2147
    ISSN 0963-1801
    DOI 10.1017/S096318012000078X
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  10. Article: "A Steadying Hand": Ascribing Speech Acts to Users of Predictive Speech Assistive Technologies.

    Maslen, Hannah / Rainey, Stephen

    Journal of law and medicine

    2018  Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 44–53

    Abstract: Neuroprosthetic speech technologies are in development for patients suffering profound paralysis, such as can result from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These patients would be unable to speak without intervention, but with neurotechnology can be offered ...

    Abstract Neuroprosthetic speech technologies are in development for patients suffering profound paralysis, such as can result from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These patients would be unable to speak without intervention, but with neurotechnology can be offered the chance to communicate. The nature of the technology introduces a neuroprosthesis that mediates neural activity to generate synthesised speech. How word prediction coheres with speaker intentions requires scrutiny. Some future forms of prostheses, using statistical language models to predict word patterns, could be thought of as participating with communicative intent - not merely channelling it. Concepts relating to vicarious liability, may serve to clarify these issues. This column shows how technology might interact with speaker intent in cases of delegated action, and how it should be seen as participating in the implementation of user "instructions".
    MeSH term(s) Communication ; Communication Aids for Disabled ; Humans ; Language ; Speech
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-09
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1236328-5
    ISSN 1320-159X
    ISSN 1320-159X
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