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  1. Article: International collaboration on alcoholic liver disease and pancreatitis: opportunities.

    Purohit, Vishnudutt

    Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology

    2006  Volume 21 Suppl 3, Page(s) S107–8

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; International Cooperation ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/prevention & control ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pancreatitis, Alcoholic/prevention & control ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-10
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632882-9
    ISSN 0815-9319
    ISSN 0815-9319
    DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04579.x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Emerging trends in the abuse of designer drugs and their catastrophic health effects: update on chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and addiction potential.

    Rapaka, Rao S / Purohit, Vishnudutt / Schnur, Paul / Rutter, Joni

    Life sciences

    2014  Volume 97, Issue 1, Page(s) 1

    MeSH term(s) Alkaloids/adverse effects ; Alkaloids/chemistry ; Alkaloids/pharmacology ; Cannabinoids/adverse effects ; Cannabinoids/chemistry ; Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Designer Drugs/adverse effects ; Designer Drugs/chemistry ; Designer Drugs/pharmacology ; Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Alkaloids ; Cannabinoids ; Designer Drugs ; cathinone (540EI4406J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-02-27
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 3378-9
    ISSN 1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
    ISSN (online) 1879-0631
    ISSN 0024-3205
    DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.074
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Cannabinoid receptor-2 and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.

    Purohit, Vishnudutt / Rapaka, Rao S / Rutter, Joni

    Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology

    2014  Volume 9, Issue 4, Page(s) 447–453

    Abstract: Despite the wide spread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), mild forms of HIV-associated neuro cognitive disorders (HAND) remain commonplace. HAART treated patients now show low levels of viremia and more subtle yet biologically ... ...

    Abstract Despite the wide spread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), mild forms of HIV-associated neuro cognitive disorders (HAND) remain commonplace. HAART treated patients now show low levels of viremia and more subtle yet biologically important signs of brain macrophage and microglial activation. Adjunctive therapeutic strategies are required to eliminate HIV-1 infection and suppress immune activation and its associated neuroinflammation. In this regard, cannabinoid receptor-2(CB2) activation is a promising means to attenuate HAND by inhibiting HIV replication, down regulating inflammation, and suppressing chemokine-like activity of viral neurotoxic proteins (for example, Tat and HIV-1gp120), and thereby prevent neuronal and synaptic loss. Inhibiting even low level HIV replication can attenuate neuronal injury by decreasing the production of neurotoxins. Down regulation of inflammation by CB2 activation is mediated through blunted activation of peri vascular macrophages and microglia; decreased production of tumor necrosis factor-α, chemokines and virotoxins. Down regulated neuroinflammation can decrease blood brain barrier permeability and leukocyte infiltration resulting in reduced neuronal injury. It is suggested that CB2 agonists may further attenuate HAND in HIVinfected patients on HAART. In addition, CB2 activation may also blunt brain injury by attenuating drug addiction.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Chemokines/metabolism ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology ; Cognition Disorders/complications ; Cognition Disorders/pathology ; Cognition Disorders/psychology ; Cognition Disorders/virology ; Dendritic Spines/pathology ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Products, tat/metabolism ; HIV/physiology ; HIV Infections/complications ; HIV Infections/metabolism ; HIV Infections/psychology ; HIV Infections/virology ; Humans ; Inflammation/complications ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Macrophage Activation ; Nerve Degeneration/complications ; Nerve Degeneration/pathology ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Virus Replication/physiology
    Chemical Substances Cannabinoids ; Chemokines ; Gene Products, tat ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Viral Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-07-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2227405-4
    ISSN 1557-1904 ; 1557-1890
    ISSN (online) 1557-1904
    ISSN 1557-1890
    DOI 10.1007/s11481-014-9554-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Book: Alcohol, tobacco, and cancer

    Cho, C.-H / Purohit, Vishnudutt

    2006  

    Author's details editors, Chi Hin Cho, Vishnudutt Purohit
    MeSH term(s) Neoplasms/etiology ; Ethanol/adverse effects ; Tobacco/adverse effects ; Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Size viii, 312 p. :, ill.
    Publisher Karger
    Publishing place Basel ; New York
    Document type Book
    ISBN 9783805581073 ; 3805581076
    Database Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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  5. Article ; Online: Introduction to the Symposium.

    Purohit, Vishnudutt

    Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research

    1997  Volume 21, Issue 3, Page(s) 383–384

    Abstract: In June 1995, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism sponsored a symposium on "Alcohol and Osteoporosis" at the Research Society on Alcoholism in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The goals of the symposium were to: (a) disseminate current ... ...

    Abstract In June 1995, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism sponsored a symposium on "Alcohol and Osteoporosis" at the Research Society on Alcoholism in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The goals of the symposium were to: (a) disseminate current information on the effects of alcohol on osteoporosis, both deleterious and beneficial; (b) discuss the mechanisms, direct and indirect, by which alcohol affects bone remodeling; and (c) encourage research in the area of alcohol and osteoporosis. This report provides an introduction to the problem, as well as to the three scientific presentations. Key Words: Alcohol, Osteoporosis, Bone.
    Language English
    Publishing date 1997-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 428999-7
    ISSN 1530-0277 ; 0145-6008
    ISSN (online) 1530-0277
    ISSN 0145-6008
    DOI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03779.x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Drugs of abuse, dopamine, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders/HIV-associated dementia.

    Purohit, Vishnudutt / Rapaka, Rao / Shurtleff, David

    Molecular neurobiology

    2011  Volume 44, Issue 1, Page(s) 102–110

    Abstract: Although the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) has declined, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a significant health problem despite use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In addition, the incidence and/or severity of ... ...

    Abstract Although the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) has declined, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a significant health problem despite use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In addition, the incidence and/or severity of HAND/HAD are increased with concomitant use of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Furthermore, exposure to most drugs of abuse increases brain levels of dopamine, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV. This review evaluates the potential role of dopamine in the potentiation of HAND/HAD by drugs of abuse. In the brain, multiplication of HIV in infected macrophages/microglia could result in the release of HIV proteins such as gp120 and Tat, which can bind to and impair dopamine transporter (DAT) functions, leading to elevated levels of dopamine in the dopaminergic synapses in the early asymptomatic stage of HIV infection. Exposure of HIV-infected patients to drugs of abuse, especially cocaine and methamphetamine, can further increase synaptic levels of dopamine via binding to and subsequently impairing the function of DAT. This accumulated synaptic dopamine can diffuse out and activate adjacent microglia through binding to dopamine receptors. The activation of microglia may result in increased HIV replication as well as increased production of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and chemokines. Increased HIV replication can lead to increased brain viral load and increased shedding of HIV proteins, gp120 and Tat. These proteins, as well as TNF-alpha, can induce cell death of adjacent dopaminergic neurons via apoptosis. Autoxidation and metabolism of accumulated synaptic dopamine can lead to generation of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide), quinones, and semiquinones, which can also induce apoptosis of neurons. Increased cell death of dopaminergic neurons can eventually lead to dopamine deficit that may exacerbate the severity and/or accelerate the progression of HAND/HAD.
    MeSH term(s) AIDS Dementia Complex/complications ; AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology ; AIDS Dementia Complex/virology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology ; Animals ; Brain/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs/adverse effects
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-07-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
    ZDB-ID 645020-9
    ISSN 1559-1182 ; 0893-7648
    ISSN (online) 1559-1182
    ISSN 0893-7648
    DOI 10.1007/s12035-011-8195-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis: a summary of the Ron Thurman Symposium.

    Purohit, Vishnudutt / Brenner, David A

    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)

    2006  Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 872–878

    Abstract: This report is a summary of Ron Thurman Symposium on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis which was organized by The National Institutes of Health in Santa Barbara, California, June 25, 2005. The Symposium and this report highlight the ... ...

    Abstract This report is a summary of Ron Thurman Symposium on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis which was organized by The National Institutes of Health in Santa Barbara, California, June 25, 2005. The Symposium and this report highlight the unique aspects by which drinking alcoholic beverages may result in hepatic fibrosis. Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, can upregulate transcription of collagen I directly as well as indirectly by upregulating the synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in hepatocytes by alcohol metabolism can activate collagen production in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a paracrine manner. Alcohol-induced hepatocyte apoptotic bodies can be phagocytosed by HSCs and Kupffer cells and result in increased expression of TGF-beta1 and subsequent HSC activation. Kupffer cells may contribute to the activation of HSCs by releasing ROS and TGF- beta1. Innate immunity may suppress hepatic fibrosis by killing activated HSCs and blocking TGF-beta1 signaling. In patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol may promote hepatic fibrosis by suppressing innate immunity. HCV core and non-structural proteins contribute to HCV-induced hepatic fibrosis. Alcohol and HCV together may promote hepatic fibrosis through increased oxidative stress and upregulation of fibrogenic cytokines. The inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) and the super-active alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) alleles may promote hepatic fibrosis through increased accumulation of acetaldehyde in the liver. Hepatic fibrosis can be reversed by inducing selective apoptosis or necrosis of activated HSCs, or by reverse trans-differentiation of activated HSCs into the quiescent phenotype.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/chemically induced
    Chemical Substances Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604603-4
    ISSN 1527-3350 ; 0270-9139
    ISSN (online) 1527-3350
    ISSN 0270-9139
    DOI 10.1002/hep.21107
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and drugs of abuse in post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era.

    Purohit, Vishnudutt / Rapaka, Rao S / Shurtleff, David

    Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology

    2010  Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) 507–515

    Abstract: In the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, prenatal "vertical" mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV was about 25% and exposure of pregnant mothers to drugs of abuse (illicit drugs and tobacco smoking) was a significant ... ...

    Abstract In the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, prenatal "vertical" mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV was about 25% and exposure of pregnant mothers to drugs of abuse (illicit drugs and tobacco smoking) was a significant contributory factor of MTCT. However, with the introduction of HAART, the rate of MTCT of HIV has decreased to less that 2%. But, it is estimated that currently about 5.1% of pregnant women use illicit drugs and 16.4% smoke tobacco. The residual prevalence of MTCT is of concern and may be related to this continued prevalence of substance use among pregnant mothers. In this report, we review and present evidence that supports the hypothesis that drugs of abuse do have the potential to increase MTCT of HIV in the presence of HAART. Exposure to drugs of abuse during pregnancy may increase MTCT of HIV through a variety of mechanisms that are addressed in detail including possible damage to the placenta, induction of preterm birth, and increasing maternal plasma viral load though a variety of putative mechanisms such as: (a) promoting HIV replication in monocyte/macrophages; (b) increasing the expression of CCR5 receptors; (c) decreasing the expression of CCR5 receptor ligands; (d) increasing the expression of CXCR4 receptors; (e) increasing the expression of DC-SIGN; (f) impairing the efficacy of HAART through drug-drug interaction; and (g) promoting HIV mutation and replication through non-adherence to HAART.
    MeSH term(s) Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Female ; HIV/drug effects ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Illicit Drugs/adverse effects ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Prevalence ; Substance-Related Disorders/complications ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-09-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2227405-4
    ISSN 1557-1904 ; 1557-1890
    ISSN (online) 1557-1904
    ISSN 1557-1890
    DOI 10.1007/s11481-010-9242-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Role of cannabinoids in the development of fatty liver (steatosis).

    Purohit, Vishnudutt / Rapaka, Rao / Shurtleff, David

    The AAPS journal

    2010  Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 233–237

    Abstract: Emerging evidence suggests that cannabinoids play an important role in the modulation of fatty liver, which appears to be mediated via activation of cannabinoid receptors. Steatogenic agents such as ethanol and high-fat diet can upregulate the activity ... ...

    Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that cannabinoids play an important role in the modulation of fatty liver, which appears to be mediated via activation of cannabinoid receptors. Steatogenic agents such as ethanol and high-fat diet can upregulate the activity of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors via increasing synthesis of endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and anandamide. CB1 receptors can also be upregulated by obesity. CB1 receptor activation results in upregulation of lipogenic transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and its target enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, and fatty acid synthase and concomitantly, downregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. This leads to increased de novo fatty acid synthesis as well as decreased fatty acid oxidation, culminating into the development of fatty liver. High-fat diet, in addition to CB1 receptor activation, appears to activate CB2 receptors that may also contribute to fatty liver. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, CB2 receptor activation is associated with the development of fatty liver. Cannabis smoking can increase the severity of fatty liver in hepatitis C patients although the precise mechanism is unknown. As the mechanisms involved in endocannabinoid receptor signaling are being increasingly well understood and the biosynthetic regulatory elements elucidated, these present good opportunity for the pharmaceutical scientists to design drugs to treat liver diseases, including steatosis, based on the cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and related templates.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/physiology ; Cannabinoids/chemistry ; Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Fatty Liver/etiology ; Fatty Liver/pathology ; Hepatitis C/complications ; Humans ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
    Chemical Substances Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators ; Cannabinoids ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 1550-7416
    ISSN (online) 1550-7416
    DOI 10.1208/s12248-010-9178-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Do opioids activate latent HIV-1 by down-regulating anti-HIV microRNAs?

    Purohit, Vishnudutt / Rapaka, Rao S / Rutter, Joni / Shurtleff, David

    Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology

    2012  Volume 7, Issue 3, Page(s) 519–523

    Abstract: Researchers have recently demonstrated the presence of anti-HIV-1 microRNAs (miR-28, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-223, and miR-382) in monocytes, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells, which are the primary targets of HIV infection. These miRNAs appear to regulate the ...

    Abstract Researchers have recently demonstrated the presence of anti-HIV-1 microRNAs (miR-28, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-223, and miR-382) in monocytes, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells, which are the primary targets of HIV infection. These miRNAs appear to regulate the level of infectivity of HIV-1 in the target cells, and thus have an impact on HIV-1 latency. The levels of these miRNAs are significantly higher in resting CD4+ T cells than those in active CD4+ T cells, whereas HIV-1 infectivity is greater in active than in resting CD4+ T cells. Similarly, the levels of these miRNAs are significantly higher in monocytes than in macrophages, whereas HIV-1 infectivity is greater in macrophages than in monocytes. Down-regulation or inhibition of the activity of these miRNAs can promote replication of latent HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells and in monocytes. Recently, morphine was shown to down regulate the expression of anti-HIV miRNAs (miRNA-28, 125b, 150, and 382) in cultured human monocytes and this effect of morphine was mediated via activation of mu opioid receptors (MOR). In addition, levels of these anti-HIV miRNAs were significantly lower in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from heroin-dependent subjects than those from control subjects. These findings raise an important question: Does morphine have potential to activate latent HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages, including microglia of human subjects maintained on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? Further research is required to answer this question.
    MeSH term(s) Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects ; Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods ; Down-Regulation/drug effects ; Down-Regulation/physiology ; HIV-1/drug effects ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/metabolism ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology ; Macrophages/drug effects ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Macrophages/virology ; MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors ; MicroRNAs/physiology ; Virus Latency/drug effects ; Virus Latency/genetics
    Chemical Substances Analgesics, Opioid ; MicroRNAs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-04-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2227405-4
    ISSN 1557-1904 ; 1557-1890
    ISSN (online) 1557-1904
    ISSN 1557-1890
    DOI 10.1007/s11481-012-9356-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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