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Article: Inequality of educational opportunity at time of schooling predicts cognitive functioning in later adulthood.

Leist, Anja K / Bar-Haim, Eyal / Chauvel, Louis

SSM - population health

2021 Volume 15, Page(s) 100837

Abstract: Objectives: Our understanding of how societal conditions and educational policies influence cognitive development across the life course is improving. We tested the extent to which inequality of educational opportunity (IEO), the country- and cohort- ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Our understanding of how societal conditions and educational policies influence cognitive development across the life course is improving. We tested the extent to which inequality of educational opportunity (IEO), the country- and cohort-specific correlation of parents' and their offspring's length of schooling, offers systematically different opportunities to contribute to cognitive development, which in turn influences cognitive abilities up to older ages. Methods: A total of 46,972 individuals of three cohorts born 1940-63 from 16 European countries and Israel provided up to six cognitive assessments and information on covariates in the SHARE survey 2004-2017. Individual-level data were linked to indicators of IEO at time of schooling, and economic, health, and human development, provided by World Bank, WHO, and the UN. Results: In multilevel (mixed-effects) models with random individual and country-cohort effects and adjusted for a large set of confounders, higher IEO was associated with lower levels of cognitive functioning in men and women. Interaction analyses suggested lower cognitive levels particularly of women who were schooled in higher IEO contexts and had lower educational attainment. Associations with rate of change in cognitive functioning were present only in women, however there was little clinically relevant cognitive decline across the window of observation. Result patterns were mostly consistent after including additional contextual indicators, and in a subsample with childhood information. Discussion: Findings suggest that IEO is able to substantially influence cognitive development with long-lasting impacts. Lower-educated women of the cohorts under investigation may have been particularly vulnerable to high-inequality educational contexts.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100837
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Rewealthization in twenty-first century Western countries: the defining trend of the socioeconomic squeeze of the middle class.

Chauvel, Louis / Bar Haim, Eyal / Hartung, Anne / Murphy, Emily

The journal of Chinese sociology

2021 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 4

Abstract: The wealth-to-income ratio (WIR) in many Western countries, particularly in Europe and North America, increased by a factor of two in the last three decades. This represents a defining empirical trend: a rewealthization (from the French : Supplementary ...

Abstract	The wealth-to-income ratio (WIR) in many Western countries, particularly in Europe and North America, increased by a factor of two in the last three decades. This represents a defining empirical trend: a rewealthization (from the French Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40711-020-00135-6.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-11
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2806685-6
ISSN	2198-2635 ; 2198-2635
ISSN (online)	2198-2635
ISSN	2198-2635
DOI	10.1186/s40711-020-00135-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Digital Inequalities in the Use of Self-Tracking Diet and Fitness Apps: Interview Study on the Influence of Social, Economic, and Cultural Factors.

Régnier, Faustine / Chauvel, Louis

JMIR mHealth and uHealth

2018 Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) e101

Abstract: Background: Digital devices are driving economic and social transformations, but assessing the uses, perceptions, and impact of these new technologies on diet and physical activity remains a major societal challenge.: Objective: We aimed to determine ...

Abstract	Background: Digital devices are driving economic and social transformations, but assessing the uses, perceptions, and impact of these new technologies on diet and physical activity remains a major societal challenge. Objective: We aimed to determine under which social, economic, and cultural conditions individuals in France were more likely to be actively invested in the use of self-tracking diet and fitness apps for better health behaviors. Methods: Existing users of 3 diet and fitness self-tracking apps (Weight Watchers, MyFitnessPal, and sport apps) were recruited from 3 regions of France. We interviewed 79 individuals (Weight Watchers, n=37; MyFitnessPal, n=20; sport apps, n=22). In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with each participant, using open-ended questions about their use of diet and fitness apps. A triangulation of methods (content, textual, and quantitative analyses) was performed. Results: We found 3 clusters of interviewees who differed by social background and curative goal linked to use under constraint versus preventive goal linked to chosen use, and intensity of their self-quantification efforts and participation in social networks. Interviewees used the apps for a diversity of uses, including measurement, tracking, quantification, and participation in digital communities. A digital divide was highlighted, comprising a major social gap. Social conditions for appropriation of self-tracking devices included sociodemographic factors, life course stages, and cross-cutting factors of heterogeneity. Conclusions: Individuals from affluent or intermediate social milieus were most likely to use the apps and to participate in the associated online social networks. These interviewees also demonstrated a preventive approach to a healthy lifestyle. Individuals from lower milieus were more reluctant to use digital devices relating to diet and physical activity or to participate in self-quantification. The results of the study have major implications for public health: the digital self-quantification device is intrinsically less important than the way the individual uses it, in terms of adoption of successful health behaviors.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-20
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2719220-9
ISSN	2291-5222
ISSN	2291-5222
DOI	10.2196/mhealth.9189
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Eating in Season—A Lever of Sustainability? An Interview Study on the Social Perception of Seasonal Consumption

Faustine Régnier / Anne-Laure Dalstein / Clémence Rouballay / Louis Chauvel

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 5379, p

2022 Volume 5379

Abstract: Seasonality is a lever of sustainability. However, very little is known about the social perceptions of “in season” food consumption. We aimed to explore different French social groups’ perceptions of seasonality, “in season” food choices, and their ... ...

Abstract	Seasonality is a lever of sustainability. However, very little is known about the social perceptions of “in season” food consumption. We aimed to explore different French social groups’ perceptions of seasonality, “in season” food choices, and their respective advantages or disadvantages. We interviewed 73 individuals (general population = 32, clients of short supply chains = 28, Etiquettable (a sustainability app) users = 13). In-depth, semi-structured interviews using open-ended questions were conducted. Content and thematic, textual, and quantitative analyses were performed. We found four clusters of interviewees who differed in social backgrounds and motivations for eating “in season.” A social divide between individuals for whom “eating seasonally” was a priority (upper strata), and those who “eat unseasonally” (lower strata) was highlighted. An analysis of motivations showed a contrast between individuals who were familiar with seasonal food rhythms and aimed to support the local economy and the older generation for whom seasonal products gave better value for money. The implications of public action on sustainable consumption are discussed with respect to the knowledge of seasonality, targeted segments of the population, and a combination of arguments to encourage seasonal consumption.
Keywords	seasonality ; food consumption ; France ; motivations ; sustainability ; social perception ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Inequality of educational opportunity at time of schooling predicts cognitive functioning in later adulthood

Anja K. Leist / Eyal Bar-Haim / Louis Chauvel

SSM: Population Health, Vol 15, Iss , Pp 100837- (2021)

2021

Abstract	Objectives: Our understanding of how societal conditions and educational policies influence cognitive development across the life course is improving. We tested the extent to which inequality of educational opportunity (IEO), the country- and cohort-specific correlation of parents' and their offspring's length of schooling, offers systematically different opportunities to contribute to cognitive development, which in turn influences cognitive abilities up to older ages. Methods: A total of 46,972 individuals of three cohorts born 1940–63 from 16 European countries and Israel provided up to six cognitive assessments and information on covariates in the SHARE survey 2004–2017. Individual-level data were linked to indicators of IEO at time of schooling, and economic, health, and human development, provided by World Bank, WHO, and the UN. Results: In multilevel (mixed-effects) models with random individual and country-cohort effects and adjusted for a large set of confounders, higher IEO was associated with lower levels of cognitive functioning in men and women. Interaction analyses suggested lower cognitive levels particularly of women who were schooled in higher IEO contexts and had lower educational attainment. Associations with rate of change in cognitive functioning were present only in women, however there was little clinically relevant cognitive decline across the window of observation. Result patterns were mostly consistent after including additional contextual indicators, and in a subsample with childhood information. Discussion: Findings suggest that IEO is able to substantially influence cognitive development with long-lasting impacts. Lower-educated women of the cohorts under investigation may have been particularly vulnerable to high-inequality educational contexts.
Keywords	Social mobility ; Inequality of opportunity ; Cognitive decline ; Longitudinal ; Multilevel modeling ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	120
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Intensity and shape of inequalities

Chauvel, Louis

the ABG method for the analysis of distributions

(Working paper series / Luxembourg Income Study ; 609)

2014

Abstract: Inequality is anisotropic: its intensity is variable along the income scale. Therefore, to focus on local inequalities, a new representation, the isograph, is developed to figure their variations. This leads to the expression of three coefficients able ... ...

Author's details	Louis Chauvel
Series title	Working paper series / Luxembourg Income Study ; 609
Abstract	Inequality is anisotropic: its intensity is variable along the income scale. Therefore, to focus on local inequalities, a new representation, the isograph, is developed to figure their variations. This leads to the expression of three coefficients able to summarize the shape of inequalities: a main coefficient, alpha, measures inequality at the median, and two correction coefficients, beta and gamma, take into account the curvatures at the top and at the bottom of the distribution. A set of 212 samples of microdata surveys from 40 different countries of the LIS datacenter archive provides a systematic view on the properties of these ABG (alpha beta gamma) coefficients that are compared to a set of standard indices (Atkinson indexes, generalized entropy, Wolfson polarization, etc.). This method also provides a smoothing tool that is able to show the differences in shape of distributions (strobiloid) and their change over time.
Keywords	inequality ; distributions ; comparisons ; polarization ; stobiloid
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource (26 S.), graph. Darst.
Publisher	LIS
Publishing place	Luxembourg
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article: La dynamique de la stratification sociale

Chauvel, Louis

Les mutations de la société française , p. 33-55

2013 , Page(s) 33–55

Author's details	Louis Chauvel
Language	French
Size	graph. Darst.
Publisher	La Découverte
Publishing place	Paris
Document type	Article
ISBN	978-2-7071-7576-2 ; 2-7071-7576-5
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article: A prey-predator model of trade union density and inequality in 12 advanced capitalisms over long periods

Chauvel, Louis / Schröder, Martin

Kyklos : international review for social sciences Vol. 70, No. 1 , p. 3-26

2017 Volume 70, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–26

Author's details	Louis Chauvel, Martin Schröder
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
Publishing place	Oxford
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3292-x ; 2021217-3
ISSN	1467-6435 ; 0023-5962
ISSN (online)	1467-6435
ISSN	0023-5962
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article ; Online: Rewealthization in twenty-first century Western countries

Louis Chauvel / Eyal Bar Haim / Anne Hartung / Emily Murphy

The Journal of Chinese Sociology, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-

the defining trend of the socioeconomic squeeze of the middle class

2021 Volume 17

Abstract: Abstract The wealth-to-income ratio (WIR) in many Western countries, particularly in Europe and North America, increased by a factor of two in the last three decades. This represents a defining empirical trend: a rewealthization (from the French ... ...

Abstract	Abstract The wealth-to-income ratio (WIR) in many Western countries, particularly in Europe and North America, increased by a factor of two in the last three decades. This represents a defining empirical trend: a rewealthization (from the French repatrimonialisation)—or the comeback of (inherited) wealth primacy since the mid-1990s. For the sociology of social stratification, “occupational classes” based on jobs worked must now be understood within a context of wealth-based domination. This paper first illustrates important empirical features of an era of rising WIR. We then outline the theory of rewealthization as a major factor of class transformations in relation to regimes stabilized in the post-WWII industrial area. Compared to the period where wealth became secondary to education and earnings for middle-class lifestyles, rewealthization steepens society's vertical structure; the "olive-shaped" Western society is replaced by a new one where wealth "abundance" at the top masks social reproduction and frustrations below.
Keywords	Inequality ; Middle-class society ; Repatrimonialization ; Wealth-to-income ratio ; Social Sciences ; H ; Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only) ; H53 ; Sociology (General) ; HM401-1281
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SpringerOpen
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Cross-border mobility in European countries: associations between cross-border worker status and health outcomes.

Nonnenmacher, Lucas / Baumann, Michèle / le Bihan, Etienne / Askenazy, Philippe / Chauvel, Louis

BMC public health

2021 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 588

Abstract: Background: Mobility of workers living in one country and working in a different country has increased in the European Union. Exposed to commuting factors, cross-border workers (CBWs) constitute a potential high-risk population. But the relationships ... ...

Abstract	Background: Mobility of workers living in one country and working in a different country has increased in the European Union. Exposed to commuting factors, cross-border workers (CBWs) constitute a potential high-risk population. But the relationships between health and commuting abroad are under-documented. Our aims were to: (1) measure the prevalence of the perceived health status and the physical health outcomes (activity limitation, chronic diseases, disability and no leisure activities), (2) analyse their associations with commuting status as well as (3) with income and health index among CBWs. Methods: Based on the 'Enquête Emploi', the French cross-sectional survey segment of the European Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), the population was composed of 2,546,802 workers. Inclusion criteria for the samples were aged between 20 and 60 years and living in the French cross-border departments of Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The Health Index is an additional measure obtained with five health variables. A logistic model was used to estimate the odds ratios of each group of CBWs, taking non-cross border workers (NCBWs) as the reference group, controlling by demographic background and labour status variables. Results: A sample of 22,828 observations (2456 CBWs vs. 20,372 NCBWs) was retained. The CBW status is negatively associated with chronic diseases and disability. A marginal improvement of the health index is correlated with a wage premium for both NCBWs and CBWs. Commuters to Luxembourg have the best health outcomes, whereas commuters to Germany the worst. Conclusion: CBWs are healthier and have more income. Interpretations suggest (1) a healthy cross-border phenomenon steming from a social selection and a positive association between income and the health index is confirmed; (2) the existence of major health disparities among CBWs; and (3) the rejection of the spillover phenomenon assumption for CBWs. The newly founded European Labour Authority (ELA) should take into account health policies as a promising way to support the cross-border mobility within the European Union.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Belgium ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Europe/epidemiology ; Germany/epidemiology ; Health Status ; Humans ; Luxembourg ; Middle Aged ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Switzerland ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-021-10564-8
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