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  1. Article: Matching provides efficient decisions.

    Kubanek, Jan

    Research square

    2024  

    Abstract: How humans and animals distribute their behavior across choice options has been of key interest to economics, psychology, ecology, and related fields. Neoclassical and behavioral economics have provided prescriptions for how decision-makers can maximize ... ...

    Abstract How humans and animals distribute their behavior across choice options has been of key interest to economics, psychology, ecology, and related fields. Neoclassical and behavioral economics have provided prescriptions for how decision-makers can maximize their reward or utility, but these formalisms are used by decision-makers rarely. Instead, individuals allocate their behavior in proportion to the worth of their options, a phenomenon captured by the generalized matching law. Why biological decision-makers adopt this strategy has been unclear. To provide insight into this issue, this article evaluates the performance of matching across a broad spectrum of decision situations, using simulations. Matching is found to attain a high or near-optimal gain, and the strategy achieves this level of performance following a single evaluation of the decision options. Thus, matching provides highly efficient decisions across a wide range of choice environments. This result offers a quantitative explanation for the broad adoption of matching by biological decision-makers.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3949086/v1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Matching provides efficient decisions.

    Kubanek, Jan

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2024  

    Abstract: How humans and animals distribute their behavior across choice options has been of key interest to economics, psychology, ecology, and related fields. Neoclassical and behavioral economics have provided prescriptions for how decision-makers can maximize ... ...

    Abstract How humans and animals distribute their behavior across choice options has been of key interest to economics, psychology, ecology, and related fields. Neoclassical and behavioral economics have provided prescriptions for how decision-makers can maximize their reward or utility, but these formalisms are used by decision-makers rarely. Instead, individuals allocate their behavior in proportion to the worth of their options, a phenomenon captured by the generalized matching law. Why biological decision-makers adopt this strategy has been unclear. To provide insight into this issue, this article evaluates the performance of matching across a broad spectrum of decision situations, using simulations. Matching is found to attain a high or near-optimal gain, and the strategy achieves this level of performance following a single evaluation of the decision options. Thus, matching provides highly efficient decisions across a wide range of choice environments. This result offers a quantitative explanation for the broad adoption of matching by biological decision-makers.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2024.02.15.580481
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Neuromodulation with transcranial focused ultrasound.

    Kubanek, Jan

    Neurosurgical focus

    2018  Volume 44, Issue 2, Page(s) E14

    Abstract: The understanding of brain function and the capacity to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders rest on the ability to intervene in neuronal activity in specific brain circuits. Current methods of neuromodulation incur a tradeoff between spatial ... ...

    Abstract The understanding of brain function and the capacity to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders rest on the ability to intervene in neuronal activity in specific brain circuits. Current methods of neuromodulation incur a tradeoff between spatial focus and the level of invasiveness. Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is emerging as a neuromodulation approach that combines noninvasiveness with focus that can be relatively sharp even in regions deep in the brain. This may enable studies of the causal role of specific brain regions in specific behaviors and behavioral disorders. In addition to causal brain mapping, the spatial focus of FUS opens new avenues for treatments of neurological and psychiatric conditions. This review introduces existing and emerging FUS applications in neuromodulation, discusses the mechanisms of FUS effects on cellular excitability, considers the effects of specific stimulation parameters, and lays out the directions for future work.
    MeSH term(s) Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/diagnostic imaging ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; Nervous System Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Nervous System Diseases/therapy ; Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2026589-X
    ISSN 1092-0684 ; 1092-0684
    ISSN (online) 1092-0684
    ISSN 1092-0684
    DOI 10.3171/2017.11.FOCUS17621
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  4. Article ; Online: Multifrequency-based sharpening of focal volume.

    Riis, Thomas / Kubanek, Jan

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 22049

    Abstract: Systems that emit electromagnetic or sonic waves for diagnostic or interventional applications often have constraints on the size of their aperture, and thus produce an elongated focus in the axial dimension. This extended depth of focus limits imaging ... ...

    Abstract Systems that emit electromagnetic or sonic waves for diagnostic or interventional applications often have constraints on the size of their aperture, and thus produce an elongated focus in the axial dimension. This extended depth of focus limits imaging resolution and spatial specificity of the delivered energy. Here, we have developed a method that substantially minimizes the depth of focus. The method superimposes beams of distinct frequencies in space and time to create constructive interference at target and amplify deconstructive interference everywhere else, thus sharpening the focus. The method does not require labeling of targets or other manipulations of the medium. Using simulations, we found that the method tightens the depth of focus even for systems with a narrow bandwidth. Moreover, we implemented the method in ultrasonic hardware and found that a 46.1% frequency fractional bandwidth provides an average 7.4-fold reduction in the focal volume of the resulting beams. This method can be readily applied to sharpen the focus of interventional systems and is expected to also improve the axial resolution of existing imaging systems.
    MeSH term(s) Ultrasonics ; Image Enhancement/methods ; Electromagnetic Phenomena
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-25886-9
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  5. Article ; Online: Remote targeted electrical stimulation.

    Webb, Taylor / Cheeniyil, Rahul / Wilson, Matthew / Kubanek, Jan

    Journal of neural engineering

    2023  Volume 20, Issue 3

    Abstract: Objective: ...

    Abstract Objective:
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ultrasonics ; Brain/physiology ; Electric Stimulation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 2170901-4
    ISSN 1741-2552 ; 1741-2560
    ISSN (online) 1741-2552
    ISSN 1741-2560
    DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/acd95c
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  6. Article ; Online: Device for Multifocal Delivery of Ultrasound Into Deep Brain Regions in Humans.

    Riis, Thomas / Feldman, Daniel / Losser, Adam / Mickey, Brian / Kubanek, Jan

    IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering

    2024  Volume 71, Issue 2, Page(s) 660–668

    Abstract: Low-intensity focused ultrasound provides the means to noninvasively stimulate or release drugs in specified deep brain targets. However, successful clinical translations require hardware that maximizes acoustic transmission through the skull, enables ... ...

    Abstract Low-intensity focused ultrasound provides the means to noninvasively stimulate or release drugs in specified deep brain targets. However, successful clinical translations require hardware that maximizes acoustic transmission through the skull, enables flexible electronic steering, and provides accurate and reproducible targeting while minimizing the use of MRI. We have developed a device that addresses these practical requirements. The device delivers ultrasound through the temporal and parietal skull windows, which minimize the attenuation and distortions of the ultrasound by the skull. The device consists of 252 independently controlled elements, which provides the ability to modulate multiple deep brain targets at a high spatiotemporal resolution, without the need to move the device or the subject. And finally, the device uses a mechanical registration method that enables accurate deep brain targeting both inside and outside of the MRI. Using this method, a single MRI scan is necessary for accurate targeting; repeated subsequent treatments can be performed reproducibly in an MRI-free manner. We validated these functions by transiently modulating specific deep brain regions in two patients with treatment-resistant depression.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography ; Skull/diagnostic imaging ; Acoustics ; Head
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 160429-6
    ISSN 1558-2531 ; 0018-9294
    ISSN (online) 1558-2531
    ISSN 0018-9294
    DOI 10.1109/TBME.2023.3313987
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  7. Article ; Online: Remotely controlled drug release in deep brain regions of non-human primates.

    Wilson, Matthew G / Webb, Taylor D / Odéen, Henrik / Kubanek, Jan

    Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

    2024  Volume 369, Page(s) 775–785

    Abstract: Many areas of science and medicine would benefit from selective release of drugs in specific regions. Nanoparticle drug carriers activated by focused ultrasound-remotely applied, depth-penetrating energy-may provide such selective interventions. Here, we ...

    Abstract Many areas of science and medicine would benefit from selective release of drugs in specific regions. Nanoparticle drug carriers activated by focused ultrasound-remotely applied, depth-penetrating energy-may provide such selective interventions. Here, we developed stable, ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles that can be used to release drugs effectively and safely in non-human primates. The nanoparticles were used to release propofol in deep brain visual regions. The release reversibly modulated the subjects' visual choice behavior and was specific to the targeted region and to the released drug. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging suggested an intact blood-brain barrier. Blood draws showed normal clinical chemistry and hematology. In summary, this study provides a safe and effective approach to release drugs on demand in selected deep brain regions at levels sufficient to modulate behavior.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632533-6
    ISSN 1873-4995 ; 0168-3659
    ISSN (online) 1873-4995
    ISSN 0168-3659
    DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.013
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    Zs.A 2055: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article: Remotely controlled drug release in deep brain regions of non-human primates.

    Wilson, Matthew G / Webb, Taylor D / Odéen, Henrik / Kubanek, Jan

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2024  

    Abstract: Many areas of science and medicine would benefit from selective release of drugs in specific regions of interest. Nanoparticle drug carriers activated by focused ultrasound-remotely applied, depth-penetrating energy-may provide such selective ... ...

    Abstract Many areas of science and medicine would benefit from selective release of drugs in specific regions of interest. Nanoparticle drug carriers activated by focused ultrasound-remotely applied, depth-penetrating energy-may provide such selective interventions. Here, we developed stable, ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles that can be used to release drugs effectively and safely in non-human primates. The nanoparticles were used to release propofol in deep brain visual regions. The release reversibly modulated the subjects' visual choice behavior and was specific to the targeted region and to the released drug. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI imaging suggested an intact blood-brain barrier. Blood draws showed normal clinical chemistry and hematology. In summary, this study provides a safe and effective approach to release drugs on demand in selected deep brain regions at levels sufficient to modulate behavior.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.10.09.561539
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  9. Article ; Online: Optimal decision making and matching are tied through diminishing returns.

    Kubanek, Jan

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2017  Volume 114, Issue 32, Page(s) 8499–8504

    Abstract: How individuals make decisions has been a matter of long-standing debate among economists and researchers in the life sciences. In economics, subjects are viewed as optimal decision makers who maximize their overall reward income. This framework has been ...

    Abstract How individuals make decisions has been a matter of long-standing debate among economists and researchers in the life sciences. In economics, subjects are viewed as optimal decision makers who maximize their overall reward income. This framework has been widely influential, but requires a complete knowledge of the reward contingencies associated with a given choice situation. Psychologists and ecologists have observed that individuals tend to use a simpler "matching" strategy, distributing their behavior in proportion to relative rewards associated with their options. This article demonstrates that the two dominant frameworks of choice behavior are linked through the law of diminishing returns. The relatively simple matching can in fact provide maximal reward when the rewards associated with decision makers' options saturate with the invested effort. Such saturating relationships between reward and effort are hallmarks of the law of diminishing returns. Given the prevalence of diminishing returns in nature and social settings, this finding can explain why humans and animals so commonly behave according to the matching law. The article underscores the importance of the law of diminishing returns in choice behavior.
    MeSH term(s) Choice Behavior/ethics ; Computer Simulation ; Decision Making/ethics ; Humans ; Learning ; Models, Econometric ; Models, Economic ; Reward
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-07-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1703440114
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    Zs.A 1148: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article ; Online: Noninvasive modulation of essential tremor with focused ultrasonic waves.

    Riis, Thomas S / Losser, Adam J / Kassavetis, Panagiotis / Moretti, Paolo / Kubanek, Jan

    Journal of neural engineering

    2024  Volume 21, Issue 1

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract Objective
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Essential Tremor/therapy ; Tremor/therapy ; Thalamus/diagnostic imaging ; Brain ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2170901-4
    ISSN 1741-2552 ; 1741-2560
    ISSN (online) 1741-2552
    ISSN 1741-2560
    DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/ad27ef
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