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Article ; Online: β-glucans: wide-spectrum immune-balancing food-supplement-based enteric (β-WIFE) vaccine adjuvant approach to COVID-19.

Ikewaki, Nobunao / Iwasaki, Masaru / Kurosawa, Gene / Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Lakey-Beitia, Johant / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Abraham, Samuel Jk

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics

2021 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) 2808–2813

Abstract: Conventional vaccines to combat COVID-19 through different approaches are at various stages of development. The complexity of COVID-19 such as the potential mutations of the virus leading to antigenic drift and the uncertainty on the duration of the ... ...

Abstract	Conventional vaccines to combat COVID-19 through different approaches are at various stages of development. The complexity of COVID-19 such as the potential mutations of the virus leading to antigenic drift and the uncertainty on the duration of the immunity induced by the vaccine have hampered the efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, we suggest an alternative interim treatment strategy based on biological response modifier glucans such as the
MeSH term(s)	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; BCG Vaccine ; Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spouses ; beta-Glucans
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; BCG Vaccine ; Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals ; beta-Glucans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2664176-8
ISSN	2164-554X ; 2164-5515
ISSN (online)	2164-554X
ISSN	2164-5515
DOI	10.1080/21645515.2021.1880210
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Article ; Online: Coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 – Perspectives & Preventive strategies using a biological response modifier Glucan

Nobunao Ikewaki / Kosagi-Sharaf Rao / Armando Durant Archibold / Masaru Iwasaki / Rajappa Senthilkumar / Senthilkumar Preethy / Shojiro Katoh / Samuel J. K. Abraham

Thrombosis Journal, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2020 Volume 8

Abstract: Abstract Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While immune dysregulation can be attributed to several factors, the risk of associated thrombogenic disruption varies across individuals. This variation depends on several factors, such as comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. When considering ethnic variations, the vulnerability of Caucasians, African Americans and Hispanics needs to be addressed before arriving at strategies to handle thromboembolic complications, which have been identified in recent reports as the leading causes of mortality in COVID-19. Although evaluation of D-dimer and prothrombin during admission is considered to predict prognosis and mortality, there are no preventive or prophylactic strategies before hospital admission. Herein, we present our perspectives on the effect of regular supplementation with the biological response modifier beta glucan based on its relevance to immune modulation. This effect is of paramount importance in decreasing the development of severe COVID-19 and reducing mortality against the background of coagulopathy, especially in vulnerable populations.
Keywords	Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs ; RC633-647.5 ; covid19
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Role of Immune Dysregulation in Increased Mortality Among a Specific Subset of COVID-19 Patients and Immune-Enhancement Strategies for Combatting Through Nutritional Supplements

Kosagi-Sharaf Rao / Vaddi Suryaprakash / Rajappa Senthilkumar / Senthilkumar Preethy / Shojiro Katoh / Nobunao Ikewaki / Samuel J. K. Abraham

Frontiers in Immunology, Vol

2020 Volume 11

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been causing varying severities of illness. Some are asymptomatic and some develop severe disease leading to mortality across ages. This contrast triggered us explore the causes, with the background that a vaccine ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been causing varying severities of illness. Some are asymptomatic and some develop severe disease leading to mortality across ages. This contrast triggered us explore the causes, with the background that a vaccine for effective immunization or a drug to tackle COVID-19 is not too close to reality. We have discussed strategies to combat COVID-19 through immune enhancement, using simple measures including nutritional supplements.Discussion: A literature search on mortality-related comorbid conditions was performed. For those conditions, we analyzed the pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could cause the draining of the immune reservoir. We also analyzed the immune markers necessary for the defense mechanism/immune surveillance against COVID-19, especially through simple means including immune enhancing nutritional supplement consumption, and we suggest strategies to combat COVID-19. Major comorbid conditions associated with increased mortality include cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, being immunocompromised by cancer, and severe kidney disease with a senile immune system. Consumption of Aureobasidium pullulans strain (AFO-202) beta 1,3-1,6 glucan supported enhanced IL-8, sFAS macrophage activity, and NK cells' cytotoxicity, which are major defense mechanisms against viral infection.Conclusion: People with co-morbid conditions who are more prone to COVID-19-related deaths due to immune dysregulation are likely to benefit from consuming nutritional supplements that enhance the immune system. We recommend clinical studies to validate AFO-202 beta glucan in COVID-19 patients to prove its efficacy in overcoming a hyper-inflammation status, thus reducing the mortality, until a definite vaccine is made available.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; co-morbidity ; diabetes ; hypertension ; chronic kidney disease ; immuno-compromised ; Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; covid19
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Role of Immune Dysregulation in Increased Mortality Among a Specific Subset of COVID-19 Patients and Immune-Enhancement Strategies for Combatting Through Nutritional Supplements.

Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Suryaprakash, Vaddi / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Katoh, Shojiro / Ikewaki, Nobunao / Abraham, Samuel J K

Frontiers in immunology

2020 Volume 11, Page(s) 1548

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Actinobacteria/chemistry ; Betacoronavirus ; Biomarkers/blood ; COVID-19 ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology ; Comorbidity ; Coronavirus Infections/diet therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Cytokines/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus/immunology ; Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/diet therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ; Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; beta-Glucans/pharmacology ; beta-Glucans/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Cytokines ; beta-Glucans
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2020.01548
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Article: Coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 - Perspectives & Preventive strategies using a biological response modifier Glucan.

Ikewaki, Nobunao / Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Archibold, Armando Durant / Iwasaki, Masaru / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Katoh, Shojiro / Abraham, Samuel J K

Thrombosis journal

2020 Volume 18, Page(s) 27

Abstract: Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While immune ... ...

Abstract	Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While immune dysregulation can be attributed to several factors, the risk of associated thrombogenic disruption varies across individuals. This variation depends on several factors, such as comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. When considering ethnic variations, the vulnerability of Caucasians, African Americans and Hispanics needs to be addressed before arriving at strategies to handle thromboembolic complications, which have been identified in recent reports as the leading causes of mortality in COVID-19. Although evaluation of D-dimer and prothrombin during admission is considered to predict prognosis and mortality, there are no preventive or prophylactic strategies before hospital admission. Herein, we present our perspectives on the effect of regular supplementation with the biological response modifier beta glucan based on its relevance to immune modulation. This effect is of paramount importance in decreasing the development of severe COVID-19 and reducing mortality against the background of coagulopathy, especially in vulnerable populations.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2118392-2
ISSN	1477-9560
ISSN	1477-9560
DOI	10.1186/s12959-020-00239-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Role of Immune Dysregulation in Increased Mortality Among a Specific Subset of COVID-19 Patients and Immune-Enhancement Strategies for Combatting Through Nutritional Supplements

Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Suryaprakash, Vaddi / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Katoh, Shojiro / Ikewaki, Nobunao / Abraham, Samuel J. K.

Frontiers in Immunology

2020 Volume 11

Keywords	covid19
Publisher	Frontiers Media SA
Publishing country	ch
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2020.01548
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: β‑glucan vaccine adjuvant approach for cancer treatment through immune enhancement (B‑VACCIEN) in specific immunocompromised populations (Review).

Ikewaki, Nobunao / Dedeepiya, Vidyasagar Devaprasad / Raghavan, Kadalraja / Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Vaddi, Suryaprakash / Osawa, Hiroshi / Kisaka, Tomohiko / Kurosawa, Gene / Srinivasan, Subramaniam / Kumar, Seydunganallu Ramasamy Balaganesa / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Iwasaki, Masaru / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Abraham, Samuel J K

Oncology reports

2021 Volume 47, Issue 1

Abstract: The incidence of cancer, which is the second leading cause of mortality globally, continues to increase, although continued efforts are being made to identify effective treatments with fewer side‑effects. Previous studies have reported that chronic ... ...

Abstract	The incidence of cancer, which is the second leading cause of mortality globally, continues to increase, although continued efforts are being made to identify effective treatments with fewer side‑effects. Previous studies have reported that chronic microinflammation, which occurs in diseases, including diabetes, along with weakened immune systems, may ultimately lead to cancer development. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are the mainstream approaches to treatment; however, they all lead to immune system weakness, which in turn increases the metastatic spread. The aim of the present review was to provide evidence of a biological response modifier β‑glucan [β‑glucan vaccine adjuvant approach to treating cancer via immune enhancement (B‑VACCIEN)] and its beneficial effects, including vaccine‑adjuvant potential, balancing metabolic parameters (including blood glucose and lipid levels), increasing peripheral blood cell cytotoxicity against cancer and alleviating chemotherapy side effects in animal models. This suggests its value as a potential strategy to provide long‑term prophylaxis in immunocompromised individuals or genetically prone to cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage ; Animals ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host/immunology ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Neoplasms/prevention & control ; beta-Glucans/immunology
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Vaccine ; beta-Glucans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-15
Publishing country	Greece
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1222484-4
ISSN	1791-2431 ; 1021-335X
ISSN (online)	1791-2431
ISSN	1021-335X
DOI	10.3892/or.2021.8225
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Zs.A 4213: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Beneficial effects of novel aureobasidium pullulans strains produced beta-1,3-1,6 glucans on interleukin-6 and D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients; results of a randomized multiple-arm pilot clinical study.

Raghavan, Kadalraja / Dedeepiya, Vidyasagar Devaprasad / Suryaprakash, Vaddi / Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Ikewaki, Nobunao / Sonoda, Tohru / Levy, Gary A / Iwasaki, Masaru / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Abraham, Samuel Jk

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

2021 Volume 145, Page(s) 112243

Abstract: Objective: In this pilot clinical study, we report the beneficial effects of beta glucans derived from two strains AFO-202 and N-163 of a black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans on the biomarkers for cytokine storm and coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients.: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: In this pilot clinical study, we report the beneficial effects of beta glucans derived from two strains AFO-202 and N-163 of a black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans on the biomarkers for cytokine storm and coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A total of 24 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients were recruited and randomly divided into three groups (Gr): Gr. 1 control (n = 8) - Standard treatment; Gr. 2: Standard treatment + AFO-202 beta glucan (n = 8); and Gr. 3, Standard treatment + combination of AFO-202 and N-163 beta glucans (n = 8) for 30 days. Results: There was no mortality or requirement of ventilation of the subjects in any of the groups. There was a decrease in D-Dimer values (751 ng/ml to 143.89 ng/ml) and IL-6 values (7.395-3.16 pg/ml) in Gr. 1 in 15 days but the levels increased to abnormal levels on day 30 (D-Dimer: 202.5 ng/ml; IL-6 55.37 pg/ml); which steadily decreased up to day 30 in groups 2 (D-dimer: 560.99 ng/dl to 79.615; IL-6: 26.18-3.41 pg/ml) and 3 (D-dimer: 1614 ng/dl to 164.25 ng/dl; IL-6: 6.25-0.5 pg/ml). The same trend was observed with ESR. LCR and LeCR increased while NLR decreased significantly in Gr. 3. CD4 + and CD8 + T cell count showed relatively higher increase in Gr.3. There was no difference in CRP within the groups. Conclusion: As these beta glucans are well known food supplements with a track record for safety, larger multi-centric clinical studies are recommended to validate their use as an adjunct in the management of COVID-19 and the ensuing long COVID-19 syndrome.
MeSH term(s)	Aureobasidium ; Biomarkers/blood ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Complementary Therapies/methods ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/blood ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/prevention & control ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/analysis ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage ; Interleukin-6/analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pilot Projects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Treatment Outcome ; beta-Glucans/administration & dosage ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products ; Immunologic Factors ; Interleukin-6 ; beta-Glucans ; fibrin fragment D
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-25
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	392415-4
ISSN	1950-6007 ; 0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
ISSN (online)	1950-6007
ISSN	0753-3322 ; 0300-0893
DOI	10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112243
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Article: Role of Immune Dysregulation in Increased Mortality Among a Specific Subset of COVID-19 Patients and Immune-Enhancement Strategies for Combatting Through Nutritional Supplements

Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Suryaprakash, Vaddi / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Katoh, Shojiro / Ikewaki, Nobunao / Abraham, Samuel J K

Front Immunol

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been causing varying severities of illness. Some are asymptomatic and some develop severe disease leading to mortality across ages. This contrast triggered us explore the causes, with the background that a vaccine for effective immunization or a drug to tackle COVID-19 is not too close to reality. We have discussed strategies to combat COVID-19 through immune enhancement, using simple measures including nutritional supplements. Discussion: A literature search on mortality-related comorbid conditions was performed. For those conditions, we analyzed the pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could cause the draining of the immune reservoir. We also analyzed the immune markers necessary for the defense mechanism/immune surveillance against COVID-19, especially through simple means including immune enhancing nutritional supplement consumption, and we suggest strategies to combat COVID-19. Major comorbid conditions associated with increased mortality include cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, being immunocompromised by cancer, and severe kidney disease with a senile immune system. Consumption of Aureobasidium pullulans strain (AFO-202) beta 1,3-1,6 glucan supported enhanced IL-8, sFAS macrophage activity, and NK cells' cytotoxicity, which are major defense mechanisms against viral infection. Conclusion: People with co-morbid conditions who are more prone to COVID-19-related deaths due to immune dysregulation are likely to benefit from consuming nutritional supplements that enhance the immune system. We recommend clinical studies to validate AFO-202 beta glucan in COVID-19 patients to prove its efficacy in overcoming a hyper-inflammation status, thus reducing the mortality, until a definite vaccine is made available.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #687591
Database	COVID19

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Article: Coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 - Perspectives & Preventive strategies using a biological response modifier Glucan

Ikewaki, Nobunao / Rao, Kosagi-Sharaf / Archibold, Armando Durant / Iwasaki, Masaru / Senthilkumar, Rajappa / Preethy, Senthilkumar / Katoh, Shojiro / Abraham, Samuel J K

Thromb J

Abstract	Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While immune dysregulation can be attributed to several factors, the risk of associated thrombogenic disruption varies across individuals. This variation depends on several factors, such as comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. When considering ethnic variations, the vulnerability of Caucasians, African Americans and Hispanics needs to be addressed before arriving at strategies to handle thromboembolic complications, which have been identified in recent reports as the leading causes of mortality in COVID-19. Although evaluation of D-dimer and prothrombin during admission is considered to predict prognosis and mortality, there are no preventive or prophylactic strategies before hospital admission. Herein, we present our perspectives on the effect of regular supplementation with the biological response modifier beta glucan based on its relevance to immune modulation. This effect is of paramount importance in decreasing the development of severe COVID-19 and reducing mortality against the background of coagulopathy, especially in vulnerable populations.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #874003
Database	COVID19

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