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  1. Article ; Online: Resurgence of avian influenza virus.

    Wille, Michelle / Barr, Ian G

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2022  Volume 376, Issue 6592, Page(s) 459–460

    Abstract: Unprecedented outbreaks of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus raise concern. ...

    Abstract Unprecedented outbreaks of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus raise concern.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Disease Outbreaks ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A virus/genetics ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Phylogeny
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.abo1232
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    Zs.A 27: Show issues Location:
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    Zs.MG 77: Show issues

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  2. Article ; Online: Assessing the potential pandemic risk of recent avian influenza viruses.

    Barr, Ian G

    The European respiratory journal

    2017  Volume 49, Issue 3

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Risk
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 639359-7
    ISSN 1399-3003 ; 0903-1936
    ISSN (online) 1399-3003
    ISSN 0903-1936
    DOI 10.1183/13993003.02517-2016
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    Zs.A 2322: Show issues Location:
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    Zs.MO 292: Show issues

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  3. Article ; Online: Addendum to Proposal for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nomenclature below the Species Level.

    Barr, Ian G / Williams, Thomas C / Salimi, Vahid / Buchholz, Ursula J

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 3, Page(s) 764

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2803.212438
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    Zs.A 4778: Show issues Location:
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  4. Article ; Online: Transmission of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Williams, Thomas C / Sinha, Ian / Barr, Ian G / Zambon, Maria

    Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

    2021  Volume 26, Issue 29

    Abstract: The non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have had consequences on the transmission of other respiratory viruses, most notably paediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. At the beginning of 2020, ... ...

    Abstract The non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have had consequences on the transmission of other respiratory viruses, most notably paediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. At the beginning of 2020, lockdown measures in the southern hemisphere led to a winter season with a marked reduction in both infections. Intermittent lockdowns in the northern hemisphere also appeared to interrupt transmission during winter 2020/21. However, a number of southern and northern hemisphere countries have now seen delayed RSV peaks. We examine the implications of these unpredictable disease dynamics for health service delivery in Europe, such as paediatric hospital and intensive care bed space planning, or palivizumab prophylaxis. We discuss the challenges for RSV vaccine trials and influenza immunisation campaigns, and highlight the considerable research opportunities that have arisen with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We argue that the rapid advances in viral whole genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and open data sharing during the pandemic are applicable to the ongoing surveillance of RSV and influenza. Lastly, we outline actions to prepare for forthcoming influenza seasons and for future implementation of RSV vaccines.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Child ; Communicable Disease Control ; Europe ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Phylogeny ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-31
    Publishing country Sweden
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1338803-4
    ISSN 1560-7917 ; 1025-496X
    ISSN (online) 1560-7917
    ISSN 1025-496X
    DOI 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.29.2100186
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    Zs.A 5066: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Difficulties of predicting the timing, size and severity of influenza seasons.

    Barr, Ian G / Cheng, Allen C

    Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)

    2018  Volume 23, Issue 6, Page(s) 562–563

    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-11
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1435849-9
    ISSN 1440-1843 ; 1323-7799
    ISSN (online) 1440-1843
    ISSN 1323-7799
    DOI 10.1111/resp.13310
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  6. Article ; Online: Future Pandemic Influenza Virus Detection Relies on the Existing Influenza Surveillance Systems: A Perspective from Australia and New Zealand.

    Jennings, Lance C / Barr, Ian G

    Tropical medicine and infectious disease

    2019  Volume 4, Issue 4

    Abstract: The anniversary of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has allowed a refocusing on the global burden of influenza and the importance of co-ordinated international surveillance for both seasonal influenza and the identification of control strategies for ... ...

    Abstract The anniversary of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has allowed a refocusing on the global burden of influenza and the importance of co-ordinated international surveillance for both seasonal influenza and the identification of control strategies for future pandemics. Since the introduction of the International Health Regulations (IHR), progress had been slow, until the emergence of the novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus and its global spread, which has led to the World Health Organization (WHO) developing a series of guidance documents on global influenza surveillance procedures, severity and risk assessments, and essential measurements for the determination of national pandemic responses. However, the greatest burden of disease from influenza occurs between pandemics during seasonal influenza outbreaks and epidemics. Both Australia and New Zealand utilise seasonal influenza surveillance to support national influenza awareness programs focused on seasonal influenza vaccination education and promotion. These programs also serve to promote the importance of pandemic preparedness.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2414-6366
    ISSN (online) 2414-6366
    DOI 10.3390/tropicalmed4040121
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  7. Article ; Online: Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract.

    Mifsud, Edin J / Kuba, Miku / Barr, Ian G

    Viruses

    2021  Volume 13, Issue 10

    Abstract: The innate immune system is the host's first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several ...

    Abstract The innate immune system is the host's first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several innate immune mechanisms in place to stop the virus from reaching epithelial cells. In addition to limiting viral replication and dissemination, the innate immune system also activates the adaptive immune system leading to viral clearance, enabling the respiratory system to return to normal homeostasis. However, an overzealous innate immune system or adaptive immune response can be associated with immunopathology and aid secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by the innate immune system to limit influenza virus replication and the damage caused by influenza viruses on the respiratory tissues and how these very same protective immune responses can cause immunopathology.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Epithelial Cells/pathology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Influenza A virus/immunology ; Influenza A virus/pathogenicity ; Influenza A virus/physiology ; Influenza, Human/immunology ; Lung/virology ; Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2516098-9
    ISSN 1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
    ISSN (online) 1999-4915
    ISSN 1999-4915
    DOI 10.3390/v13102090
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  8. Article ; Online: An ELISA-based assay for determining haemagglutinin potency in egg, cell, or recombinant protein derived influenza vaccines.

    Bodle, Jesse / Vandenberg, Kirsten / Laurie, Karen / Barr, Ian G / Zhang, Ying / Rockman, Steven

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1147028

    Abstract: Background: The current compendial assay for haemagglutinin antigen potency in influenza vaccine is the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) which is time consuming and can lead to delays in release of vaccine. We previously described an alternate ... ...

    Abstract Background: The current compendial assay for haemagglutinin antigen potency in influenza vaccine is the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) which is time consuming and can lead to delays in release of vaccine. We previously described an alternate capture and detection enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) that utilizes sub-type specific, sub-clade cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are haemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) and correlate with SRID. The aim of this study is to determine the applicability of ELISA across current platforms for quantitation of seasonal quadrivalent vaccine.
    Methods: A single mAb capture and detection ELISA was employed to quantitate hemagglutinin (HA) derived from different vaccine platforms and host organisms and compared to SRID and a polyclonal antibody based ELISA.
    Results: We selected mAbs that displayed appropriate characteristics for a stability indicating potency assay which reacted to avian, insect and mammalian derived HA. Qualification of the homologous mAb assay against egg and cell derived HA demonstrated performance similar to that of the SRID however, superiority in sensitivity and specificity against strains from both influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. Analysis of drifted strains across multiple seasons demonstrated continued utility of this approach, reducing the need to develop reagents each season. With modification of the assay, we were able to accurately measure HA from different platforms and process stages using a single calibrated reference standard. We demonstrated the accuracy of ELISA when testing vaccine formulations containing selected adjuvants at standard and higher concentrations. Accelerated stability analysis indicated a strong correlation in the rate of degradation between the homologous mAb ELISA and SRID but not with ELISA utilizing polyclonal antisera. Further, we demonstrated specificity was restricted to the trimeric and oligomeric forms of HA but not monomeric HA.
    Conclusion: We believe this homologous mAb ELISA is a suitable replacement for the SRID compendial assay for HA antigen quantitation and stability assessment. Identification of suitable mAbs that are applicable across multiple vaccine platforms with extended sub-type reactivity across a number of influenza seasons, indicate that this assay has broad applicability, leading to earlier availability of seasonal and pandemic vaccines without frequent replacement of polyclonal antisera that is required with SRID.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; Hemagglutinins/chemistry ; Immune Sera ; Influenza Vaccines/chemistry ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Mammals ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Eggs ; Cells/chemistry ; Cells/immunology
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; Hemagglutinins ; Immune Sera ; Influenza Vaccines ; Recombinant Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147028
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  9. Article ; Online: Infection with different human influenza A subtypes affects the period of susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections in ferrets.

    Mifsud, Edin J / Farrukee, Rubaiyea / Hurt, Aeron C / Reading, Patrick C / Barr, Ian G

    FEMS microbes

    2022  Volume 3, Page(s) xtac011

    Abstract: ... bacterial infections (SBIs), which may result in a range of clinical outcomes from relatively mild (e.g. sinusitis and ... otitis media) to severe (e.g. pneumonia and septicaemia). The most common bacterial pathogen associated ...

    Abstract It is well-established that influenza virus infections predispose individuals to secondary bacterial infections (SBIs), which may result in a range of clinical outcomes from relatively mild (e.g. sinusitis and otitis media) to severe (e.g. pneumonia and septicaemia). The most common bacterial pathogen associated with SBI following influenza virus infections is
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2633-6685
    ISSN (online) 2633-6685
    DOI 10.1093/femsmc/xtac011
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  10. Article ; Online: Addendum to Proposal for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nomenclature below the Species Level

    Ian G. Barr / Thomas C. Williams / Vahid Salimi / Ursula J. Buchholz

    Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 28, Iss 3, Pp 764-

    2022  Volume 764

    Keywords respiratory syncytial virus ; HRSV ; Human orthopneumovirus ; human respiratory syncytial virus ; isolates ; nomenclature ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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