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  1. Article ; Online: Metacognitive Information Theory.

    Dayan, Peter

    Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science

    2023  Volume 7, Page(s) 392–411

    Abstract: The capacity that subjects have to rate confidence in their choices is a form of metacognition, and can be assessed according to bias, sensitivity and efficiency. Rich networks of domain-specific and domain-general regions of the brain are involved in ... ...

    Abstract The capacity that subjects have to rate confidence in their choices is a form of metacognition, and can be assessed according to bias, sensitivity and efficiency. Rich networks of domain-specific and domain-general regions of the brain are involved in the rating, and are associated with its quality and its use for regulating the processes of thinking and acting. Sensitivity and efficiency are often measured by quantities called meta-
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2470-2986
    ISSN (online) 2470-2986
    DOI 10.1162/opmi_a_00091
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: "Liking" as an early and editable draft of long-run affective value.

    Dayan, Peter

    PLoS biology

    2022  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) e3001476

    Abstract: Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of "liking" and "wanting" pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we "want" something that we do not "like," or "like" something but be unwilling to exert ... ...

    Abstract Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of "liking" and "wanting" pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we "want" something that we do not "like," or "like" something but be unwilling to exert effort to acquire it? Here, we suggest a framework for answering these questions through the medium of reinforcement learning. We consider "liking" to provide immediate, but preliminary and ultimately cancellable, information about the true, long-run worth of a good. Such initial estimates, viewed through the lens of what is known as potential-based shaping, help solve the temporally complex learning problems faced by animals.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Food Preferences/physiology ; Food Preferences/psychology ; Models, Theoretical ; Motivation ; Reward
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001476
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  3. Article ; Online: When will's wont wants wanting.

    Dayan, Peter

    The Behavioral and brain sciences

    2021  Volume 44, Page(s) e35

    Abstract: We use neural reinforcement learning concepts including Pavlovian versus instrumental control, liking versus wanting, model-based versus model-free control, online versus offline learning and planning, and internal versus external actions and control to ... ...

    Abstract We use neural reinforcement learning concepts including Pavlovian versus instrumental control, liking versus wanting, model-based versus model-free control, online versus offline learning and planning, and internal versus external actions and control to reflect on putative conflicts between short-term temptations and long-term goals.
    MeSH term(s) Emotions ; Humans ; Motivation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 423721-3
    ISSN 1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
    ISSN (online) 1469-1825
    ISSN 0140-525X
    DOI 10.1017/S0140525X20001508
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    Zs.A 1470: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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  4. Article ; Online: "Liking" as an early and editable draft of long-run affective value.

    Peter Dayan

    PLoS Biology, Vol 20, Iss 1, p e

    2022  Volume 3001476

    Abstract: Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of "liking" and "wanting" pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we "want" something that we do not "like," or "like" something but be unwilling to exert ... ...

    Abstract Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of "liking" and "wanting" pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we "want" something that we do not "like," or "like" something but be unwilling to exert effort to acquire it? Here, we suggest a framework for answering these questions through the medium of reinforcement learning. We consider "liking" to provide immediate, but preliminary and ultimately cancellable, information about the true, long-run worth of a good. Such initial estimates, viewed through the lens of what is known as potential-based shaping, help solve the temporally complex learning problems faced by animals.
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: “Liking” as an early and editable draft of long-run affective value

    Peter Dayan

    PLoS Biology, Vol 20, Iss

    2022  Volume 1

    Abstract: Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of “liking” and “wanting” pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we “want” something that we do not “like,” or “like” something but be unwilling to exert ... ...

    Abstract Psychological and neural distinctions between the technical concepts of “liking” and “wanting” pose important problems for motivated choice for goods. Why could we “want” something that we do not “like,” or “like” something but be unwilling to exert effort to acquire it? Here, we suggest a framework for answering these questions through the medium of reinforcement learning. We consider “liking” to provide immediate, but preliminary and ultimately cancellable, information about the true, long-run worth of a good. Such initial estimates, viewed through the lens of what is known as potential-based shaping, help solve the temporally complex learning problems faced by animals. What is the distinction between ’liking’ and ’wanting’? Why could we ’want’ something that we do not ’like,’ or ’like’ something but be unwilling to exert effort to acquire it? This Essay argues that the primary hedonic phenomenon called ’liking’ might solve the temporal credit assignment problem for learning that arises when true reinforcement values are available slowly or late.
    Keywords Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Representation, abstraction, and simple-minded sophisticates.

    Dayan, Peter

    The Behavioral and brain sciences

    2020  Volume 43, Page(s) e126

    Abstract: Bayesian decision theory provides a simple formal elucidation of some of the ways that representation and representational abstraction are involved with, and exploit, both prediction and its rather distant cousin, predictive coding. Both model-free and ... ...

    Abstract Bayesian decision theory provides a simple formal elucidation of some of the ways that representation and representational abstraction are involved with, and exploit, both prediction and its rather distant cousin, predictive coding. Both model-free and model-based methods are involved.
    MeSH term(s) Bayes Theorem ; Concept Formation ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 423721-3
    ISSN 1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
    ISSN (online) 1469-1825
    ISSN 0140-525X
    DOI 10.1017/S0140525X19002942
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Zs.A 1470: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
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    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  7. Article ; Online: Reframing dopamine: A controlled controller at the limbic-motor interface.

    Lloyd, Kevin / Dayan, Peter

    PLoS computational biology

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 10, Page(s) e1011569

    Abstract: Pavlovian influences notoriously interfere with operant behaviour. Evidence suggests this interference sometimes coincides with the release of the neuromodulator dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Suppressing such interference is one of the targets of ... ...

    Abstract Pavlovian influences notoriously interfere with operant behaviour. Evidence suggests this interference sometimes coincides with the release of the neuromodulator dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Suppressing such interference is one of the targets of cognitive control. Here, using the examples of active avoidance and omission behaviour, we examine the possibility that direct manipulation of the dopamine signal is an instrument of control itself. In particular, when instrumental and Pavlovian influences come into conflict, dopamine levels might be affected by the controlled deployment of a reframing mechanism that recasts the prospect of possible punishment as an opportunity to approach safety, and the prospect of future reward in terms of a possible loss of that reward. We operationalize this reframing mechanism and fit the resulting model to rodent behaviour from two paradigmatic experiments in which accumbens dopamine release was also measured. We show that in addition to matching animals' behaviour, the model predicts dopamine transients that capture some key features of observed dopamine release at the time of discriminative cues, supporting the idea that modulation of this neuromodulator is amongst the repertoire of cognitive control strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Conditioning, Operant ; Dopamine ; Reward ; Cues ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nucleus Accumbens
    Chemical Substances Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Neurotransmitter Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011569
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Bayesian reinforcement learning: A basic overview.

    Kang, Pyungwon / Tobler, Philippe N / Dayan, Peter

    Neurobiology of learning and memory

    2024  Volume 211, Page(s) 107924

    Abstract: We and other animals learn because there is some aspect of the world about which we are uncertain. This uncertainty arises from initial ignorance, and from changes in the world that we do not perfectly know; the uncertainty often becomes evident when our ...

    Abstract We and other animals learn because there is some aspect of the world about which we are uncertain. This uncertainty arises from initial ignorance, and from changes in the world that we do not perfectly know; the uncertainty often becomes evident when our predictions about the world are found to be erroneous. The Rescorla-Wagner learning rule, which specifies one way that prediction errors can occasion learning, has been hugely influential as a characterization of Pavlovian conditioning and, through its equivalence to the delta rule in engineering, in a much wider class of learning problems. Here, we review the embedding of the Rescorla-Wagner rule in a Bayesian context that is precise about the link between uncertainty and learning, and thereby discuss extensions to such suggestions as the Kalman filter, structure learning, and beyond, that collectively encompass a wider range of uncertainties and accommodate a wider assortment of phenomena in conditioning.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1223366-3
    ISSN 1095-9564 ; 1074-7427
    ISSN (online) 1095-9564
    ISSN 1074-7427
    DOI 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107924
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    Zs.B 2339: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article ; Online: Wagers for work: Decomposing the costs of cognitive effort.

    Master, Sarah L / Curtis, Clayton E / Dayan, Peter

    PLoS computational biology

    2024  Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) e1012060

    Abstract: Some aspects of cognition are more taxing than others. Accordingly, many people will avoid cognitively demanding tasks in favor of simpler alternatives. Which components of these tasks are costly, and how much, remains unknown. Here, we use a novel task ... ...

    Abstract Some aspects of cognition are more taxing than others. Accordingly, many people will avoid cognitively demanding tasks in favor of simpler alternatives. Which components of these tasks are costly, and how much, remains unknown. Here, we use a novel task design in which subjects request wages for completing cognitive tasks and a computational modeling procedure that decomposes their wages into the costs driving them. Using working memory as a test case, our approach revealed that gating new information into memory and protecting against interference are costly. Critically, other factors, like memory load, appeared less costly. Other key factors which may drive effort costs, such as error avoidance, had minimal influence on wage requests. Our approach is sensitive to individual differences, and could be used in psychiatric populations to understand the true underlying nature of apparent cognitive deficits.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2193340-6
    ISSN 1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
    ISSN (online) 1553-7358
    ISSN 1553-734X
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012060
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Multistability, perceptual value, and internal foraging.

    Safavi, Shervin / Dayan, Peter

    Neuron

    2022  Volume 110, Issue 19, Page(s) 3076–3090

    Abstract: Substantial experimental, theoretical, and computational insights into sensory processing have been derived from the phenomena of perceptual multistability-when two or more percepts alternate or switch in response to a single sensory input. Here, we ... ...

    Abstract Substantial experimental, theoretical, and computational insights into sensory processing have been derived from the phenomena of perceptual multistability-when two or more percepts alternate or switch in response to a single sensory input. Here, we review a range of findings suggesting that alternations can be seen as internal choices by the brain responding to values. We discuss how elements of external, experimenter-controlled values and internal, uncertainty- and aesthetics-dependent values influence multistability. We then consider the implications for the involvement in switching of regions, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, which are more conventionally tied to value-dependent operations such as cognitive control and foraging.
    MeSH term(s) Brain/physiology ; Uncertainty ; Vision, Binocular/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.024
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