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Article ; Online: Microsaccadic modulation evoked by emotional events.

Kashihara, Koji

2020 Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 26

Abstract: Saccadic eye movements can allude to emotional states and visual attention. Recent studies have shown that microsaccadic responses (i.e., small fixational eye movements) reflect advanced brain activity during attentional and cognitive tasks. Moreover, ... ...

Abstract	Saccadic eye movements can allude to emotional states and visual attention. Recent studies have shown that microsaccadic responses (i.e., small fixational eye movements) reflect advanced brain activity during attentional and cognitive tasks. Moreover, the microsaccadic activity related to emotional attention provides new insights into this field. For example, emotional pictures attenuate the microsaccadic rate, and microsaccadic responses to covert attention occur in the direction opposite to a negative emotional target. However, the effects of various emotional events on microsaccadic activity remain debatable. This review introduces visual attention and eye movement studies that support findings on the modulation of microsaccadic responses to emotional events, comparing them with typical microsaccadic responses. This review also discusses the brain neuronal mechanisms governing microsaccadic responses to the attentional shifts triggered by emotion-related stimuli. It is hard to reveal the direct brain pathway of the microsaccadic modulation, especially in advanced (e.g., sustained anger, envy, distrust, guilt, frustration, delight, attraction, trust, and love), but also in basic human emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). However, non-human primates and human studies can uncover the possible brain pathways of emotional attention and microsaccades, thus providing future research directions. In particular, the facilitated (or reduced) attention is common evidence that microsaccadic activities change under a variety of social modalities (e.g., cognition, music, mental illness, and working memory) that elicit emotions and feelings.
MeSH term(s)	Attention/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Emotions/physiology ; Fear/physiology ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/physiopathology ; Saccades/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2248072-9
ISSN	1880-6805 ; 1880-6791 ; 1345-3475
ISSN (online)	1880-6805
ISSN	1880-6791 ; 1345-3475
DOI	10.1186/s40101-020-00238-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Microsaccadic modulation evoked by emotional events

Koji Kashihara

Journal of Physiological Anthropology, Vol 39, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2020 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Saccadic eye movements can allude to emotional states and visual attention. Recent studies have shown that microsaccadic responses (i.e., small fixational eye movements) reflect advanced brain activity during attentional and cognitive tasks. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Saccadic eye movements can allude to emotional states and visual attention. Recent studies have shown that microsaccadic responses (i.e., small fixational eye movements) reflect advanced brain activity during attentional and cognitive tasks. Moreover, the microsaccadic activity related to emotional attention provides new insights into this field. For example, emotional pictures attenuate the microsaccadic rate, and microsaccadic responses to covert attention occur in the direction opposite to a negative emotional target. However, the effects of various emotional events on microsaccadic activity remain debatable. This review introduces visual attention and eye movement studies that support findings on the modulation of microsaccadic responses to emotional events, comparing them with typical microsaccadic responses. This review also discusses the brain neuronal mechanisms governing microsaccadic responses to the attentional shifts triggered by emotion-related stimuli. It is hard to reveal the direct brain pathway of the microsaccadic modulation, especially in advanced (e.g., sustained anger, envy, distrust, guilt, frustration, delight, attraction, trust, and love), but also in basic human emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). However, non-human primates and human studies can uncover the possible brain pathways of emotional attention and microsaccades, thus providing future research directions. In particular, the facilitated (or reduced) attention is common evidence that microsaccadic activities change under a variety of social modalities (e.g., cognition, music, mental illness, and working memory) that elicit emotions and feelings.
Keywords	Emotional attention ; Small eye movements ; Microsaccadic direction ; Brain mechanism ; Mental illness ; Physical anthropology. Somatology ; GN49-298
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nonlinear System Identification Based on Convolutional Neural Networks for Multiple Drug Interactions.

Kashihara, Koji

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

2018 Volume 2018, Page(s) 1–4

Abstract: In heart failure patients, hemodynamics can be regulated by therapeutic drugs. Although the cardiovascular responses to these drugs usually include nonlinearity and drug interactions, it is difficult to identify the characteristics of the dynamics under ... ...

Abstract	In heart failure patients, hemodynamics can be regulated by therapeutic drugs. Although the cardiovascular responses to these drugs usually include nonlinearity and drug interactions, it is difficult to identify the characteristics of the dynamics under such conditions. This study, therefore, was aimed at evaluating the technique used for nonlinear system identification based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). As an image i.e., pixel values corresponding to time-course data), CNN can be used to treat the complicated relation between previous inputs (i.e., drug infusions) and outputs i.e., hemodynamics). To compare the accuracy of CNN, traditional methods based on the standard neural networks (NN) and fast Fourier transformation FFT were applied to nonlinear system identification with drug interactions. The cardiac output and arterial blood pressure under heart failure were modulated by the drug infusions of an inotropic agent and a vasodilator. CNN accurately predicted the dynamic system responses regardless of the inclusion of nonlinearity and drug interactions. Based on the findings of this study, CNN to carry out nonlinear system identification could clarify complicated pharmacodynamics, and thus could be useful for in appropriate cardiac treatment with multiple therapeutic agents.
MeSH term(s)	Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Drug Interactions ; Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Nonlinear Dynamics
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2694-0604
ISSN (online)	2694-0604
DOI	10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512316
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on brain dynamics during a working memory task in preschool children.

Kashihara, Koji / Matsuda, Yoshitaka

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 4, Page(s) e0266713

Abstract: Executive functioning in preschool children is important for building social relationships during the early stages of development. We investigated the brain dynamics of preschool children during an attention-shifting task involving congruent and ... ...

Abstract	Executive functioning in preschool children is important for building social relationships during the early stages of development. We investigated the brain dynamics of preschool children during an attention-shifting task involving congruent and incongruent gaze directions in emotional facial expressions (neutral, angry, and happy faces). Ignoring distracting stimuli (gaze direction and expression), participants (17 preschool children and 17 young adults) were required to detect and memorize the location (left or right) of a target symbol as a simple working memory task (i.e., no general priming paradigm in which a target appears after a cue stimulus). For the preschool children, the frontal late positive response and the central and parietal P3 responses increased for angry faces. In addition, a parietal midline α (Pmα) power to change attention levels decreased mainly during the encoding of a target for angry faces, possibly causing an association of no congruency effect on reaction times (i.e., no faster response in the congruent than incongruent gaze condition). For the adults, parietal P3 response and frontal midline θ (Fmθ) power increased mainly during the encoding period for incongruent gaze shifts in happy faces. The Pmα power for happy faces decreased for incongruent gaze during the encoding period and increased for congruent gaze during the first retention period. These results suggest that adults can quickly shift attention to a target in happy faces, sufficiently allocating attentional resources to ignore incongruent gazes and detect a target, which can attenuate a congruency effect on reaction times. By contrast, possibly because of underdeveloped brain activity, preschool children did not show the happy face superiority effect and they may be more responsive to angry faces. These observations imply a crucial key point to build better relationships between developing preschoolers and their parents and educators, incorporating nonverbal communication into social and emotional learning.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Child, Preschool ; Emotions/physiology ; Facial Expression ; Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0266713
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on brain dynamics during a working memory task in preschool children.

Koji Kashihara / Yoshitaka Matsuda

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 4, p e

2022 Volume 0266713

Abstract	Executive functioning in preschool children is important for building social relationships during the early stages of development. We investigated the brain dynamics of preschool children during an attention-shifting task involving congruent and incongruent gaze directions in emotional facial expressions (neutral, angry, and happy faces). Ignoring distracting stimuli (gaze direction and expression), participants (17 preschool children and 17 young adults) were required to detect and memorize the location (left or right) of a target symbol as a simple working memory task (i.e., no general priming paradigm in which a target appears after a cue stimulus). For the preschool children, the frontal late positive response and the central and parietal P3 responses increased for angry faces. In addition, a parietal midline α (Pmα) power to change attention levels decreased mainly during the encoding of a target for angry faces, possibly causing an association of no congruency effect on reaction times (i.e., no faster response in the congruent than incongruent gaze condition). For the adults, parietal P3 response and frontal midline θ (Fmθ) power increased mainly during the encoding period for incongruent gaze shifts in happy faces. The Pmα power for happy faces decreased for incongruent gaze during the encoding period and increased for congruent gaze during the first retention period. These results suggest that adults can quickly shift attention to a target in happy faces, sufficiently allocating attentional resources to ignore incongruent gazes and detect a target, which can attenuate a congruency effect on reaction times. By contrast, possibly because of underdeveloped brain activity, preschool children did not show the happy face superiority effect and they may be more responsive to angry faces. These observations imply a crucial key point to build better relationships between developing preschoolers and their parents and educators, incorporating nonverbal communication into social and emotional learning.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: A brain-computer interface for potential non-verbal facial communication based on EEG signals related to specific emotions.

Kashihara, Koji

Frontiers in neuroscience

2014 Volume 8, Page(s) 244

Abstract: Unlike assistive technology for verbal communication, the brain-machine or brain-computer interface (BMI/BCI) has not been established as a non-verbal communication tool for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Face-to-face communication enables ...

Abstract	Unlike assistive technology for verbal communication, the brain-machine or brain-computer interface (BMI/BCI) has not been established as a non-verbal communication tool for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Face-to-face communication enables access to rich emotional information, but individuals suffering from neurological disorders, such as ALS and autism, may not express their emotions or communicate their negative feelings. Although emotions may be inferred by looking at facial expressions, emotional prediction for neutral faces necessitates advanced judgment. The process that underlies brain neuronal responses to neutral faces and causes emotional changes remains unknown. To address this problem, therefore, this study attempted to decode conditioned emotional reactions to neutral face stimuli. This direction was motivated by the assumption that if electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can be used to detect patients' emotional responses to specific inexpressive faces, the results could be incorporated into the design and development of BMI/BCI-based non-verbal communication tools. To these ends, this study investigated how a neutral face associated with a negative emotion modulates rapid central responses in face processing and then identified cortical activities. The conditioned neutral face-triggered event-related potentials that originated from the posterior temporal lobe statistically significantly changed during late face processing (600-700 ms) after stimulus, rather than in early face processing activities, such as P1 and N170 responses. Source localization revealed that the conditioned neutral faces increased activity in the right fusiform gyrus (FG). This study also developed an efficient method for detecting implicit negative emotional responses to specific faces by using EEG signals. A classification method based on a support vector machine enables the easy classification of neutral faces that trigger specific individual emotions. In accordance with this classification, a face on a computer morphs into a sad or displeased countenance. The proposed method could be incorporated as a part of non-verbal communication tools to enable emotional expression.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2411902-7
ISSN	1662-453X ; 1662-4548
ISSN (online)	1662-453X
ISSN	1662-4548
DOI	10.3389/fnins.2014.00244
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Development of a prognostic risk score to predict early mortality in incident elderly Japanese hemodialysis patients.

Okada, Hirokazu / Ono, Atsushi / Tomori, Koji / Inoue, Tsutomu / Hanafusa, Norio / Sakai, Ken / Narita, Ichiei / Moriyama, Toshiki / Isaka, Yoshitaka / Fukami, Kei / Itano, Seiji / Kanda, Eiichiro / Kashihara, Naoki

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e0302101

Abstract: Background: Information of short-term prognosis after hemodialysis (HD) introduction is important for elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their families choosing a modality of renal replacement therapy. Therefore, we developed a risk ... ...

Abstract	Background: Information of short-term prognosis after hemodialysis (HD) introduction is important for elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their families choosing a modality of renal replacement therapy. Therefore, we developed a risk score to predict early mortality in incident elderly Japanese hemodialysis patients. Materials and methods: We analyzed data of incident elderly HD patients from a nationwide cohort study of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Renal Data Registry (JRDR) to develop a prognostic risk score. Candidate risk factors for early death within 1 year was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The risk score was developed by summing up points derived from parameter estimate values of independent risk factors. The association between risk score and early death was tested using Cox proportional hazards models. This risk score was validated twice by using an internal validation cohort derived from the JRDR and an external validation cohort collected for this study. Results: Using the development cohort (n = 2,000), nine risk factors were retained in the risk score: older age (>85), yes = 2, no = 0; sex, male = 2, female = 0; lower body mass index (<20), yes = 2, no = 0; cancer, yes = 1, no = 0; dementia, yes = 3, no = 0; lower creatinine (<6.5 mg/dL), yes = 1, no = 0; lower albumin (<3.0 g/dL), yes = 3, no = 0; normal or high calcium (≥8.5 mg/dL), yes = 1, no = 0; and higher C reactive protein (>2.0 mg/dL), yes = 2, no = 0. In the internal and external validation cohorts (n = 739, 140, respectively), the medium- and high-risk groups (total score, 6 to 10 and 11 or more, respectively) showed significantly higher risk of early death than the low-risk group (total score, 0 to 5) (p<0.001). Conclusion: We developed a prognostic risk score predicting early death within 1 year in incident elderly Japanese HD patients, which may help detect elderly patients with a high-risk of early death after HD introduction.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Prognosis ; Cohort Studies ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Japan/epidemiology ; Renal Dialysis ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0302101
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Automatic System to Remove Unpleasant Images Detected by Pupil-Size Changes

Koji Kashihara

International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 68-

2012 Volume 73

Abstract: An automatic filtering system to classify individual unpleasant emotions represented by pupil-size changes was proposed. The support vector machines classifier was applied to single-trial data of pupil size and indicated the possibility of the correct ... ...

Abstract	An automatic filtering system to classify individual unpleasant emotions represented by pupil-size changes was proposed. The support vector machines classifier was applied to single-trial data of pupil size and indicated the possibility of the correct judgment of individually unpleasant states immediately after looking at emotional pictures. The framework was then constructed to automatically filter the similar unpleasant information from a picture database, applying the bag of features scheme to search for similar images.
Keywords	Pupil size ; Emotion ; Database search ; Support vector machines ; IJCSI ; Electronic computers. Computer science ; QA75.5-76.95 ; Instruments and machines ; QA71-90 ; Mathematics ; QA1-939 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Computer Science ; DOAJ:Technology and Engineering
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	IJCSI Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Roles of arterial baroreceptor reflex during bezold-jarisch reflex.

Kashihara, Koji

Current cardiology reviews

2010 Volume 5, Issue 4, Page(s) 263–267

Abstract: Among the many cardiopulmonary reflexes, this review specifically examines the roles of the arterial baroreflex during the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR). Activation of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent C-fibers induces hypotension, bradycardia, and apnea, ... ...

Abstract	Among the many cardiopulmonary reflexes, this review specifically examines the roles of the arterial baroreflex during the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR). Activation of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent C-fibers induces hypotension, bradycardia, and apnea, which are known collectively as the BJR; myocardial ischemia and infarction might induce the BJR. Arterial baroreflex has been established as an important negative feedback system that stabilizes arterial blood pressure against exogenous pressure perturbations. Therefore, understanding the functions of the arterial baroreflex during the BJR is crucial for elucidating its pathophysiological implications. The main central pathways of the BJR and the baroreflex are outlined herein, particularly addressing the common pathway between the reflexes. Furthermore, the pathophysiological roles of the arterial baroreflex during the BJR are described along with a brief discussion of pathophysiological merits and shortcomings of the reflexes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-08-01
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1875-6557
ISSN (online)	1875-6557
DOI	10.2174/157340309789317805
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Article ; Online: Bevacizumab increases late toxicity in re-irradiation with image-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies

Naoya Murakami / Kae Okuma / Hiroyuki Okamoto / Satoshi Nakamura / Tairo Kashihara / Tomoya Kaneda / Kana Takahashi / Koji Inaba / Hiroshi Igaki / Koji Masui / Ken Yoshida / Tomoyasu Kato / Jun Itami

Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 52-

2022 Volume 59

Keywords	re-irradiation ; image-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy ; gynecologic malignancies ; bevacizumab ; late toxicities ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Termedia Publishing House
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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